Malamulo a boma
Malamulo a boma
Kuyambira mikangano ya mapangano mpaka kuwonongeka kwa ndalama — timateteza zofuna zanu za malamulo aboma
mwachidule
Malamulo a boma amalamulira ubale walamulo pakati pa nzika ndi mabizinesi: kuyambira kugula chinthu mpaka kupempha ndalama zowonongera pambuyo pa ngozi kuntchito, kuyambira kuphwanya pangano mpaka kuchitapo kanthu kosayenera. Pamene zinthu sizikuyenda bwino pakati pa magulu, malamulo a boma amapereka zida zolimbikitsira ufulu wanu - bola mutaugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yoyenera komanso m'njira yoyenera.
Law & More Amalangiza ndi kuweruza milandu pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana za malamulo a anthu: mikangano ya mapangano, zopempha za udindo, kusonkhanitsa ngongole, ndi mikangano yokhudza umwini kapena ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito. Maloya athu amadziwa Khoti Lalikulu ndi Khoti Loona za Apilo ndipo amamvetsetsa nthawi yomwe kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu - mwachitsanzo kudzera mu ndondomeko yachidule (kort geding) - ndikofunikira.
Mukufuna Malangizo a Katswiri?
Akatswiri athu azamalamulo ali okonzeka kukuthandizani. Pezani malangizo a zamalamulo omwe ali ndi dzina lanu lero.
Kuyenda Mwamsanga
Zatsopano Zatsopano
Nkhani za Malamulo a Anthu
Masheya angakhale ofunika kwambiri, koma sangangothetsedwa: kumbuyo kwa chilichonse
Pangano la North Atlantic — lomwe nthawi zambiri limatchedwa Pangano la NATO kapena Washington
Kwa zaka zambiri, gawo la ntchito zakanthawi ku Netherlands linkavutika ndi mabungwe achinyengo omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito molakwika antchito osamukira kumayiko ena, omwe amalandira ndalama zochepa.
Zimene Timachita
Mikangano yamakontrakitala ndi zonena zosagwira ntchito (wanprestatie).
Ulamuliro wamakampani ndi kutsata
Tort (onrechtmatige daad) ndi zodandaula za ngongole
Njira zosonkhanitsira ngongole ndi kulumikiza (conservatoir ndi executoriaal)
Ndondomeko yachidule (kort geding) ndi njira zina zachangu
Zopempha za kuwonongeka (kuvulala kwa munthu, kutayika kwa ndalama, kutayika kwa bizinesi)
Director and group liability (bestuurders- en concernaansprakelijkheid)
Makontrakitala ndi mawu ndi zikhalidwe (algemene voorwaarden)
Kuthetsa mikangano ndi kuyimira pakati pa khoti
Kukakamiza zigamulo za ku Netherlands ndi zakunja
Chifukwa Chosankha Law & More
Oweruza milandu odziwa bwino ntchito yawo omwe ali ndi mbiri yabwino m'makhothi aku Netherlands
Njira yanzeru yophatikiza zokambirana ndi milandu
Kulankhulana momveka bwino m'zilankhulo zambiri
Kapangidwe ka ndalama zolipirira komanso kasamalidwe ka ndalama
Yang'anani pa mayankho othandiza komanso kupitiriza kwa bizinesi
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri - Malamulo a Anthu
Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa kawirikawiri okhudza malamulo aboma, amayankhidwa ndi akatswiri athu.
Pali kuswa pangano (wanprestatie) pamene chipani chalephera kukwaniritsa udindo motsatira mgwirizano ndipo kulephera kumeneko kumabwera chifukwa cha zimenezo. Nthawi zambiri wobwereketsa ayenera choyamba kudziwitsidwa za kusalipira, ndikukhazikitsa nthawi yomaliza yokwanira yochitira. Nthawi yomweyo nthawi imeneyo ikadutsa popanda kuchita bwino, wobwereketsayo amalephera kuchita bwino, zomwe zimapatsa chipani china ufulu wolipira, kubweza ngongole, kapena kuchita bwino.
Kuswa pangano kumachitika chifukwa cha kusakwaniritsa mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa magulu awiriwa. Cholakwa (onrechtmatige daad) ndi chinthu chosaloledwa kwa munthu wina kunja kwa pangano lililonse, monga kuwononga chifukwa chosasamala. Zonsezi zingayambitse mlandu wa kuwonongeka, koma zofunikira, udindo wotsimikizira, ndi nthawi zochepetsera zimasiyana. Nthawi zina chochitika chimodzi chingakhale zonse ziwiri.
Poyambira ndi kuti munthu wovulalayo, momwe angathere, aikidwe pamalo omwe akanakhalapo popanda kuphwanya lamulo kapena kuchita zinthu zosaloledwa. Mwachidule, kutayika kwenikweni komwe kwachitika kumalipidwa, kuphatikizapo kutayika komwe kwachitika komanso phindu lomwe latayika. Payenera kukhala mgwirizano pakati pa khalidwe ndi kuwonongeka, ndipo kuwonongekako kuyenera kukhala chifukwa cha munthu amene ali ndi mlandu.
Chidziwitso cha kusachita bwino (ingebrekestelling) ndi pempho lolembedwa lomwe limapatsa wobwereketsa nthawi yomaliza komanso yoyenera yoti achite. Pokhapokha nthawiyo ikatha popanda kuchita bwino, wobwereketsayo amalephera kuchita bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale ndi ufulu wopeza ndalama kapena kubweza ngongoleyo. Nthawi zina kusachita bwino kumabwera chifukwa cha lamulo, mwachitsanzo pamene nthawi yomaliza yadutsa, ndipo palibe chidziwitso china chofunikira.
Chilango cha milandu yachibadwidwe chimakhala choletsedwa nthawi ikatha nthawi yoletsa milandu yomwe yakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo, pambuyo pake sichingakhazikitsidwenso kukhothi. Nthawi zimasiyana kutengera mtundu wa chilangocho. Nthawi zina, malire amatha kusokonezedwa, mwachitsanzo ndi chikumbutso cholembedwa chosunga ufulu wochita zinthu, pambuyo pake nthawi yatsopano imayamba.
Ndondomeko yothandiza kwakanthawi imalola woweruza milandu kupereka njira yothandiza kwakanthawi kochepa, monga lamulo loletsa kapena lamulo loti achitepo kanthu. Cholinga chake ndi nkhani zachangu ndipo sizipereka chigamulo chomaliza pa mkanganowo. Chigamulocho chimakhalabe chakanthawi, ndipo maguluwo akhoza kubweretsa milandu yanthawi zonse pambuyo pake.
Kusunga ndalama kwakanthawi ndi njira yodzitetezera yomwe imaletsa katundu wa wobwereketsa, monga akaunti ya banki kapena katundu, asanayambe kapena panthawi ya mlandu, kuti apezenso ndalama pambuyo pake. Zimafunika chilolezo choyambirira kuchokera kukhothi. Ngati mlandu waukulu uvomerezedwa pambuyo pake, kusunga ndalamazo kungasinthidwe kukhala kukakamiza; ngati sichoncho, kuyenera kuchotsedwa ndipo kungapangitse kuti munthu akhale ndi mlandu pa kuwonongeka komwe kwachitika.
Monga lamulo, gulu lomwe limadalira zotsatira zalamulo za mfundo zina liyenera kutsimikizira mfundo zimenezo ngati zikutsutsidwa. Umboni ukhoza kuperekedwa kudzera m'mapepala, mboni, ndi malipoti a akatswiri, pakati pa njira zina. Muzochitika zina udindo wa umboni umasinthasintha potengera lamulo kapena miyezo ya kulingalira bwino ndi chilungamo.
Kugwira ntchito kwa lamulo la chigamulo kungagwiritsidwe ntchito mothandizidwa ndi bailiff, yemwe, mwachitsanzo, akhoza kumangirira maakaunti akubanki, malipiro, kapena katundu ndikupitiriza kugulitsa pagulu. Khothi likhozanso kumangirira chilango (dwangsom) ku lamulolo, lomwe wobwereketsa amataya malinga ngati sakumvera. Timatsogolera makasitomala mu ndondomeko yonse yokakamiza.
Kutalika kwa nthawi kumadalira kwambiri kuuma kwa mlandu, umboni wofunikira, ndi ntchito ya khothi. Mlandu wosavuta wosonkhanitsa ngongole ukhoza kutha mkati mwa miyezi ingapo, pomwe mlandu wovuta wokhudza mboni ndi akatswiri ungatenge chaka choposa. Pankhani zachangu, njira zoperekera chithandizo kwakanthawi zingapereke njira yokhazikika pakangopita nthawi yochepa.
Pangano lothetsa mkangano limalola magulu kuthetsa mkangano kapena kusatsimikizika polemba mapangano omangirira, mwachitsanzo ngati gawo la mgwirizano. Limamanga magulu ngakhale zotsatira zake zitasiyana ndi zomwe zili m'malamulo, zomwe ndi zomwe zimapereka chitsimikizo chalamulo.
Pa milandu ya milandu, munthu wotayika nthawi zambiri amalamulidwa kulipira ndalama za mlandu, koma chipukuta misozicho chimachokera pa mtengo wokhazikika wochotsera milandu ndipo nthawi zambiri sichimaphimba ndalama zonse za loya. Pa milandu yapadera, monga kuphwanya malamulo aukadaulo, ndi pomwe chipukuta misozi chonse chingagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Aliyense amene wapeza cholakwika pa ntchito yomwe yachitika ayenera kudandaula kwa winayo mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera. Ngati mudandaula mochedwa kwambiri mutha kutaya ufulu wanu. Chomwe chimawerengedwa ngati "nthawi yoyenera" chimadalira momwe zinthu zilili, koma kudandaula mwachangu komanso m'malemba nthawi zonse ndikofunikira.
Ndi ngongole zophatikizana ndi zingapo, wobwereketsayo akhoza kupempha ndalama zonse kuchokera kwa aliyense wa omwe ali ndi ngongole, yemwe ayenera kubweza ngongole pakati pawo. Ndi ngongole zophatikizana, wobwereketsa aliyense ali ndi udindo pa gawo lake lokha. Fomu yomwe imagwira ntchito ikutsatira lamulo kapena mgwirizano.
Inde, kwenikweni mapangano apakamwa ndi omangika ngati omwe adalembedwa. Vuto lalikulu ndi umboni: pamkangano muyenera kukhala okhoza kusonyeza zomwe mudagwirizana. Pa milandu ina, monga kugula nyumba ndi munthu payekha, lamulo limafuna fomu yolembedwa.
Malamulo Ofunika Kwambiri Pamilandu
Mawu ofunikira ofotokozedwa m'chinenero chosavuta
Onrechtmatige Daad (Tort/Unlawful Act)
Maziko a lamulo la Dutch lokhala ndi udindo lomwe lalembedwa mu Article 6:162 ya Civil Code. Chochitika chosaloledwa chimachitika pamene wina awononga chifukwa cha khalidwe lomwe: (1) likuphwanya ufulu wa wina, (2) likuphwanya udindo walamulo, (3) likuphwanya miyezo yosalembedwa ya khalidwe labwino la anthu, kapena (4) limapanga khalidwe lopanda chisamaliro choyenera. Wolakwayo ali ndi mlandu ngati pali cholakwika (chomwe chingaganizidwe nthawi zina), kuwonongekako kumayambitsidwa ndi iwo, ndipo pali kugwirizana kwa chifukwa. Chimaphimba chilichonse kuyambira ngozi za pamsewu mpaka kunyoza, mpikisano wosalungama mpaka kuphwanya malamulo achinsinsi. Anthu achilengedwe ndi mabungwe ovomerezeka akhoza kuchita zinthu zosayenera.
Wanprestatie (Kuphwanya Mgwirizano)
Kulephera kukwaniritsa zomwe zaperekedwa monga momwe zagwirizanirana. Kuphatikizapo kusagwira ntchito, kusagwira ntchito bwino, ndi kuchedwa kugwira ntchito. Pamene wanprestatie ichitika, munthu wovulalayo angafune: (1) kuchita bwino (nakoming) kukakamiza munthu woswa lamulo kuti akwaniritse udindo wake, (2) kuwonongeka (schadevergoeding) chifukwa cha kutayika komwe kwachitika, (3) kuthetsa mgwirizano (ontbinding) kuthetsa mgwirizano, kapena (4) kuchepetsa mtengo chifukwa cha kusagwira ntchito bwino. Wobwereketsa nthawi zambiri ayenera kutumiza chidziwitso cha kusagwira ntchito (ingebrekestelling) asanagwiritse ntchito njira izi, pokhapokha ngati nthawi yomaliza yadutsa bwino kapena kusagwira ntchito nthawi yomweyo sikungatheke. Mosiyana ndi onrechtmatige daad, wanprestatie nthawi zonse simafuna zolakwika - maudindo ena ndi udindo wokhwima.
Schadevergoeding (Zowonongeka / Malipiro)
Chipukuta misozi cha ndalama chifukwa cha kutayika kapena kuvulala. Malamulo aku Dutch amavomereza mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu: materiële schade (zowonongeka zakuthupi) zomwe zimaphimba kutayika kwachuma mwachindunji monga kuwonongeka kwa katundu, ndalama zachipatala, kutayika kwa ndalama, ndi kutayika kwa bizinesi; ndi immateriële schade (zowonongeka zosafunikira) chifukwa cha kuvulala kosakhala kwachuma monga ululu ndi kuvutika, komwe kumaperekedwa kokha pazochitika zinazake monga kuvulala kwa munthu kapena kuphwanya ulemu. Zowonongeka ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndikugwirizanitsidwa ndi chifukwa chochita cholakwika kapena kuphwanya malamulo. Munthu wovulalayo ali ndi udindo wochepetsa kuwonongeka (schadebeperkingsplicht). Zowonongeka za chilango sizilipo mu malamulo aku Dutch - chipukuta misozi cholinga chake ndi kubwezeretsa wozunzidwayo pamalo ake asanavulazidwe, osati kulanga wolakwayo. Chiwongola dzanja (wettelijke rente) chimawonjezeka kuyambira tsiku lomwe kuwonongekako kunachitika.
Kulemba (Nthawi Yocheperako)
Nthawi yokwanira yomwe madandaulo amilandu ayenera kuperekedwa, pambuyo pake amakhala osagwira ntchito. Nthawi yokhazikika yochepetsera ndi zaka zisanu kuyambira tsiku lomwe wopemphayo adadziwa kapena ayenera kudziwa bwino za kuwonongeka ndi yemwe ali ndi mlandu. Kuletsa kwathunthu kumachitika zaka 20 pambuyo pa chochitikacho, mosasamala kanthu za chidziwitso. Nthawi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa madandaulo ena: zaka ziwiri za kuvulala kwa munthu (kuchokera ku zomwe zapezeka), zaka zitatu za zolakwika za chinthu, zaka zisanu za udindo waukadaulo. Malire amatha kusokonezedwa povomereza pempho, kulipira, kapena kupereka mlandu. Likatha, pempholo limathetsedwa - khothi lidzalichotsa ngakhale litakhala lovomerezeka. Chofunika kwambiri kuyang'anira nthawi zochepetsera ndikuchitapo kanthu lisanathe.
Bewijslast (Mtolo wa Umboni)
Udindo wotsimikizira mfundo zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe munthu ali nazo palamulo. Lamulo lachindunji: "yemwe akunena ayenera kutsimikizira" (wie stelt, bewijst). Wopemphayo ayenera kutsimikizira mfundo zomwe zikubweretsa zomwe akunena; wotsutsayo ayenera kutsimikizira mfundo zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe akunena. Umboni wokhazikika ndi kuchuluka kwa umboni (komwe kungachitike), wocheperapo kuposa malamulo a milandu popanda kukayika. Umboni ukhoza kuphatikizapo zikalata zolembedwa (zamphamvu kwambiri), umboni wa mboni, malingaliro a akatswiri, ndi umboni wokhazikika. Makhothi ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zowunikira umboni ndipo amatha kusintha udindo wa umboni pazochitika zinazake, monga pamene gulu limodzi limayang'anira mfundo zofunikira zokha. Kulephera kukwaniritsa udindo wa umboni kumabweretsa kuchotsedwa kwa mlandu kapena chitetezo.
Dwangsom (Malipiro a Chilango
Chilango choperekedwa ndi khothi nthawi ndi nthawi (chofanana ndi kunyoza khothi) kuti chikakamize kutsatira chigamulo. Khothi likalamula munthu kuchitapo kanthu kapena kusiya kuchitapo kanthu, likhoza kuphatikiza dwangsom: chindapusa cholipira kwa munthu winayo (osati boma) tsiku lililonse kapena nthawi yophwanya malamulo, mpaka ndalama zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, khothi likhoza kulamula kampani kuti isiye kuphwanya malamulo a chizindikiro ndikuyika dwangsom ya €5,000 patsiku chifukwa chopitiliza kuphwanya malamulo, mpaka €500,000. Dwangsom ndi yosiyana ndi zowonongera - cholinga chake ndi kuonetsetsa kuti malamulo atsatiridwa, osati kulipira kutayika. Chofala m'milandu yoletsa milandu, kukakamiza mgwirizano, ndi mikangano ya katundu wanzeru. Yogwira ntchito chifukwa imagwira ntchito yokha popanda milandu ina ya khothi ikaphwanyidwa.
Conservatoir Beslag (Zophatikiza Zapanthawiyi)
Kulanda katundu wa wobwereketsa ndalama kwakanthawi kuti apeze chiwongola dzanja asanalandire chigamulo chomaliza. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pakufunika kupewedwa mwachangu kuti wobwereketsa asataye katundu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusonkhanitsa kukhale kosatheka. Kungathe kumangirira maakaunti akubanki, malo, zinthu zomwe zili m'sitolo, zolandirira, kapena katundu wina. Kumafuna chilolezo cha khothi ndipo wobwereketsayo ayenera kuwonetsa: (1) chiwongola dzanja chodalirika, ndi (2) kufunikira kwachangu kwa chiwongola dzanja. Wobwereketsayo nthawi zambiri ayenera kutumiza chikole kuti aphimbe kuwonongeka komwe kungachitike ngati chiwongola dzanjacho chikapezeka chosalungama. Pambuyo pa chiwongola dzanja, wobwereketsayo ayenera kuyamba milandu yayikulu mkati mwa masiku 14 kapena chiwongola dzanjacho chikatha. Chida champhamvu chokakamiza kuthetsa kapena kusunga chiyembekezo chobweza ngongole, koma chimakhala ndi chiopsezo ngati chiwongola dzanjacho chalephera. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamikangano yamalonda, makamaka ndi magulu apadziko lonse lapansi kapena zoopsa zothawa.
Ingebrekestelling (Chidziwitso Chokhazikika)
Chidziwitso cholembedwa choperekedwa kwa chipani chomwe chalephera kukwaniritsa udindo wake, zomwe zimawaika mwalamulo "osakwaniritsa" (mu verzuim). Chofunikira wobwereketsa asanapemphe ndalama chifukwa cha kuchedwa, kuthetsa mgwirizano, kapena kufunafuna khothi kuti lizitsatira. Ayenera kunena momveka bwino: (1) udindo womwe sunakwaniritsidwe, (2) nthawi yomaliza yogwirira ntchito, ndi (3) zotsatira za kusagwira ntchito bwino. Sikofunikira pamene: nthawi yomaliza yadutsa bwino ndipo ntchitoyo ikukhalabe yopanda ntchito, ntchitoyo ndi yosatheka kwamuyaya, kapena wobwereketsa wasonyeza momveka bwino kuti sadzagwira ntchito. Chidziwitsocho chimayamba nthawi ndi chiwongola dzanja chosatha ndipo chimalola wobwereketsayo kuchitapo kanthu kuti athetse kuphwanya lamulo. Iyenera kutumizidwa ndi positi yolembetsedwa kapena imelo yokhala ndi risiti yowerengedwa kuti itsimikizire. Gawo loyamba lofunikira kwambiri pazochitika zambiri zogwirira ntchito.
Onrechtmatige Daad (Tort/Unlawful Act)
Kuchita zinthu zosaloledwa ndi munthu wina popanda mgwirizano uliwonse, monga kuwononga chifukwa chosasamala, komwe kumakakamiza wolakwayo kulipira zomwe zawonongeka ngati zomwe zachitikazo zachitika chifukwa cha iye.
Ingebrekestelling (Chidziwitso Chokhazikika)
Pempho lolembedwa lomwe limapatsa wobwereketsa nthawi yomaliza komanso yoyenera yoti achite. Kulephera, komanso ufulu wolipira kapena kubweza ngongole, nthawi zambiri kumachitika nthawi yomweyo nthawiyo ikadutsa popanda kuchita bwino.
Dagvaarding (Kulemba kwa Maitanidwe)
Chikalata chovomerezeka, choperekedwa ndi bailiff, chomwe chimayambitsa milandu ya anthu ndikuyitanitsa mbali ina kuti ikawonekere kukhothi, ndikulongosola zomwe zanenedwazo ndi zifukwa zake.
Verzuim (Chosasintha)
Mkhalidwe umene wobwereketsa sakulipira atapatsidwa chidziwitso cha kusalipira kapena akalephera kulipira chifukwa cha lamulo. Kulephera kulipira nthawi zambiri kumafunika pa kuwonongeka kwa ndalama chifukwa cha kuchedwa ndi kubweza ngongole.
Hoger Beroep (Apilo)
Njira yovomerezeka ndi lamulo yomwe chipani chimapereka chigamulo cha khothi lachigawo ku khothi la apilo kuti liwunikenso, pomwe mlanduwo umawunikidwanso mokwanira mkati mwa nthawi yovomerezeka ndi lamulo.
Kumangirira (Kuchotsa)
Kuthetsa mgwirizano wobwezera chifukwa cha kuphwanya malamulo, pambuyo pake maguluwo ayenera kusintha zomwe zachitika kale. Kuthetsa mlandu kungachitike kunja kwa khothi kapena ndi khothi.
Kuchotsa (Kuletsa)
Kusiya mgwirizano chifukwa cha vuto lomwe linapangidwa panthawi yomwe unasainidwa, monga kulakwitsa, chinyengo, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika zinthu, zomwe zingachitike nthawi yomweyo mpaka pamene unasainidwa.
Verstekvonnis (Chiweruzo Chokhazikika)
Chigamulo chimaperekedwa ngati wotsutsidwayo walephera kuwonekera pa mlanduwo. Nthawi zambiri pempholi limaperekedwa pokhapokha ngati likuoneka kuti ndi losaloledwa kapena losavomerezeka. Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi yotseguka.
Causaal Verband (Chikoka)
Kugwirizana kofunikira pakati pa khalidwe ndi kuwonongeka. Popanda kulumikizana kokwanira pakati pa kuphwanya lamulo kapena kuchita zinthu zosaloledwa ndi kutayika, palibe chifukwa chobwezera kutayikako.
Kuthetsa (Kuthetsa)
Njira yothetsera mikangano yomwe mkhalapakati wodziyimira pawokha amatsogolera magulu kuti agwirizane okha. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zachangu komanso zosavuta kuposa kuweruza milandu.
Vaststellingsovereenkomst (Chigwirizano Chokhazikika)
Mgwirizano umene magulu a anthu amathetsa mkangano kapena kusatsimikizika polemba m'mawu omangirira zomwe zikugwira ntchito pakati pawo. Ndi wovomerezeka ngakhale zomwe zili mkati mwake zikusiyana ndi zomwe zinali kale mwalamulo ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mgwirizano.
Klachtplicht (Udindo Wodandaula)
Udindo wodandaula mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera mutapeza cholakwika pa ntchito yomwe yachitika. Munthu amene wadandaula mochedwa akhoza kutaya ufulu wokonza, kubweza kapena kubwezera.
Hoofdelijke Aansprakelijkheid (Zogwirizana ndi Zolinga Zambiri)
Mkhalidwe umene obwereketsa angapo aliyense angaimbidwe mlandu pa ngongole yonse. Wobwereketsa amasankha woti alankhule naye; kenako obwereketsa ayenera kulipira ngongoleyo pakati pawo.
Boetebeding (Chigamulo cha Chilango)
Gawo la mgwirizano lomwe limapereka ndalama zokhazikika zolipiridwa pa kusagwira ntchito, mosasamala kanthu za kutayika kwenikweni. Khothi likhoza, ngati lipempha, kuchepetsa chilango cha mgwirizano chapamwamba kwambiri.
Exhibitionieplicht (Ufulu Woyang'ana Zikalata)
Ufulu, malinga ndi mikhalidwe, wofuna kuti ziwunikidwe kapena kopi ya zikalata zina zomwe zili ndi chipani china. Chida ichi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza kapena kupeza umboni pa mlandu wa anthu wamba.
Kodi Muli ndi Mafunso Okhudza Malamulo a Anthu?
Zokumana nazo Oweruza ndi okonzeka kukuthandizani. Konzani nthawi yokambirana za vuto lanu.
