Udindo pansi pa lamulo la Dutch: kodi ndi liti pamene mumakhala ndi udindo pa kuwonongeka?

Malinga ndi lamulo la ku Dutch, muli ndi mlandu pa kutayika kwa wina pokhapokha ngati lamulolo likunena choncho: chifukwa cha kuswa pangano motsatira Nkhani 6:74 ya Dutch Civil Code (BW), kapena chifukwa cha kuchita zinthu zosaloledwa (onrechtmatige daad) motsatira Nkhani 6:162 BW. Kuphatikiza apo, Buku 6 BW limapangitsa makolo, olemba anthu ntchito, eni nyumba ndi ziweto, ndi opanga zinthu kukhala ndi mlandu chifukwa cha udindo wawo, ngakhale popanda kulakwitsa kwawo.

Poyambira ndi kuti aliyense ali ndi vuto lake. Kupempha ndalama zolipirira nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepera zaka zisanu munthu wovulalayo atadziwa za kuwonongekako komanso munthu wolakwayo, ndipo nthawi iliyonse patatha zaka makumi awiri kuchokera pamene chochitikacho chinachitika (Nkhani 3:310 BW).

Kodi ndi liti pamene kuchita zinthu kumakhala kosaloledwa malinga ndi Nkhani 6:162 BW?

Chilango chochokera ku chinthu chosaloledwa chimatheka pokhapokha ngati zinthu zisanu zonse zakwaniritsidwa: chinthu chosaloledwa, kutengera, kutayika, chifukwa ndi ubale. Ngati chimodzi chikusowa, palibe mlandu.

Chigamulo ndi chosemphana ndi lamulo malinga ndi Nkhani 6:162(2) BW ngati chikuphwanya ufulu wa munthu, chikuphwanya udindo walamulo kapena chikusemphana ndi zomwe lamulo losalembedwa limaona ngati khalidwe labwino la anthu. Gulu lomaliza limenelo limagwira ntchito yambiri: ndichifukwa chake shopu iyenera kuyeretsa pansi poterera ndipo kontrakitala ayenera kuvala mpanda, ngakhale kuti palibe lamulo lomwe limanena choncho m'mawu amenewo.

Chochitikacho chiyenera kukhala chifukwa cha munthu amene wachita, chifukwa cha cholakwika kapena chifukwa chakuti lamulo kapena malingaliro ovomerezeka ambiri amachiika pachiwopsezo chawo (Nkhani 6:162(3) BW). Cholakwa ndi mayeso enieni: kodi khalidwelo silinali loyenera kuyembekezeredwa? Popanda kutayika, palibe mlandu, ngakhale khalidwelo litasamaliridwa mosasamala.

Choyambitsa chili ndi malire malinga ndi Article 6:98 BW: kutayika kokha komwe kungatchulidwe kuti ndi kwa munthu wolakwayo, poganizira mtundu wa mlanduwo ndi kuwonongeka kwake, ndiko komwe kungabwezeretsedwe. Kugwirizana (Article 6:163 BW) kumawonjezera kuti palibe malipiro omwe ayenera kulipidwa ngati lamulo losweka silikufuna kuteteza ku kutayika komwe munthu wovulalayo adakumana nako.

Kodi ndi liti pamene mudzakhala ndi udindo pansi pa mgwirizano?

Malinga ndi Article 6:74 BW, kulephera kulikonse kukwaniritsa udindo kumakakamiza wobwereketsa kulipira kutayika komwe kwachitika, pokhapokha ngati kulepherako sikungatchulidwe kuti ndi kwa wobwereketsa. Kulephera kumachitika ngati kuli chifukwa cha kulakwa kwa wobwereketsa kapena ngati kuli pansi pa chiopsezo chake pansi pa mgwirizano, lamulo kapena malingaliro ovomerezeka.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake wogulitsa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi udindo pa zolakwika zomwe amapereka, ngakhale zitakhala kuti sizinali zosasamala. Musanapemphe kuwonongeka, wobwereketsa nthawi zambiri ayenera kukhala wosalipira (verzuim). Malinga ndi Article 6:82, kusalipira kwa BW kumachitika pambuyo polemba chidziwitso chokhudza kusalipira (ingebrekestelling) chomwe chimakhazikitsa nthawi yoyenera yogwirira ntchito, nthawiyo ikatha.

Malinga ndi Nkhani 6:83 BW, palibe chidziwitso chomwe chikufunika ngati nthawi yomaliza yogwirira ntchito yadutsa, ngati udindowo wachitika chifukwa cha kuchita zinthu zosaloledwa, kapena ngati wobwereketsa wanena kuti sadzagwira ntchito. Ngati kuchita zinthu sikungatheke kwamuyaya, kusachita bwino sikofunikiranso (Nkhani 6:74(2) BW). Kutumiza chidziwitso choyenera cha kusachita bwino koyambirira sikuwononga ndalama zambiri ndipo kumateteza zomwe zanenedwazo.

Mapangano nthawi zambiri amachepetsa udindo. Pakati pa mabizinesi, zigawo zochotsera ndi zoletsa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovomerezeka, koma khothi likhoza kuzipatula pomwe kudalira pa izo sikungavomerezedwe malinga ndi miyezo yoyenera komanso yachilungamo (Nkhani 6:248(2) BW). Mwachidule, mfundo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ogula, gawo lomwe limamasula wogwiritsa ntchito ku udindo wovomerezeka wolipira ndalama zimaonedwa kuti ndi lovuta kwambiri malinga ndi Nkhani 6:237(f) BW.

Ndani ali ndi mlandu popanda kulakwa kwake?

Buku la 6 BW limaika anthu mlandu chifukwa cha udindo wawo, kotero kuti wozunzidwayo safunika kusonyeza kusasamala komwe kuli kovuta kusonyeza. Izi ndi zifukwa zomveka kapena zokhwima za Nkhani 6:169 mpaka 6:185 BW.

Makolo ndi olera ali ndi udindo pa khalidwe la mwana wosakwana zaka khumi ndi zinayi popanda chitetezo chilichonse chochokera ku kuyang'aniridwa (Nkhani 6:169(1) BW). Kwa mwana wa zaka khumi ndi zinayi kapena khumi ndi zisanu, ali ndi udindo pokhapokha ngati sangaimbidwe mlandu chifukwa chosaletsa khalidweli (Nkhani 6:169(2) BW). Kuyambira zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, mwanayo ali ndi udindo payekha.

Bwana ali ndi udindo wokhudza kuvulaza munthu amene ali pansi pake kwa munthu wina, ngati ntchitoyo yawonjezera mwayi wolakwitsa ndipo bwanayo ali ndi ulamuliro pa khalidwe lake (Nkhani 6:170 BW). Bizinesi ilinso ndi udindo wokhudza zolakwa za makontrakitala omwe sali pansi pa bwanayo omwe akugwira ntchito yake pochita bizinesi yake (Nkhani 6:171 BW).

Mwini chinthu chosunthika chomwe chimayambitsa ngozi yapadera ngati sichikukwaniritsa miyezo yofunikira ndiye amene ali ndi mlandu pamene ngoziyo ichitika (Nkhani 6:173 BW). Mwini nyumba kapena nyumba yolakwika ndiye amene ali ndi mlandu pa maziko omwewo (Nkhani 6:174 BW); pamisewu ya anthu onse, mlanduwo uli m'manja mwa akuluakulu a misewu, monga boma kapena chigawo. Mwini nyama ndiye amene ali ndi mlandu pa kuwonongeka komwe kumayambitsa (Nkhani 6:179 BW), ndipo pamene zinthuzi, nyumba kapena nyama izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu bizinesi, mlanduwo umasamutsidwira ku bizinesi (Nkhani 6:181 BW).

Opanga ali ndi udindo pa kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha vuto la malonda awo (Nkhani 6:185 BW), ndipo udindowo sungachotsedwe kapena kuchepetsedwa kwa munthu wovulalayo (Nkhani 6:192 BW). Tikufotokoza izi m'nkhani yathu yokhudza udindo wa malonda ku Netherlands.

Kodi olemba ntchito ali ndi udindo pa ngozi kuntchito?

Inde, pokhapokha ngati bwana atsimikizira kuti wakwaniritsa udindo wake wosamalira kapena kuti kuwonongeka kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha cholinga cha wantchito kapena kusasamala dala (Nkhani 7:658(2) BW). Udindo wopereka umboni uli m'manja mwa bwana, ndipo muyezo ndi womwe unali wofunikira, osati womwe unali wachizolowezi m'gawoli.

Malinga ndi Nkhani 7:658(1) BW, olemba ntchito ayenera kukonza ndikusamalira malo ogwirira ntchito, zida ndi zida, kuchitapo kanthu ndikupereka malangizo ngati pakufunika kutero kuti apewe mavuto. Nkhani 7:658(4) BW imawonjezera izi kwa anthu omwe amagwira ntchito ku bizinesi yopanda mgwirizano wantchito, monga ogwira ntchito ku bungwe ndi makontrakitala ena odzilemba ntchito. Khothi la kantonrechter (khothi lachigawo chaching'ono) limamva zonena izi.

Kuphatikiza pa udindo uwu wosamalira, olemba ntchito ayenera kukhala ngati olemba ntchito abwino motsatira Nkhani 7:611 BW. Pachifukwa chimenecho olemba ntchito apatsidwa udindo wosakonza inshuwalansi yokwanira kwa antchito omwe amayendetsa galimoto kapena kukwera njinga kupita kuntchito. Tikupereka upangiri ku mbali ya lamulo la ntchito pa mafunso awa; onani malangizo athu a malamulo a ntchito . Nkhani yokhudza kuvulala kwa munthu imayendetsedwa ndi katswiri wa kuvulala kwa munthu.

Ndani ali ndi mlandu pa ngozi ya pamsewu?

Ngati galimoto yomwe ili pamsewu yachita ngozi yomwe yawononga anthu kapena katundu yemwe sananyamulidwe, mwiniwake kapena mwini galimotoyo ayenera kulipira kuwonongekako, pokhapokha ngati pali chifukwa chomveka chochitira zimenezo (Article 185 of the Road Traffic Act 1994, WVW). Izi zimateteza makamaka oyenda pansi ndi okwera njinga.

Kulephera kwa galimoto sikuvomerezedwa kawirikawiri: dalaivala ayenera kuti sanalakwitse kalikonse, ndipo khalidwe la wogwiritsa ntchito msewu winayo liyenera kuti linali losayembekezereka kotero kuti dalaivala sanafunikire kuliganizira. Lamulo lokhazikika la Khoti Lalikulu (Hoge Raad) likuwonjezera kuti woyendetsa galimoto ali ndi vuto lonse la mwana wosakwana zaka khumi ndi zinayi, komanso osachepera theka la vuto la wamkulu. Wozunzidwayo akhoza kupempha mwachindunji kwa kampani ya inshuwalansi ya galimoto; pakati pa oyendetsa galimoto awiri malamulo wamba amagwira ntchito.

Ndi chitetezo chiti chomwe chimachepetsa kapena kuchotsa udindo?

Udindo nthawi zambiri umakhala wonse kapena palibe. Malinga ndi Nkhani 6:101, malipiro a BW amachepetsedwa pamene kutayikako kumachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi munthu wovulalayo, mogwirizana ndi zomwe mbali iliyonse yapereka; khothi likhoza kukonza kugawanikako pazifukwa zachilungamo.

Chifukwa chodzilungamitsa, monga chilolezo chalamulo kapena kufunikira, chimachotsa konse kusaloledwa (Nkhani 6:162(2) BW). Mu masewera ndi masewera, malire a khalidwe losasamala ndi apamwamba: khalidwe losasamala m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku sikutanthauza kuti ndi losasamala mkati mwa malamulo a masewera.

Munthu wovulalayo ayeneranso kuchepetsa kutayika. Kuwonongeka komwe kungapeweke komwe kumaloledwa kukula sikungabwezeretsedwe, pomwe ndalama zoyenera zopewera kapena kuchepetsa kuwonongeka ndi (Nkhani 6:96(2)(a) BW). Chitanipo kanthu mwachangu: tetezani katunduyo ndikupeza chiyerekezo chokonzera.

Kodi n’chiyani chingabwezedwe, ndipo pa nthawi yomaliza iti?

Kutayika kwa ndalama kumaphimba zonse zomwe zatayika komanso phindu lomwe latayika (Nkhani 6:96(1) BW). Zimaphatikizaponso ndalama zoyenera zopewera kapena kuchepetsa kuwonongeka, kukhazikitsa udindo ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka, komanso kusonkhanitsa ndalama kuchokera kukhoti (Nkhani 6:96(2) BW).

Kutayika komwe sikuli kwa ndalama kungapezeke kokha m'milandu yomwe yatchulidwa mu Article 6:106 BW, monga kuvulala kwakuthupi kapena kuwonongeka kwa ulemu kapena mbiri. Malipiro ovulala kwa munthu ndi kunja kwa ntchito yathu; pazifukwa zimenezo mukufunika katswiri wovulala kwa munthu.

Nthawi yochepera zaka zisanu ya Article 3:310 BW imayamba tsiku lomwe wovulalayo adadziwa kuwonongeka ndi munthu amene ali ndi mlandu, ndipo nthawi yake ndi zaka makumi awiri. Nthawi yayitali imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe ndi kuwonongeka kwina kwa chilengedwe. Malinga ndi Article 3:317 BW, pempho lolembedwa kapena chidziwitso cholembedwa chomwe wobwereketsayo ali ndi ufulu wake chimasokoneza nthawi yocheperako, ndipo nthawi yatsopano imayamba.

Inshuwalansi ili pafupi ndi izi. Inshuwalansi ya galimoto ndi yokakamiza; inshuwaransi yachinsinsi si inshuwalansi, koma imagwiridwa ndi anthu ambiri. Nenani za chochitika kwa kampani yanu ya inshuwalansi mkati mwa nthawi yomwe ili mu ndondomekoyi, ngakhale mutatsutsa udindo, chifukwa kudziwitsa mochedwa kungakhale chifukwa chokana chithandizo.

Kodi kampani imakhala ndi udindo liti, ndipo owongolera ake amakhala liti?

BV, NV, bungwe kapena bungwe limakhala ndi mlandu pa zochita zake zosaloledwa komanso kuphwanya pangano, ndipo katundu wake ndiye amene amayankha. Kulekana pakati pa kampaniyo ndi owongolera ake nthawi zambiri kumakhalapo.

Wotsogolera yemwe sachita bwino ntchito yake amakhala ndi mlandu ku kampani motsatira Article 2:9 BW, zomwe zimafuna kuti munthu alangidwe kwambiri. Kwa omwe ali ndi ngongole, wotsogolera akhoza kukhala ndi mlandu payekha pa mlandu, mwachitsanzo chifukwa cholowa m'malo mwa kampaniyo pomwe akudziwa kuti sangakwanitse kulipira ndipo sanapereke thandizo lililonse. Zambiri zokhudza dongosolo lonse zili patsamba lathu la malamulo a boma.

Pakulephera kwa BV, director aliyense amakhala ndi mlandu wofanana komanso wosiyana pa ngongoleyo ngati bungweli lachita bwino ntchito zake ndipo mwina ichi ndi chifukwa chachikulu cha kulephera kwa bankirapuse (Article 2:248(1) BW). Ngati bungweli silinasunge maakaunti oyenera (Article 2:10 BW) kapena silinasindikize maakaunti apachaka pa nthawi yake (Article 2:394 BW), kusagwira bwino ntchito kumatsimikiziridwa ndipo kumaonedwa kuti ndi chifukwa chofunikira (Article 2:248(2) BW).

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati mwataya?

• Onani ngati zomwe mwapempha zikuchokera pa mgwirizano (Nkhani 6:74 BW) kapena kuchita zinthu zosaloledwa (Nkhani 6:162 BW), kapena pa udindo wokhwima.
• Chongani ngati mukufuna kutumiza chidziwitso cholembedwa cha kusachita bwino (Nkhani 6:82 ndi 6:83 BW).
• Onetsetsani kuti muli ndi zikalata za chilichonse chomwe chatayika: ma invoice, mitengo, zambiri za malipiro, ndi malipoti a akatswiri.
• Chongani nthawi yochepetsera zaka zisanu ndikuyiyimitsa polemba ngati pakufunika (Nkhani 3:310 ndi 3:317 BW).
• Onani ngati mungathe kupempha mwachindunji kwa kampani ya inshuwalansi, monga kampani ya inshuwalansi ya galimoto.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati muli ndi mlandu?

• Musavomereze mlandu polemba mfundo zisanamveke bwino; lembani mfundozo, zithunzi ndi mboni tsiku lomwelo.
• Nenani za pempho lanu kwa kampani ya inshuwalansi mkati mwa nthawi yomwe ili mu ndondomeko yanu ya inshuwalansi.
• Onani ngati zinthu zonse zisanu za Article 6:162 BW kapena zomwe zachitika pa pangano zakwaniritsidwa.
• Onetsetsani ngati gawo loletsa mu mgwirizano wanu kapena mawu onse likugwira ntchito ndipo silikugwira ntchito.
• Onani ngati wopemphayo adathandizira kutayika (Nkhani 6:101 BW) komanso ngati pempholo lili ndi nthawi yocheperako.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi udindo?

Loya wathu wamakampani ndi gulu lathu la milandu amalangiza mabizinesi ndi anthu ku Netherlands pa milandu yokhudza mlandu, kupatulapo milandu yokhudza kuvulala kwa munthu.

• Timayesa ngati mlandu womwe ukukutsutsani kapena womwe ukuperekedwa ndi inu uli ndi maziko alamulo komanso mtengo wake.
• Timalemba chidziwitso cha kusachita bwino, kalata yoti munthu amene wachitapo kanthu akhale ndi mlandu (aansprakelijkstelling) kapena kalata yosokoneza nthawi yochepetsera.
• Timayankha pempho lanu m'malo mwanu ndipo timayang'ana zigawo zochotsera ndi zoletsa.
• Timakambirana ndi kampani yanu ya inshuwalansi pa nkhani ya mavuto okhudzana ndi inshuwalansi.
• Timalangiza otsogolera za zoopsa zomwe zingachitike pamilandu yanu ndipo timakuyimirani pamilandu yanu kukhothi.

Chidule

• Udindo umabwera chifukwa cha kuswa pangano (Nkhani 6:74 BW), kuchita zinthu zosaloledwa (Nkhani 6:162 BW) kapena udindo wokhwima womwe umagwirizana ndi udindo.
• Pa milandu ya mgwirizano, chidziwitso cholembedwa cha kusalipira nthawi zambiri chimafunika musanalandire ndalama zowonongeka (Nkhani 6:82 BW).
• Malipiro amachepetsedwa ngati munthu wovulalayo wathandizira kutayika (Nkhani 6:101 BW).
• Zopempha za kuwonongeka kwa katundu zimachotsedwa patatha zaka zisanu mutadziwa za kuwonongekako ndi munthu amene ali ndi mlandu, ndipo pamapeto pake patatha zaka makumi awiri (Article 3:310 BW); chidziwitso cholembedwa chimasokoneza izi.
• Otsogolera ali ndi udindo payekha pazochitika zinazake, monga kuchita ntchito molakwika pamaso pa bankirapuse (Nkhani 2:248 BW).

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI