Machitidwe a AI omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu: zomwe AI Act imafuna ku bungwe lanu

Machitidwe a AI omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndiye maziko a European AI Regulation ( Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 ), omwe amadziwika kuti AI Act, omwe amayambitsa dongosolo lozikidwa pa chiopsezo popanga, kupereka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a luntha lochita kupanga (AI). Chiwopsezo chachikulu pa thanzi, chitetezo ndi ufulu wofunikira, chimawonjezeranso kulemera kwa maudindo.

Chifukwa chake, kwa mabungwe, kutsatira malamulo sikuyamba ndi kulemba zikalata zaukadaulo, koma ndi magulu oyenera. Choyamba dziwani machitidwe a AI omwe apangidwa, kugulidwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa bungweli. Kenako fufuzani ngati dongosolo ndi loletsedwa , loopsa kwambiri, logwirizana ndi maudindo owonekera, kapena kunja kwa maudindo enaake.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza nthawi yomwe dongosolo la AI lingayenerere kukhala loopsa kwambiri, maudindo omwe amagwira ntchito kwa opereka chithandizo ndi omwe akutumiza, komanso njira zomwe mabungwe angatenge tsopano. Ikufotokozanso nthawi yomwe ili pano, pambuyo poti maudindo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu achotsedwa pansi pa Digital Omnibus.

Kodi ndi liti pamene makina a AI amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu?

Kuwunika kwa machitidwe a AI omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu kumachitika makamaka motsatira Nkhani 6 ndi Annexes I ndi III ya AI Act. Pali njira ziwiri.

Njira yoyamba ikukhudza machitidwe a AI omwe amapanga gawo la zinthu zomwe zalembedwa mu malamulo a zinthu zaku Europe omwe alembedwa mu Annex I ndipo amafuna kuwunika kogwirizana ndi chipani chachitatu. Ganizirani za zida zina zachipatala, makina, zonyamulira ndi zoseweretsa. Pa machitidwe awa, AI Act imamangirira pa njira yomwe ilipo yowunikira kogwirizana.

Njira yachiwiri ikukhudza machitidwe a AI omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo omwe atchulidwa mu Annex III: biometrics, zomangamanga zofunika, maphunziro ndi maphunziro aukadaulo, kasamalidwe ka ntchito ndi antchito, mwayi wopeza ntchito zofunika zachinsinsi ndi za boma, kutsata malamulo, kusamuka, chitetezo ndi kuwongolera malire, komanso kayendetsedwe ka chilungamo ndi njira za demokalase. Si kugwiritsa ntchito kulikonse mkati mwa madera otere kumabweretsa kugawidwa pakati pa machitidwe a AI omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu: ntchito yeniyeni ya dongosololi ndi zikhalidwe za Article 6 ziyeneranso kuyesedwa.

Kupatulapo mu Nkhani 6(3)

Dongosolo lomwe lili mkati mwa Annex III silimawerengedwa lokha pakati pa machitidwe a AI omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu: gulu limenelo silimachotsedwa pomwe silikuika chiopsezo chachikulu pa thanzi, chitetezo kapena ufulu wofunikira wa anthu ndipo silikhudza kwambiri zotsatira za kupanga zisankho. Izi zitha kukhala choncho pamene dongosololi limagwira ntchito yochepa chabe, limangowongolera ntchito yomwe munthu wachita kale, limangowonetsa kusiyana kwa zisankho zomwe anthu adapanga kale popanda kusintha kuwunikako, kapena limagwira ntchito yokonzekera yokha.

Kudalira pa izi kuyenera kuganiziridwa mosamala komanso kulembedwa. Bungweli sililemba mfundo zokha, komanso mfundo ndi kuwunika komwe kumadalira mfundo zimenezo. Wopereka chithandizo amene amaona kuti njira ya Annex III siili pakati pa machitidwe oopsa a AI ayenera kulemba kuwunikako njirayo isanayambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kuyikidwa pamsika, ndipo akuyeneranso kulembetsa mu Article 49(2).

Pa mfundo imodzi, Lamuloli ndi lolondola. Nkhani 6(3) ikunena kuti dongosolo la AI lomwe latchulidwa mu Annex III nthawi zonse limawerengedwa pakati pa machitidwe a AI omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu pomwe limachita ma profiling a anthu achilengedwe. Kupatula apo sikungatchulidwe pankhaniyi.

Kodi bungwe lanu lili ndi udindo wotani?

Lamulo la AI limasiyanitsa maudindo angapo mu unyolo. Awiri mwa iwo ndi ofunika kwa mabungwe ambiri. Chipani chomwe chimapanga dongosolo la AI, kapena kuchiyika pamsika pansi pa dzina lake kapena chizindikiro chake, chimayenerera kukhala wopereka. Chipani chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la AI mu bizinesi yakeyake popanda kulipanga nthawi zambiri chimayenerera kukhala woyambitsa.

Kugawa maudindo sikungokhala kosasintha. Bungwe lomwe limasintha kwambiri makina ogulidwa, kuwapatsa dzina lawo kapena chizindikiro chawo, kapena kusintha cholinga chake, likhoza kuonedwabe ngati lopereka ndipo motero limakhala pansi pa maudindo akuluakulu. Khazikitsani pa dongosolo lililonse udindo womwe mukukwaniritsa, ndikulemba mayeso amenewo.

Maudindo akuluakulu

Opereka machitidwe a AI omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ali ndi udindo wophatikizapo zomwe zili mu Nkhani 8 mpaka 17, 43 ndi 47 mpaka 49:

• njira yoyang'anira zoopsa zomwe zimakhudza moyo wonse
• kayendetsedwe ka deta, kuphatikizapo kuzindikira ndi kukonza tsankho mu deta yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphatikizapo kuphunzitsa, kutsimikizira ndi kuyesa deta
• zolemba zaukadaulo mogwirizana ndi Annex IV, ndi kulemba zochitika
• malangizo omveka bwino ogwiritsira ntchito kwa oyambitsa
• kapangidwe kothandiza kuyang'anira bwino anthu
• zofunikira pa kulondola, kulimba komanso chitetezo cha pa intaneti
• njira yoyendetsera khalidwe, kuwunika momwe zinthu zikuyendera, kulengeza kwa EU za momwe zinthu zikuyendera, kulemba chizindikiro cha CE ndi kulembetsa mu database ya EU

Pa machitidwe oopsa a AI omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira zakutali monga momwe tafotokozera mu Annex III, mfundo 1(a), Nkhani 14(5) ikupereka lamulo lina pa kuyang'aniridwa ndi anthu: palibe chochita kapena chisankho chomwe chingachitike potengera kuzindikirako pokhapokha ngati kwatsimikiziridwa padera ndi anthu osachepera awiri omwe ali ndi luso, maphunziro ndi ulamuliro wofunikira. Izi zimadziwika kuti mfundo ya maso anayi.

Ogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi udindo wopepuka koma wofunikira kwambiri wa Nkhani 26 ndi 27: kugwiritsa ntchito motsatira malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito, kuyang'anira bwino anthu, kuyang'anira momwe dongosololi likugwirira ntchito, kupereka malipoti a zoopsa ndi zochitika zazikulu, ndi kusunga zolemba kwa miyezi yosachepera isanu ndi umodzi. Antchito omwe adzagwira ntchito ndi dongosololi, ndi anthu omwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito, ayenera kudziwitsidwa pasadakhale.

Ogwiritsa ntchito ena ayeneranso kuchita kuwunika momwe ufulu wawo ulili, Kuwunika momwe ufulu wawo ulili pansi pa Nkhani 27. Izi zikugwira ntchito m'mabungwe olamulidwa ndi malamulo aboma, kwa opereka chithandizo cha anthu paokha, komanso kwa ogwiritsa ntchito njira zopezera mbiri ya ngongole kapena kuwunika zoopsa za inshuwaransi mu inshuwaransi ya moyo ndi thanzi.

Nthawi ndi momwe zinthu zilili panopa

Lamulo la AI linayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Ogasiti 2024 ndipo limayamba kugwira ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana. M'machitidwe ake ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa pakati pa maudindo omwe akugwira ntchito kale, maudindo omwe ali ndi tsiku lofunsira ntchito mtsogolo, ndi zosintha zomwe zalengezedwa zomwe kulowa kwawo mwalamulo sikunamalizidwe.

Machitidwe oletsedwa (Nkhani 5): Akugwira ntchito kuyambira 2 February 2025

Kuphunzira ndi kulemba bwino (Nkhani 4): Kuyamba kugwira ntchito kuyambira 2 February 2025

Mitundu yonse ya AI yogwiritsidwa ntchito: Ikugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 2 Ogasiti 2025

Maudindo owonetsera poyera (Nkhani 50): akugwira ntchito kuyambira 2 Ogasiti 2026; sanachedwetsedwe

Chiwopsezo chachikulu kudzera mu Annex III: chikugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 2 Disembala 2027, pambuyo pa kuchedwetsa ntchito

Chiwopsezo chachikulu kudzera mu Annex I: chikugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 2 Ogasiti 2028, pambuyo pa kuchedwetsa komweko

Kuchedwetsa kumeneko ndi lamulo lokhazikika. European Commission idapereka phukusi la Digital Omnibus pa 19 Novembala 2025 ndi lingaliro loti lichedwetse maudindo a machitidwe a AI omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Lamulo losintha, Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, lidasindikizidwa mu Official Journal pa 24 Julayi 2026 ndipo lidayamba kugwira ntchito pa 27 Julayi 2026.

Ndondomeko yokhayo yoika pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndiyo inasuntha. Maudindo omwe ali pansi pa Chaputala III cha machitidwe omwe adagawidwa kudzera mu Annex III tsopano akugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 2 Disembala 2027, ndipo omwe adagawidwa kudzera mu Annex I kuyambira pa 2 Ogasiti 2028. Zina zonse zinasunga tsiku lake loyambirira, kotero kuchedwetsa sikunapangitse kuyimitsidwa konse mu AI Act.

Kuchedwetsa sikuli kopanda malire monga momwe kusintha kwa tsiku kungakhalire. Kugwiritsa ntchito maudindo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu kumalumikizidwa ndi kupezeka kwa miyezo yogwirizana ndi zida zothandizira zomwe zimafunikira kuti zitsatire, ndipo masiku atsopanowa amagwira ntchito ngati malire akunja kwa dongosololi osati ngati cholinga chomwe chingapitirire. Chifukwa chake, kukonzekera poganiza kuti padzakhala nthawi yowonjezera ina sikuli bwino.

Mfundo ziwiri ziyenera kuganiziridwa mosiyana. Choyamba, udindo wowonekera bwino wa Nkhani 50 ndi udindo wodziwa kulemba ndi kulemba wa Nkhani 4 sizinachedwetsedwe: Nkhani 50 yakhala ikugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 2 Ogasiti 2026 ndi Nkhani 4 kuyambira pa 2 February 2025. Chachiwiri, phukusili likuwonjezera chiletso chatsopano ku Nkhani 5, chomwe cholinga chake ndi mapulogalamu a AI kupanga zithunzi zachinsinsi zosavomerezeka komanso zinthu zochitira nkhanza ana zomwe zimapangidwa ndi AI.

Kwa mabungwe izi zikutanthauza kuti Disembala 2027 ndi tsiku lokonzekera zolemba zoopsa kwambiri motsutsana ndi, pomwe kuwonekera poyera, kulemba ndi kulemba, ndi maudindo onse ndi nkhani zotsatiridwa pakadali pano osati kukonzekera.

Kuyang'anira ndi zilango

Ku Netherlands, lamulo lokhazikitsa lamulo la AI silikugwira ntchito. Chikalata cholembedwa chinatulutsidwa kuti anthu onse akambirane pa 20 Epulo 2026. Chimapatsa Dutch Data Protection Authority (Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens) udindo woyang'anira madera omwe palibe woyang'anira gawo, wokhala ndi gawo lodzipereka la AI, ndipo chimapatsa Dutch Authority for Digital Infrastructure (RDI) udindo wogwirizanitsa, pomwe oyang'anira madera amasunga madera awoawo. Mpaka lamuloli litavomerezedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kugawa mphamvu molondola ndi dongosolo la chilango cha dziko sikunakhazikitsidwe.

Nkhani 99 ya lamulo la AI ikupereka mitundu ingapo ya zilango zazikulu. Mlingowu umadalira mtundu wa kuphwanya malamulo ndipo, ngati kuli koyenera, pa kusintha kwa chaka ndi chaka kwa kampaniyi padziko lonse lapansi. Kuchuluka kwakukulu kumagwira ntchito pakuphwanya malamulo oletsedwa mu Nkhani 5; kucheperako kumagwira ntchito pakuphwanya malamulo ena, kuphatikizapo omwe amapereka ndi omwe akugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a AI oopsa kwambiri; ndipo kucheperako kumagwira ntchito popereka chidziwitso cholakwika, chosakwanira kapena chosokeretsa kwa akuluakulu aboma. Njira yabwino kwambiri imagwira ntchito ku mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati (SMEs), kuphatikiza makampani oyambira. Chilango chenicheni chimatsimikiziridwa poganizira malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito pa zilango ndi momwe zinthu zilili pankhaniyi.

Mapu othandiza

• Sungani zinthu zonse za AI zomwe bungwe lanu limapanga, kugula kapena kugwiritsa ntchito.
• Konzani pa dongosolo lililonse udindo womwe mukuchita: wopereka kapena woyambitsa.
• Dziwani gulu la zoopsa pa dongosolo lililonse ndikulemba zomwe zawunikidwazo, kuphatikizapo kudalira kulikonse pa zosiyana zomwe zili mu Nkhani 6(3).
• Kukhazikitsa kayendetsedwe ka AI ndikusankha mkulu wodalirika.
• Onetsetsani kuti ogwira ntchito omwe akugwira ntchito ndi machitidwewa ali ndi luso lolemba bwino za AI; udindo umenewo ukugwira ntchito kale.
• Kukhazikitsa njira zowonetsera poyera zomwe zili mu Article 50; zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira pa 2 Ogasiti 2026.
• Yambani kulemba zikalata zaukadaulo, ndipo, ngati pakufunika, kuwunika momwe ufulu woyambira umakhudzira anthu pakapita nthawi.
• Unikaninso mapangano a ogulitsa pa kugawa maudindo, kupereka chidziwitso ndi ufulu wowerengera ndalama.
• Konzani zolemba zoopsa kwambiri motsutsana ndi 2 Disembala 2027 za machitidwe a Annex III ndi 2 Ogasiti 2028 za machitidwe a Annex I.

Zimene AI Act imafuna ku bungwe lanu

Lamulo la AI limakhudza kwambiri momwe mabungwe amapangira, kugula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito AI. Kuchedwetsa maudindo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu kumapeza nthawi yokwanira gawo lovuta kwambiri la boma, koma kumasiya china chilichonse m'malo mwake: zoletsa za Article 5, udindo wa AI wodziwa kulemba ndi kuwerenga, malamulo a AI ofunikira komanso maudindo owonekera bwino a Article 50 onse akugwira ntchito masiku ano. Nthawi yomwe yapezeka ndi yabwino kwambiri kugwiritsidwa ntchito pogawa ndi kulemba, chifukwa amenewo ndi njira zomwe sizingapanikizidwe pambuyo pake. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za lamuloli, onani Buku Lathu Lonse la EU AI Act , lomwe limakwaniritsa kuyang'ana kwa nkhaniyi pa machitidwe a AI omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu.

Law & More zimathandiza mabungwe kusunga ndi kugawa machitidwe awo a AI, kudziwa udindo wawo monga opereka kapena oyambitsa, kuwunikanso ndikulemba mapangano ndi ogulitsa AI, ndikukhazikitsa kayendetsedwe ka AI. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zomwe bungwe lanu likuyenera kuchita pakadali pano komanso njira ziti zomwe ziyenera kuyikidwa patsogolo? chonde musazengereze kulumikizana nafe.

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