Ngakhale udindo wa oyang'anira makampani ku Netherlands umakambidwa pafupipafupi, mangawa a omwe ali ndi masheya nthawi zambiri amalandira chidwi chochepa. Komabe, eni ake masheya atha kukhala ndi mlandu pazochita zawo mkati mwakampani motsatira malamulo aku Dutch. Ngongole zotere zitha kukhala ndi zotulukapo zazikulu pa moyo wachinsinsi wa eni ake. Dongosolo lachi Dutch limapereka chitetezo champhamvu kwa omwe ali ndi masheya ku ngongole zamakampani, koma chitetezo ichi sichokwanira. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuopsa kokhudzana ndi ngongole za omwe akugawana nawo ku Netherlands, makamaka chifukwa chokhudza udindo wazamalamulo ndi zachuma wa omwe ali ndi masheya.
Mfundo yaikulu ya malamulo a kampani ku Netherlands ndi yakuti eni masheya mu kampani yachinsinsi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi udindo wochepa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sakhala ndi udindo pa ngongole za kampaniyo kupatula ndalama zomwe adayika. Malamulowa amagwira ntchito makamaka kwa eni masheya mu kampani yachinsinsi, komwe bungwe lovomerezeka limagwira ntchito palokha pazochitika zalamulo ndi ngongole.
Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe olowa nawo ku Netherlands atha kuyimbidwa mlandu.
Chiyambi cha Dutch Law
Lamulo lachi Dutch limapereka maziko a momwe makampani amagwirira ntchito ku Netherlands, makamaka zikafika pazovuta za owongolera ndi omwe ali ndi masheya. Dutch Civil Code imafotokoza malamulo omwe amayang'anira ufulu ndi udindo wa maphwando onse omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kampani, kuphatikiza otsogolera, eni masheya, ndi obwereketsa. Malamulo onsewa amaonetsetsa kuti makampani akugwira ntchito motsatira malamulo komanso kuti zofuna za onse okhudzidwa zimatetezedwa. Kumvetsetsa Dutch Civil Code ndi zofunikira zake ndizofunikira kwa aliyense amene akukhudzidwa ndi makampani achi Dutch, chifukwa akufotokoza zochitika zomwe anthu angakhoze kuimbidwa mlandu pazochitika za kampani. Potsatira malamulo achi Dutch, makampani ndi owayimilira amatha kuchepetsa kuopsa kwalamulo ndikuonetsetsa kuti akutsatira zomwe ali ndi udindo wawo pansi pa malamulo a boma.
Kapangidwe ka Kampani
Kapangidwe kamakampani aku Dutch adapangidwa kuti alimbikitse utsogoleri wabwino komanso kuyankha momveka bwino. Pansi pa malamulo amakampani aku Dutch, mabungwe akulu m'kampani nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza mabungwe oyang'anira, oyang'anira, ndi omwe ali ndi masheya. A Board of Directors ali ndi udindo woyang'anira zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku za kampani, kupanga zisankho zogwirira ntchito, ndikuyimira kampani kunja. Komiti Yoyang'anira, yomwe ilipo, imayang'anira zochita za otsogolera ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kampaniyo ikuyendetsedwa motsatira malamulo ndi zofuna za kampani. Ogawana nawo, nawonso, amatenga gawo lofunikira popanga zisankho pogwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo wovota pazinthu zazikulu monga kusankha ndi kuchotsedwa ntchito kwa otsogolera. Malamulo amakampani aku Dutch amafotokoza momveka bwino ntchito ndi maudindo a bungwe lililonse, kuwonetsetsa kuti kampaniyo imagwira ntchito bwino komanso kuti zokonda zamagulu onse zimatetezedwa.
1. Maudindo a Ogawana
Wogawana nawo ali ndi magawo mubungwe lovomerezeka. Pansi pa Dutch Civil Code, bungwe lalamulo limatengedwa mofanana ndi munthu wachilengedwe pankhani ya ufulu wa katundu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti bungwe lazamalamulo litha kukhala ndi ufulu ndi zomwe likuyenera kuchita ndipo litha kuchita zinthu zamalamulo monga kupeza katundu, kuchita mapangano, kapena kuyambitsa milandu. Popeza bungwe lovomerezeka limapezeka pamapepala okha, liyenera kuimiridwa ndi anthu, omwe ndi otsogolera. Nthawi zambiri, bungwe lazamalamulo ndiloyenera kuwononga chilichonse chifukwa cha zochita zake, koma otsogolera nthawi zina amatha kukhala ndi mlandu malinga ndi malamulo a owongolera. Mfundo yocheperako, pomwe bungwe limatengedwa ngati bungwe lalamulo losiyana ndi eni ake, ndi gawo lodziwika bwino pamalamulo amakampani m'maiko ena ambiri, monga omwe ali ndi mabungwe ofanana ngati United States ndi United Kingdom.
Izi zimadzutsa funso: kodi eni ake masheya angayimbidwe mlandu pazochita zawo zokhudzana ndi bungwe lovomerezeka? Kuti mudziwe masheya omwe ali nawo, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa maudindo awo. Titha kusiyanitsa mitundu itatu yamaudindo apadera kwa omwe ali ndi ma sheya: zomwe zimafunikira pazamalamulo, zomwe zimachokera muzolemba zophatikizira, ndi maudindo obwera chifukwa cha mgwirizano wa eni ake. Makamaka, omwe ali ndi masheya atha kukhala ndi zofunikira zina monga zafotokozedwera m'nkhani zophatikizira, monga zofunikira kwa omwe ali ndi masheya, mikhalidwe yosinthira magawo, ndi ngongole zomwe zingatheke. Ogawana nawo amaonedwa kuti avomereza izi ngati avomereza.
Kuchuluka kwa chiwongolero cha omwe ali ndi masheya nthawi zambiri kumangotengera ndalama zomwe amagulitsa m'magawo awo.
1.1 Zofunikira Zalamulo za Ogawana nawo
Malinga ndi Dutch Civil Code, eni masheya ali ndi udindo umodzi wofunikira: kulipira kampaniyo pamagawo omwe amapeza. Izi zafotokozedwa mu Article 2:191 ya Dutch Civil Code ndipo ikuyimira udindo wokhazikika walamulo kwa eni ake. Ngati wogawana nawo alephera kupereka malipiro ofunikira pamagawo awo, adzakhala ndi mlandu. Komabe, Ndime 2: 191 imalolanso zolemba zophatikizidwira kunena kuti magawo sayenera kulipidwa nthawi yomweyo:
Mukalembetsa gawo, ndalama zake mwadzina ziyenera kulipidwa kukampani. Zolemba zophatikizika zitha kunena kuti ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa, kapena gawo lake, lilipidwa pakapita nthawi inayake kapena kampani itayitanira kuti ilipire.
Kuphatikiza paudindo wazachuma, gawo lililonse limakhala ndi voti imodzi pamsonkhano waukulu, zomwe zikuwonetsa ufulu wovota omwe ali ndi masheya.
Ngati izi zikuphatikizidwa m'nkhani zophatikizika, chitetezo chimakhalapo kwa anthu ena pakagwa bankirapuse. Ngati kampaniyo yadziwika kuti yasokonekera ndipo masheya akhale osalipidwa - kaya chifukwa cha zomwe zanenedwa kapena ayi - trustee wosankhidwa wa bankirapuse ali ndi mphamvu zofuna kulipira kwathunthu kwa eni ake. Izi zafotokozedwa mu Article 2:193 ya Dutch Civil Code:
Woyang'anira kampani amaloledwa kuyimba ndi kutolera ndalama zonse zomwe zaperekedwa zokhudzana ndi magawo, mosasamala kanthu za zomwe zili muzolemba zophatikizira kapena Article 2:191.
Maudindo azamalamulowa akutanthauza kuti eni ake amagawana nthawi zambiri amangotengera kuchuluka kwa magawo awo. Sangaimbidwe mlandu chifukwa cha zochita za kampaniyo. Mfundoyi ikutsimikiziridwa ndi Nkhani 2:64 ndi 2:175 ya Dutch Civil Code:
Wokhala ndi masheya sakhala ndi mlandu pazantchito zomwe zachitika m'dzina la kampaniyo ndipo sakakamizidwa kupereka ndalama zomwe kampaniyo idatayika kuposa zomwe walipira kapena zomwe ali ndi ngongole pamagawo awo.
1.2 Zofunikira Zomwe Zimachokera ku Zolemba Zophatikiza
Kupitilira paudindo walamulo wolipira masheya, zomwe amagawana zitha kufotokozedwanso muzolemba za incorporation. Ndime 2:192, ndime 1 ya Dutch Civil Code ikupereka:
Zolemba zophatikizidwa zitha, molingana ndi magawo onse kapena mitundu ina ya magawo:
Gwiritsirani ntchito zoyenereza kugawana zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa kwa kampani, anthu ena, kapena pakati pa eni ake;
Kukhazikitsa zofunika pa masheya;
Tsimikizirani kuti wogawana nawo akuyenera kusamutsa magawo kapena kudzipereka kusamutsa masheya pazifukwa zina.
Izi zitha kukulitsa chiwongolero cha eni ake, mwachitsanzo popangitsa omwe ali ndi masheya kukhala ndi ngongole zamakampani kapena kukhazikitsa momwe angakulitsire ndalama. Komabe, udindo woterowo sungakhoze kuperekedwa motsutsana ndi chifuniro cha eni ake, monga momwe Article 2:192, ndime 1 imanenera:
Zoyenera kapena zofunikira monga tafotokozera pamwambapa sizingakhazikitsidwe kwa eni ake masheya osafuna, ngakhale mokhazikika kapena kwakanthawi.
Kuti akhazikitse zina zowonjezera kudzera muzolemba zakuphatikizidwa, lingaliro la omwe ali ndi masheya liyenera kuperekedwa ndi General Meeting of Shareholders. Ogawana nawo omwe amavota motsutsana ndi izi sangatsutsidwe nawo. Kusatsatiridwa ndi izi zomwe zafotokozedwa muzolemba za incorporation zitha kupangitsa kuti eni ake akhale ndi udindo pazowonongeka.
1.3 Zofunikira Zochokera ku Mgwirizano wa Ogawana nawo
Ogawana nawo athanso kulowa mumgwirizano wa eni masheya, womwe umapereka maufulu owonjezera ndi maudindo pakati pawo. Mgwirizanowu umangomanga okhawo omwe akugawana nawo ndipo samakhudza anthu ena. Ngati wogawana nawo alephera kutsatira panganoli, atha kukhala ndi mlandu chifukwa cha kuphwanya uku pansi pa Article 6:74 ya Dutch Civil Code. Ogawana nawo atha kukhalanso ndi mlandu pazomwe achita m'malo mwa kampani ngati izi zikuphwanya mgwirizano wa eni ake. Ngongole yozikidwa pa chiganizo cha 403 imapangitsa wogawana nawo limodzi komanso angapo kukhala ndi ngongole za munthu wovomerezeka. Komabe, ngati kampani ili ndi eni ake okha, mgwirizano wa eni ake nthawi zambiri umakhala wosafunikira.
General Meeting and Shareholder Resolutions
Msonkhano waukulu ndi gawo lalikulu la kayendetsedwe ka makampani m'makampani achi Dutch, kupatsa omwe ali ndi masheya mwayi wopanga zisankho zofunika za tsogolo la kampani. Pamsonkhano waukulu, ogawana nawo amatha kuvota pazinthu zingapo, kuphatikiza kusintha kwa zolemba zamagulu, kuvomereza maakaunti apachaka, komanso kusankhidwa kapena kuchotsedwa kwa otsogolera. Dutch Civil Code imafuna kuti zisankho zina zipangidwe kupyolera mwa chigamulo chovomerezeka, chomwe chiyenera kulembedwa bwino ndikuvomerezedwa ndi msonkhano waukulu. Zosankha zovomerezekazi ndizofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti pakampaniyo pali poyera komanso kuti malamulo akutsatira malamulowo. Ogawana nawo ali ndi ufulu wopereka zigamulo ndi kutenga nawo gawo popanga zisankho, zomwe zimapangitsa msonkhano waukulu kukhala bwalo lofunika kwambiri logwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa eni ake ndi kukopa malangizo a kampani. Kutsatira ndondomeko zomwe zalembedwa mu Civil Code ndi zolemba za mabungwe zimathandiza makampani kupewa mikangano ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zisankho zonse ndi zovomerezeka mwalamulo.
2. Udindo pa Ntchito Zosaloledwa
Kuphatikiza pa maudindo ena, eni ake atha kukhala ndi mlandu wophwanya lamulo pansi pa Article 6:162 ya Dutch Civil Code. Ogawana nawo ayenera kuchita mwalamulo kwa omwe ali ndi ngongole, osunga ndalama, ogulitsa, ndi ena ena. Ogawana nawo atha kukhala ndi mlandu pansi pa malamulo ozunza chifukwa chochita mosasamala. Ngati wogawana nawo achita zinthu zosemphana ndi malamulo, akhoza kukhala ndi mlandu.
Kuphwanya malamulo kungaphatikizepo, mwachitsanzo, kugawa phindu ngati zikuwonekeratu kuti kampaniyo siyingakwaniritse zomwe wokongoza ngongoleyo pambuyo pake. Ogawana nawo atha kukhala ndi mlandu ngati adalandira malipiro agawidwe pomwe akudziwa kuti kampaniyo siyingathe kulipira ngongole zake zitagawira. Zikatero, eni ake atha kukhala ndi mlandu pazowonongeka zomwe kampaniyo kapena omwe amabwereketsa chifukwa cha zochita zawo. Kuphatikiza apo, omwe ali ndi masheya akuyembekezeka kuchita mosamala akagulitsa magawo. Ngati wogawana nawo akugulitsa masheya kwa munthu wina yemwe sangakwaniritse zomwe kampaniyo ili nayo, mwini masheyayo atha kukhala ndi mlandu chifukwa cholephera kuganizira zokonda za omwe ali ndi ngongole, ndipo atha kukhala ndi udindo pakuwononga zomwe zawonongeka.
Khothi lachi Dutch litha kutenga nawo gawo pakuwunika milandu pazachisankho zochitidwa ndi omwe ali ndi masheya.
3. Udindo wa Opanga Ndondomeko
Pomaliza, eni ake atha kukhala ndi ngongole ngati apanga mfundo. M'makampani achi Dutch, omwe ndi mabungwe ovomerezeka, akuluakulu akuluakulu ali ndi udindo woyang'anira kampani tsiku ndi tsiku. Bungweli likakhala ndi mamembala angapo, udindo wa gulu ukhoza kubwera ngati ntchito sizikukwaniritsidwa bwino. Nthawi zambiri, otsogolera amayang'anira ntchito za kampani tsiku ndi tsiku, osati eni ake. Komabe, omwe ali ndi masheya amatha kulangiza otsogolera ngati izi ziloledwa ndi zolemba zophatikizira. Ndime 2:239, ndime 4 ya Dutch Civil Code imati:
Zolemba zophatikizidwa zitha kufunikira kuti bungwe la oyang'anira lizichita motsatira malangizo ochokera ku bungwe lina. Bungwe liyenera kutsatira malangizowa pokhapokha ngati akutsutsana ndi zofuna za kampaniyo.
Ogawana azingopereka malangizo anthawi zonse ndipo sayenera kusokoneza pazinthu zinazake, monga kulamula kuchotsedwa ntchito. Nthawi zina, malangizo kapena mphamvu zitha kuperekedwa kwa nthawi inayake yokha. Ogawana nawo omwe amayang'anira bwino zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku za kampani amakhala ndi udindo wopanga mfundo ndipo amatengedwa ngati otsogolera. Chifukwa chake, atha kuyimbidwa mlandu wowonongeka chifukwa cha ndondomeko zawo, kuphatikizanso pansi pa malamulo a dalaivala ngati kampaniyo idasowa ndalama. Kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa oyang'anira kumatha kubweretsa chiwongolero cha zowonongeka. Pali malire oti otsogolera athawe mlandu malinga ndi malamulo a Chidatchi, ndipo otsogolera aliyense atha kukhala ndi mlandu pazochita zawo. Oyang'anira oyang'anira amakhalanso ndi udindo woyang'anira ndipo akhoza kukumana ndi vuto ngati alephera kugwira ntchito zawo. Ndikofunikira kuti onse okhudzidwa achite zinthu zokomera kampaniyo ndikuchitapo kanthu kuti apewe kusamalidwa bwino kapena kuwonongeka. Izi zikuchirikizidwa ndi Nkhani 2:138, ndime 7, ndi 2:248, ndime 7 ya Dutch Civil Code:
Munthu aliyense amene watsimikiza kapena kugwirizanitsa ndondomeko ya kampaniyo ngati kuti ndi wotsogolera akufanana ndi wotsogolera.
Ndime 2:216, ndime 4 imatsimikiziranso kuti anthu omwe amasankha kapena kutsimikizira mfundo za kampani amafanana ndi otsogolera ndipo akhoza kuyimbidwa mlandu.
Bankruptcy ndi Liability
Kusokonekera kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwa owongolera komanso omwe ali ndi masheya ku Netherlands. Pansi pa malamulo achi Dutch, ngati kampani yadziwika kuti yasokonekera, otsogolera ndi omwe ali ndi masheya atha kukhala ndi mlandu wangongole za kampaniyo ngati atapezeka kuti alephera kukwaniritsa zomwe akufuna kapena achita mosayenera. Nthawi zina, lamulo limapereka kuti otsogolera ndi omwe ali ndi masheya atha kukhala ndi mlandu wambiri, kutanthauza kuti munthu aliyense atha kukhala ndi udindo pa ngongole zonse za kampani. Kuti tipewe kuyimbidwa mlandu, ndikofunikira kuti otsogolera ndi omwe ali ndi masheya nthawi zonse azichita zinthu zokomera kampaniyo komanso kutsatira malamulo onse oyenera. Izi zikuphatikizapo kukwaniritsa udindo wawo pansi pa malamulo achi Dutch ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zochita zawo sizikuvulaza kampaniyo kapena omwe amabwereketsa. Pomvetsetsa kuopsa kokhudzana ndi bankirapuse ndi udindo, maphwando amatha kuchitapo kanthu kuti adziteteze komanso ateteze kampaniyo.
Kupewa Udindo
Otsogolera ndi omwe ali ndi masheya atha kuchitapo kanthu kuti apewe udindo wawo malinga ndi malamulo achi Dutch. Dutch Civil Code ikugogomezera kufunikira kokwaniritsa zofunikira zonse zalamulo, monga kusunga zolemba zolondola zowerengera ndalama, kusungitsa maakaunti apachaka pa nthawi yake, ndikupanga zisankho zomwe zimathandizira kampaniyo. Pofuna kuchepetsa chiopsezo chokhala ndi mlandu, otsogolera ndi omwe ali ndi masheya ayenera kupeza thandizo lazamalamulo ngati kuli kofunikira ndikuwonetsetsa kuti akudziwitsidwa za udindo wawo. Kupeza inshuwaransi yoyenera kungaperekenso gawo lina la chitetezo. Potsatira malamulo a boma, kuchita zinthu mowonekera, ndi kuika patsogolo zofuna za kampani, otsogolera ndi omwe ali ndi masheya angathe kupeŵa udindo ndikuthandizira kuti kampaniyo ikhale yopambana.
4. Kutsiliza
Nthawi zambiri, kampaniyo ili ndi udindo wowonongeka chifukwa cha zochita zake, ndipo otsogolera atha kukhala ndi mlandu nthawi zina. Komabe, chiwopsezo cha omwe ali ndi masheya ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa eni ake atha kukhala ndi mlandu pakuwonongeka pakachitika zina. Ogawana nawo akuyenera kutsatira zomwe amafunikira pamalamulo, zolemba za incorporation, ndi mapangano a omwe ali ndi masheya. Kukanika kutsatira kungabweretse mlandu pa zowonongeka.
Kuphatikiza apo, ogawana nawo ayenera kuchita mwalamulo. Mchitidwe wosaloleka ukhoza kubweretsa eni ake masheya. Ogawana nawo atha kukhala ndi mlandu ngati akweza molakwika udindo wawo poyerekeza ndi omwe amabwereketsa ena asanagwe. Pomaliza, omwe ali ndi masheya ayenera kuchita zomwe ali ndi udindo wawo ndikupewa kuchita ntchito zamawu. Ogawana omwe amayang'anira zochitika za kampani tsiku ndi tsiku atha kukhala ndi mlandu malinga ndi zomwe oyang'anira achita. Ndikoyenera kuti eni ake masheya adziwe zoopsazi kuti apewe kukhala ndi ngongole.
Lumikizanani
Ngati muli ndi mafunso kapena ndemanga mutatha kuwerenga nkhaniyi, chonde lemberani Bambo Ruby van Kersbergen, loya pa Law & More kudzera ruby.van.kersbergen@lawandmore.nl, kapena Bambo Tom Meevis, loya pa Law & More kudzera tom.meevis@lawandmore.nl, kapena imbani +31 (0)40-3690680.
[1] ECLI: NL: HR: 1955: AG2033 (Forumbank).
[2] ECLI: NL: HR: 2015: 522 (Hollandse Glascentrale Beheer BV).
