Ukwati kapena mgwirizano wolembetsedwa: kusiyana komwe kulipo pansi pa lamulo la Dutch

Ukwati ndi mgwirizano wolembetsedwa (geregistreerd partnerschap) zimakupatsirani udindo wofanana walamulo ku Netherlands: udindo womwewo wothandizira, dongosolo lomwelo la katundu wolephera, ufulu wofanana wa cholowa ndi malamulo omwewo a ana. Kusiyana kwakukulu ndikuti mgwirizano wolembetsedwa ukhoza kuthetsedwa popanda khothi ngati mulibe ana ogwirizana pansi pa ulamuliro wanu, ndipo mgwirizano wolembetsedwa wa ku Netherlands sudziwika m'maiko onse akunja.

Ndani angakwatire kapena kulembetsa mgwirizano?

Mikhalidwe ndi yofanana kwa onse awiri komanso kwa okwatirana a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Malinga ndi Article 1:31 ya Dutch Civil Code (BW), okwatirana onse awiri ayenera kukhala ndi zaka zosachepera 18; palibe kuchotsera komwe kungatheke.

Palibe mnzawo amene angakhale kale wokwatira kapena wolembetsedwa (Nkhani 1:80a BW). Achibale omwe ali pa mzere wolunjika ndi abale ndi alongo sangakwatirane malinga ndi Nkhani 1:41 BW; azibale awo akhoza kukwatirana. Malinga ndi Nkhani 1:44 BW, osachepera mnzawo mmodzi ayenera kukhala ndi nzika ya ku Netherlands kapena wokhala nthawi zonse ku Netherlands kuti adziwitse wolembetsa.

Kodi ndondomekoyi imagwira ntchito bwanji?

Mupereka chidziwitso cha cholinga chanu kwa boma, ndipo mwambowo sungachitike pasanafike tsiku la khumi ndi zinayi kuchokera pamene chilengezocho chinachitika (Nkhani 1:62 BW). Ngati ukwati sunachitike mkati mwa chaka chimodzi, muyenera kupereka chidziwitso kachiwiri (Nkhani 1:46 BW).

Mumapereka zikalata zodziwitsa, ndipo, mutakwatirana kale kapena mgwirizano, mupereka umboni woti zatha. Zikalata zakunja nthawi zambiri zimafunika apostille kapena kuvomerezedwa ndi womasulira wolumbira. Mwambowu umachitikira ku holo ya tawuni pamaso pa wolembetsa ndi mboni ziwiri kapena zinayi zachikulire (Nkhani 1:63 BW).

Ukwati umapangidwa mwa kulengeza pamaso pa wolembetsa; mgwirizano wolembetsedwa ndi chikalata cholembetsa (Nkhani 1:80a(3) BW). Malinga ndi Nkhani 1:68 BW, mwambo wachipembedzo ukhoza kuchitika kokha pambuyo pa ukwati wa boma, ndipo palibe mgwirizano wachipembedzo womwe ungagwirizane ndi mgwirizano wolembetsedwa.

Ndi dongosolo liti la katundu lomwe limagwira ntchito mwachisawawa?

Pa maukwati ndi maubwenzi olembetsedwa omwe adachitika kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2018, chosankha chokhazikika ndi mgwirizano wochepa wa katundu (beperkte gemeenschap van goederen) motsatira Article 1:94 BW. Imafotokoza zomwe mumapeza limodzi panthawi yaubwenzi ndi zomwe mudali nazo kale limodzi.

Katundu ndi ngongole zomwe zinali za mnzanu m'modzi yekha asanakhale pachibwenzi zimakhala kunja kwa anthu ammudzi. Mphatso ndi cholowa zimakhalanso kunja kwa banja, musanayambe komanso panthawi ya chibwenzi, pokhapokha ngati wopereka kapena wopereka pangano la ukwati wapereka zina. Werengani zambiri mu nkhani yathu yokhudza limited community of property.

Malamulo awiri amamaliza chithunzichi. Ngati ndalama zachinsinsi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa chuma chogwirizana, kapena mwanjira ina, ufulu wobwezera umabwera womwe umatsatira mtengo wa katunduyo (Nkhani 1:87 ndi 1:95 BW). Ngati bizinesi ya mnzanu wina ili kunja kwa anthu ammudzi, anthu ammudzi ali ndi ufulu wolandira malipiro oyenera chifukwa cha chidziwitso, luso ndi ntchito zomwe mnzakeyo adagwiritsa ntchito (Nkhani 1:95a BW).

Malamulo ena amagwira ntchito mosasamala kanthu za dongosolo. Malinga ndi Nkhani 1:88 BW, palibe mnzawo amene angagulitse kapena kubwereka nyumba ya banja, kupereka chitsimikizo kapena kupereka mphatso zachilendo popanda chilolezo cholembedwa cha mnzake. Onse awiri ayenera kuthandizana ndikupereka ndalama zothandizira banja.

Kodi mumachoka bwanji ku ndondomeko yosasinthika?

Wolondera milandu ya boma akhoza kulemba zinthu zomwe ziyenera kuchitika asanakwatirane (huwelijkse voorwaarden) kapena zinthu zomwe ziyenera kuchitika paubwenzi (partnerschapsvoorwaarden), chibwenzi chisanachitike kapena panthawi ya chibwenzicho. Zosankha zomwe anthu ambiri amachita ndi kulekanitsa katundu kwathunthu, gawo lokhazikitsa nthawi ndi nthawi komanso gawo lomaliza lokhazikitsa mgwirizano.

Vuto lalikulu kwambiri lomwe limakhalapo nthawi ndi nthawi ndi lomwe silikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Malinga ndi Article 1:141(3) BW, ngati mgwirizano wapachaka womwe unavomerezedwa sunachitike, katundu yense womwe ulipo kumapeto kwake umaganiziridwa kuti unapangidwa kuchokera ku ndalama zomwe zikanayenera kuthetsedwa. Lembani chaka chilichonse kuti mgwirizanowu wathetsedwa.

Nanga bwanji za ana, kulera ana, ndi ulamuliro wa makolo?

Kwa ana, ukwati ndi mgwirizano wolembetsedwa zimagwira ntchito chimodzimodzi. Ngati mayiyo wakwatiwa kapena ali mu mgwirizano wolembetsedwa ndi mwamuna panthawi yobadwa, ndiye bambo wovomerezeka mwalamulo (Nkhani 1:199 BW).

Ngati mkazi kapena mwamuna wa mayiyo ndi mkazi, ndiye kholo lovomerezeka mwalamulo ngati mwanayo adatenga pakati ndi wopereka wosadziwika ndipo chikalata cha woperekayo chaperekedwa (Nkhani 1:198 BW); apo ayi amakhala kholo mwa kuvomereza (erkenning) kapena kutengera mwana. Makolo okwatirana ndi olembetsedwa amakhala ndi ulamuliro wofanana wa makolo (gezag) okha; kwa okwatirana olembetsedwa izi zikutsatira Nkhani 1:253aa BW.

Anthu okwatirana omwe sanakwatirane ali pamavuto osiyanasiyana. Kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2023, mnzanu amene amavomereza mwana amapeza ulamuliro wogwirizana ndi mayi ake kudzera mu kuvomereza komweko (Nkhani 1:251b BW). Kuvomereza kuyenera kukonzedwa, ndipo kumangokhazikitsa makolo kuyambira nthawi yomwe yaperekedwa.

Kodi malamulo okhudza cholowa, penshoni ndi kusamalira ndi ati?

Okwatirana ndi okwatirana olembetsedwa amalandirana cholowa mwalamulo. Popanda chifuniro, gawo lovomerezeka la Article 4:13 BW limapatsa wokondedwa wotsalayo katundu ndi ngongole zonse, pomwe ana amalandira ndalama; mnzanu wokhala naye limodzi popanda chifuniro salandira chilichonse.

Pa chisudzulo kapena kutha kwa ukwati, penshoni ya ukalamba yomwe imapangidwa panthawi ya chibwenzi imafanana malinga ndi Pension Rights Equalisation Act (Wet verevening pensioenrechten bij scheiding). Malinga ndi Nkhani 2 ya Act imeneyo, penshoni imalipira gawo lanu mwachindunji pokhapokha ngati mmodzi wa inu adziwitsa mkati mwa zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene banja lapatukana, pogwiritsa ntchito fomu yovomerezeka.

Kusamalira mnzanu (partneralimentatie) kumapezeka mafomu onse awiri akatha. Malinga ndi Article 1:157 BW, kumatha pambuyo pa theka la nthawi ya ubale, ndi zaka zosachepera zisanu, kupatulapo ubale wautali ndi ana aang'ono osakwana zaka 12. Onani tsamba lathu lonena za kusamalira mnzanu.

Kodi fomu iliyonse imatha bwanji?

Apa ndi pomwe mitundu iwiriyi imasiyana kwambiri. Ukwati ukhoza kuthetsedwa ndi khoti lokha; mgwirizano wolembetsedwa ukhozanso kuthetsedwa mwa mgwirizano, popanda khoti, ngati palibe ana ogwirizana omwe ali pansi pa ulamuliro wanu.

Pa chisudzulo, loya amapereka pempho kukhothi, ngakhale mutagwirizana pa chilichonse. Malinga ndi Nkhani 1:163 BW, chisudzulo chimayamba kugwira ntchito pamene chigamulocho chalembedwa m'kaundula wa boma, ndipo chigamulocho chimatha ngati kulembetsa sikupemphedwa mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera pamene chakhala chomaliza. Kulekana mwalamulo (scheiding van tafel en bed) kulipo kwa maukwati okha.

Mgwirizano wolembetsedwa ukhoza kuthetsedwa polembetsa chikalata chosainidwa cha okwatirana onse awiri komanso maloya kapena notaries m'modzi kapena angapo, kutsimikizira kuti mwagwirizana (Nkhani 1:80c(1)(c) BW). Kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2023 njira iyi yatsekedwa ngati mugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pa ana ogwirizana (Nkhani 1:80c(3) BW); ndiye kuti njira ya khothi imagwira ntchito, monga momwe imachitira pamene simukugwirizana. Palibe njira iliyonse yomwe ingasungidwe ndi mnzanu m'modzi kukana kugwirizana, monga momwe tafotokozera m'nkhani yathu yokhudza chisudzulo popanda chilolezo cha mnzanu wina.

Kusintha kumagwira ntchito m'njira imodzi yokha. Malinga ndi Article 1:80g BW, wolembetsa akhoza kusintha mgwirizano wolembetsedwa kukhala ukwati mwa chikalata, popanda kusokoneza ubale. Kusintha ukwati kukhala mgwirizano wolembetsedwa kunathetsedwa pa 1 March 2009. Mbiri ya mgwirizano wolembetsedwa ndi malingaliro oti ukhale wamakono ili m'nkhani ina.

Kodi udindo wanu ukudziwika kudziko lina?

Ukwati wa ku Dutch umadziwika pafupifupi m'maiko onse; mgwirizano wolembetsedwa ku Dutch si wovomerezeka. Mayiko ena amauona ngati ukwati, ena ngati udindo wocheperako, ndipo ena sauzindikira konse.

Izi zili ndi zotsatirapo zake. Chilolezo chokhala kapena kubwereranso kwa banja kunja kungafune ukwati, olemba ntchito akunja kapena kampani ya inshuwaransi sangavomereze mgwirizano, ndipo chuma chotsegulidwa kunja chingamuone mnzanu wotsalayo ngati mlendo. Malamulowa amakhazikitsidwa ndi dziko lomwe akupita, osati ndi lamulo la Dutch.

Mu EU, zotsatira za katundu wa maukwati ndi maukwati olembetsedwa zimagwera pansi pa malamulo awiri osiyana, Malamulo (EU) 2016/1103 ndi 2016/1104, omwe amagwira ntchito ku Netherlands kuyambira pa 29 Januwale 2019. Ulamuliro wa chisudzulo umatsatira Malamulo (EU) 2019/1111 (Brussels II ter), omwe sakhudza maukwati olembetsedwa; motsatira Article 4(4) ya Dutch Code of Civil Procedure (Rv) khoti la ku Netherlands nthawi zonse limakhala ndi ulamuliro wothetsa mgwirizano wolembetsedwa ku Netherlands.

Ngati munakwatira kapena munalembetsa kunja, lembani chikalatacho mu kaundula wa anthu aku Dutch (BRP) pambuyo pa apostille ndi lumbiro lomasulira. Akuluakulu aku Dutch ndi ndalama za penshoni amagwira ntchito kuchokera ku kulembetsa kumeneko.

Kodi mgwirizano wolembetsedwa umafanana bwanji ndi mgwirizano wokhala limodzi?

Ubale wolembetsedwa ndi boma; mgwirizano wokhala pamodzi (samenlevingscontract) ndi mgwirizano wokha. Panganoli lingathe kulamulira ndalama zapakhomo, umwini wa nyumbayo ndi zomwe zimachitika pakupatukana, ndipo ndalama za penshoni nthawi zambiri zimafuna kuti ilembetse mnzanu kuti alandire penshoni ya wopulumuka.

Pangano silingabweretse zotsatira za udindo. Anthu okhala m'banja limodzi salandirana cholowa popanda chifuniro, alibe udindo wosamalira banja pambuyo poti alekana ndipo amaphwanya malamulo a Article 1:88 BW pa nyumba ya banja. Pangano lokhala m'banja limodzi, chifuniro chogwirizana ndi kulembetsa penshoni pamodzi limaphimba zambiri mwa izi, koma si zonse.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani musanasankhe?

• Kodi mukuyembekeza kukhala, kugwira ntchito kapena cholowa m'dziko lomwe silizindikira mgwirizano wolembetsedwa?
• Kodi mukufuna mwambo wachipembedzo, womwe umafuna ukwati wa boma kaye (Nkhani 1:68 BW)?
• Kodi mukufuna njira yothetsera chibwenzi popanda khoti pamene mulibe ana ogwirizana?
• Kodi mukufuna kuchoka ku malo okhala ndi anthu ochepa omwe ali ndi zikhalidwe zogonana asanakwatirane kapena mgwirizano?
• Kodi mwayang'ana penshoni ya wopulumuka wanu ndi lamulo la zaka ziwiri lodziwitsa za penshoni?
• Kodi mwalembetsa ukwati kapena mgwirizano wakunja mu kaundula wa anthu aku Dutch?

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi ukwati kapena mgwirizano wolembetsedwa?

Monga loya wa mabanja , timalangiza maanja aku Dutch ndi ochokera kumayiko ena asanayambe, panthawi komanso pambuyo pa chibwenzi.

• Timafotokoza kusiyana kwa momwe zinthu zilili, kuphatikizapo kuzindikirika m'maiko omwe amakukhudzani.
• Timawunikanso malamulo oyambira ukwati kapena mgwirizano musanawasainire kwa notary.
• Timafufuza ngati zigawo zolipira nthawi ndi nthawi zagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikuwerengera zomwe ziyenera kulipidwa.
• Timalemba ndikusaina pangano ndi chilengezo chothetsa mgwirizano wolembetsedwa popanda khothi.
• Timalemba pempho la chisudzulo kapena kuthetsedwa kwa banja ndipo timakonza zosamalira, ana ndi penshoni.
• Timafufuza kuzindikira ndi kulembetsa ukwati kapena mgwirizano womwe wachitika kunja.

Chidule

• Ukwati ndi mgwirizano wolembetsedwa zili ndi zotsatira zofanana zalamulo ku Netherlands, kuphatikizapo mgwirizano wochepa wa katundu kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2018.
• Ubale wolembetsedwa ukhoza kuthetsedwa mwa mgwirizano popanda khoti, pokhapokha ngati muli ndi mphamvu pa ana ogwirizana (Nkhani 1:80c BW).
• Ukwati nthawi zonse umatha kudzera m'khoti ndipo uyenera kulembedwa mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi (Nkhani 1:163 BW).
• Ubwenzi wolembetsedwa ku Netherlands sudziwika kulikonse kunja; ukwati nthawi zambiri umazindikirika.
• Ubwenzi wolembetsedwa ukhoza kusinthidwa kukhala ukwati, koma osati mosiyana.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI