Ufulu wofufuza umboni: zomwe mungafune pamilandu ya anthu aku Dutch

Ufulu wofufuza umboni umalola gulu lomwe lili pa mkangano wapachiweniweni ku Netherlands kupempha kuti lipeze deta inayake yomwe ili m'manja mwa chipani china kapena ndi chipani chachitatu. Kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2025, izi zikulamulidwa ndi Nkhani 194 mpaka 195a za Code of Civil Procedure (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvorordering, Rv), zomwe zidalowa m'malo mwa Nkhani 843a Rv; mwiniwakeyo akhoza kukana chifukwa cha ufulu waukadaulo kapena zifukwa zina zomveka.

Mungathe kufunsa mwiniwake mwachindunji kapena kufunsa khoti, ndipo ufuluwo umakhudza maimelo, macheza ndi ma database monga mapepala. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zomwe mungapemphe, kwa ndani, pazifukwa ziti komanso nthawi yomwe pempho lingakanidwe.

Kodi ufulu wofufuza umboni umakhudza chiyani?

Ndi ufulu wowona, kukopera kapena kulandira deta yodziwika bwino yokhudza ubale walamulo womwe muli nawo. Malamulo aku Dutch alibe njira yopezera zinthu monga momwe zilili ku America: palibe udindo waukulu wotsegulira mafayilo anu kwa mdani wanu.

Ufulu umathandizira udindo waukulu. Malinga ndi Nkhani 21, magulu a Rv ayenera kunena mfundo zofunikira mokwanira komanso moona mtima, ndipo ngati satero, khothi likhoza kupeza chigamulo chomwe likuwona kuti n'choyenera. Kuwunika ndi chida chomwe chimaletsa mlandu kuti usagamulidwe pa theka la mbiri yomwe mbali imodzi yomwe yapezeka kuti ndi yothandiza kuulula.

Kuyang'anira pansi pa Rv si pempho lofikira munthu amene ali ndi deta pansi pa Article 15 GDPR, lomwe limakhudza deta yanu, kapena pempho pansi pa Open Government Act (Wet open overheid, Woo), lomwe limakhudza chidziwitso cha anthu onse. Pansi pa Article 194(4) Rv malamulo owunikira sagwira ntchito pa deta ya munthu payekha; yomwe imadutsa mu njira ya GDPR.

Kodi n’chiyani chinasintha pa 1 Januwale 2025?

Lamulo lokhudza kuphweka ndi kusintha kwa lamulo la umboni (Wet vereenvoudiging en modernisering bewijsrecht, Stb. 2024, 62) linayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Januwale 2025. Malamulo osinthira mu lamuloli amatsimikiza ngati mlandu wotsatira malamulo akale kapena atsopano, choncho yang'anani izi kaye pankhani yayitali.

• Deta m'malo mwa zikalata. Lamuloli tsopano likunena za gegevens (deta) m'malo mwa bescheiden (zikalata). Mauthenga a Imelo, Ma Teams kapena Slack, zolemba za database, mafayilo a log ndi metadata zafotokozedwa momveka bwino.
• Magulu ena. Nkhani 195a Rv imalola khothi kulamula munthu wina amene ali ndi deta, monga banki, akauntanti kapena wogulitsa IT wakale, kuti apereke.
• Mabungwe aboma. Malinga ndi Nkhani 194(3) Rv, bungwe la boma lomwe silili mbali ya ubale walamulo siliyenera kupereka chidziwitso chomwe lingabise pansi pa Woo.
• Njira zoyambira zophatikizana. Malinga ndi Article 196 Rv, kufufuza koyambirira kwa mboni, lipoti la akatswiri ndi kuwunika malo kungapemphedwe pamodzi.
• Kuteteza umboni. Umboni wokhudza nkhaniyi (bewijsbeslag) walembedwa m'nkhani 205 ndi 206 Rv, ndipo Nkhani 207 Rv imalola woyang'anira khoti, ndi chilolezo cha khoti, kulemba zomwe waona mu lipoti lovomerezeka.

Kodi pempho lanu liyenera kukwaniritsa zinthu ziti?

Zinthu zitatu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatira Article 194(1) Rv. Pempho lomwe silinagwire ntchito limodzi mwa iwo silinagwire ntchito konse.

• Ubale wovomerezeka. Deta iyenera kukhala yokhudza ubale walamulo womwe muli nawo; izi zikuphatikizapo ubale womwe umachokera ku zolakwa.
• Deta yodziwika. Deta iyenera kudziwika. "Mauthenga onse opitilira zaka zisanu" sikokwanira; maimelo pakati pa anthu awiri otchulidwa onena za mgwirizano umodzi munthawi inayake ndi awa.
• Chidwi chokwanira. Muyenera kufotokoza chifukwa chake nkhaniyi ndi yofunika pa udindo wanu wazamalamulo. Makhothi amakana mapempho ambiri pankhaniyi.

Mwachizolowezi mumatchula deta m'njira zitatu: ndani anaisunga kapena kuitumiza, nthawi yanji komanso pa nkhani iti. Pa mabuku ambiri, mawu osakira omwe avomerezedwa pasadakhale kapena omwe akhazikitsidwa ndi khoti tsopano ndi njira yachizolowezi. Malinga ndi Nkhani 194(1) Rv, munthu wopemphayo ndiye amalipira ndalama zoperekera detayo.

Kodi muyenera kupempha kunja kwa khoti kapena kufunsa kukhoti?

Njira zonse ziwiri zilipo, ndipo simukuyenera kuyesa yoyamba isanafike yachiwiri. Pansi pa Article 194 Rv mumafunsa mwiniwake mwachindunji; pansi pa Article 195 Rv (motsutsana ndi chipani china) kapena Article 195a Rv (motsutsana ndi chipani chachitatu) mumafunsa khothi.

Pempho lolembedwa bwino lomwe lili ndi nthawi yomaliza yovomerezeka nthawi zambiri limapereka zinthuzo mkati mwa milungu ingapo. Ngati silitero, makalatawo amasonyeza khoti kuti pempho lanu linali lachindunji komanso loyenera. Khotilo limakhazikitsa mikhalidwe, njira ndi nthawi yomaliza yopangira (Article 195(2) Rv) ndipo lingafunike ndalama zolipirira pasadakhale. Likhoza kuphatikiza malipiro a chilango (dwangsom) motsatira Article 611a Rv ndikuwongolera dongosololi, mwachitsanzo polola kuti zinthu zisinthe, kuchepetsa mwayi wopeza alangizi otchulidwa kapena kusankha katswiri wodziyimira pawokha.

Khothi silidzalembanso pempho losamveka bwino kwa inu. Ndipo pempho loyang'anira silimaletsa nthawi yochepetsera: lisokonezeni padera ndi chidziwitso cholembedwa motsatira Nkhani 3:317 ya Dutch Civil Code (BW).

Kodi kuwunika kungakanidwe liti?

Malinga ndi Nkhani 194(2) Rv, mwiniwakeyo akhoza kukana ngati ali ndi ufulu wosaulula malinga ndi Nkhani 165(2) Rv kapena ngati zifukwa zomveka (gewichtige redenen) zikutsutsa kuulula. Zifukwa zazikulu zimakhazikitsidwa m'machitidwe.

• Ufulu waukadaulo. Kulemberana makalata ndi loya wanu, notary kapena dokotala kuli kotetezeka; simungapeze zomwe simungapeze mwa kuwunika mwa kuyitana katswiriyo ngati mboni. Achibale apamtima amatetezedwa mwanjira yofanana.
• Zinsinsi zamalonda. Lamulo Loteteza Zinsinsi Zamalonda (Wet bescherming bedrijfsgeheimen) limateteza ma source code, mitengo ya zinthu ndi zina zotero. Khothi nthawi zambiri limalamula kuti liulule nkhaniyo m'malo mokana mwachindunji. Onani nkhani yathu pa gawo losapikisana lomwe lasweka komanso zinsinsi zamalonda.
• Kulinganiza. Pempho lingakanidwe ngati mtengo ndi khama sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe deta ikuwonjezera.
• Zambiri zaumwini za ena. Kupanga deta ya anthu odziwika bwino kukukonzedwa motsatira GDPR ndipo kumafunika kulungamitsidwa; magulu apadera monga deta yazaumoyo amakumana ndi malamulo okhwima. Onani nkhani yathu pa kukonza kwa data ya biometric.
• Nkhanza ndi Woo. Pempho lingakanidwe ngati kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika njira, ndipo bungwe la boma lomwe silikukhudzidwa lingadalire Article 194(3) Rv.

Kodi mumapeza bwanji umboni usanathe?

Ndi chilolezo cha woweruza milandu woyambirira (voorzieningenrechter) motsatira Article 205 Rv, bailiff akhoza kulumikiza zikalata, zipangizo ndi zonyamulira deta kapena kupanga makope a forensic. Zinthuzo zimayikidwa ndi wosunga wosalowerera ndale.

Chomangira umboni chimazimitsa zinthuzo; sichikupatsani mwayi wolowa. Kuti muwone muyenera chilolezo chowunikira china motsatira Article 195 Rv, ndipo mbali inayo imamvedwa pa funso limenelo. Chilolezo chomangira nthawi zambiri chimaperekedwa popanda kumva mbali inayo; mwayi superekedwa.

Njira zoyambirira zoyesera umboni motsatira Article 196 Rv zimathandiza kutsimikizira mfundo zisanayambe kapena popanda mlandu wonse: kufufuza mboni zisanathe kukumbukira, kapena lipoti la katswiri wosalowerera ndale pa funso laukadaulo. Kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2025 izi zitha kuphatikizidwa mu ntchito imodzi.

Nanga bwanji ngati umboni uli kunja kwa dziko?

Mu EU, Lamulo (EU) 2020/1783 lokhudza kutenga umboni, lomwe likugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 1 Julayi 2022, limalola khothi la ku Netherlands kupempha khothi la dziko lina lomwe lili membala kutenga umboni, kapena kuutenga mwachindunji nthawi zina. Kunja kwa EU, Hague Evidence Convention ya 1970 imagwira ntchito yomweyo kwa mayiko omwe ali mbali yake. Njira zonse ziwiri zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuposa lamulo lapadziko lonse.

Kodi kuwunika malamulo kumasiyana bwanji?

Woyang'anira woyang'anira akafika, Rv sigwira ntchito koma Mutu 5 wa General Administrative Law Act (Algemene wet bestuursrecht, Awb). Mphamvu zake ndi zazikulu kwambiri kuposa za wotsutsa.

Woyang'anira akhoza kulowa kulikonse kupatulapo nyumba popanda chilolezo cha wokhalamo (Nkhani 5:15 Awb), kufunsa zambiri (Nkhani 5:16 Awb) ndikuyang'ana ndikukopera zolemba za bizinesi (Nkhani 5:17 Awb). Malinga ndi Nkhani 5:20 Awb aliyense ayenera kugwirizana mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera; anthu omwe ali ndi udindo waukadaulo wosunga chinsinsi angakane mpaka momwe ntchitoyo ikufunira. Woyang'anira angagwiritse ntchito mphamvu pokhapokha ngati pakufunika kutero (Nkhani 5:13 Awb). Mafunso akangoperekedwa kuti akulangeni, simukuyenera kuyankha ndipo muyenera kuchenjezedwa (Nkhani 5:10a Awb).

Mukapita kukacheza, funsani kuti akudziwitseni za inuyo komanso kuti mudziwe ngati pali malamulo, sungani mndandanda wa zonse zomwe mwakopera, ndipo lekani zinthu zina zomwe zili ndi ufulu wanu musanakopere. Ngati nkhaniyi ikhala kufufuza milandu, malamulo ena amagwira ntchito; onani buku lathu lotsogolera milandu ku Netherlands.

Kodi kuwunika ndi chida choyenera pa mkangano wa eni masheya?

Kawirikawiri sizichitika. Munthu wogawana nawo magawo ochepa akhoza kupempha zolemba za bungwe lodziwika motsatira Article 195 Rv, koma osati makalata a bungwe lonse.

Ngati madandaulo akukhudza momwe kampaniyo imayendetsedwera, ufulu wofufuza (enquêterecht) motsatira Nkhani 2:344 ndi kutsatira BW nthawi zambiri umakhala wolimba, chifukwa wofufuza wosankhidwa ndi Enterprise Chamber (Ondernemingskamer) amapeza mwayi wopeza zolemba za kampaniyo.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati mukufuna kuyesedwa?

Ubwino wa pempho umasankhidwa lisanaperekedwe. Onani mfundo izi.

• Kodi mwatchula mayina a oyang'anira, nthawi ndi mutu wa gulu lililonse la deta?
• Kodi mungalumikize gulu lililonse ndi mfundo yomwe ikutsutsidwa mu chiganizo chimodzi?
• Kodi mwayamba mwafunsa polemba, ndi nthawi yomaliza yokwanira?
• Kodi mwapereka njira zothetsera mavuto okhudzana ndi ufulu, zinsinsi zamalonda ndi kufanana, monga redaction kapena katswiri wodziyimira pawokha?
• Kodi mwasokoneza nthawi yochepetsera ndalama padera malinga ndi Article 3:317 BW?
• Kodi muyenera choyamba kukhala ndi umboni wotsimikizira chifukwa deta ikhoza kuchotsedwa?

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati mwalandira pempho?

Chete sichigwira ntchito: chimaitana oda yokhala ndi chilango komanso mkangano wokhudza chikhulupiriro chanu chabwino.

• Kodi deta yatchulidwa, kodi pali ubale wovomerezeka ndipo kodi pali chiwongola dzanja chokwanira?
• Kodi muli ndi chiyani kwenikweni, kuphatikizapo makalata akale a makalata, ma backups, ma chat platforms ndi mafoni a otsogolera?
• Ndi magawo ati omwe ali ndi ufulu, achinsinsi kapena osagawanika, ndipo pazifukwa ziti zalamulo?
• Kodi mungathe kupereka gawo loyenera tsopano ndikupereka lingaliro lokonzanso kapena kuwunikanso kwa akatswiri ena onse?
• Kodi mwasiya kufufuta deta yoyenera nthawi zonse?

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi ufulu wofufuza umboni?

Gulu lathu la milandu ya anthu limayang'anira umboni ndi kuulula nkhani m'milandu ya ku Netherlands mbali zonse ziwiri.

• Tikulemba pempho lapadera kunja kwa khoti motsatira Nkhani 194 Rv.
• Timapereka chiphaso chowunikira kapena pempho motsatira Article 195 kapena 195a Rv, ngati pakufunika komanso kulipira chilango.
• Timapempha kuti tipeze umboni wokwanira komanso kuti tipeze umboni woyambirira kapena kuti tifufuze akatswiri.
• Timayesa pempho lomwe mwalandira ndikulemba yankho lomveka bwino kapena gawo lochepa.
• Timathandiza panthawi yowunikira malamulo pansi pa Awb.

Chidule

• Kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2025, Nkhani 194-195a Rv zimayendetsa kufufuza ndi kuphimba deta yonse, kuphatikizapo imelo ndi macheza.
• Mukufuna ubale wovomerezeka, deta yodziwika bwino komanso chiwongola dzanja chokwanira; munthu amene akupemphayo ndiye amene adzalipirire ndalamazo.
• Anthu ena akhoza kulamulidwa kuti apereke deta motsatira Article 195a Rv.
• Ufulu ndi zifukwa zomveka monga zinsinsi zamalonda zimatha kupangitsa kuti kukana kukhale koyenera, nthawi zambiri pang'ono chabe.
• Kuyika umboni kumateteza deta, koma mwayi wopeza umafuna oda yapadera.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI