Chitetezo cha ndalama ku Netherlands: momwe mlandu umaseweredwera

Kuteteza mlandu wokhudza kutsuka ndalama ku Netherlands kumayamba ndi umboni wa otsutsa, osati ndi kufotokozera kwanu. Kutsuka ndalama ndi mlandu malinga ndi Articles 420bis mpaka 420quater.1 ya Dutch Criminal Code (Wetboek van Strafrecht, Sr), ndipo Public Prosecution Service (Openbaar Ministerie) sikuyenera kutsimikizira mlandu womwe unabweretsa ndalamazo; koma ngati sizingatheke, makhothi amagwiritsa ntchito mayeso pang'onopang'ono pomwe oteteza amatha kulowererapo pazifukwa zingapo.

Kodi otsutsa milandu ayenera kutsimikizira chiyani?

Otsutsa milandu ayenera kutsimikizira kuti chinthu chimachokera ku upandu uliwonse (enig misdrijf) ndipo kuti wokayikirayo anabisa chiyambi chake, kapena anapeza, anasunga, anasamutsa kapena anagwiritsa ntchito pamene akudziwa chiyambi chake. Malinga ndi Article 420bis(2) Sr, chinthucho chimatanthauza katundu ndi ufulu wonse wa katundu, kotero ndalama, magalimoto, nyumba ndi katundu wa crypto zonse zimaphimbidwa.

Kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso kumasankha mlanduwo. Kutsuka zovala mwadala motsatira Article 420bis Sr kumapereka zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kundende kapena chindapusa cha gulu lachisanu. Kutsuka zovala mwadala (schuldwitwassen) motsatira Article 420quater Sr, komwe muyenera kuti munakayikira kuti ndi komwe kunayambira mlanduwo, kumapereka zaka ziwiri.

Nkhani 420ter Sr imakweza zaka zisanu ndi zitatu pa ntchito yotsuka zovala mwachizolowezi komanso yotsuka zovala mu ntchito kapena bizinesi. Kungopeza kapena kusunga ndalama zomwe mwapeza kuchokera ku upandu wanu ndi njira yosavuta yotsuka zovala: mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pansi pa Nkhani 420bis.1 Sr, kapena miyezi itatu pa ntchito yotsuka zovala motsatira Nkhani 420quater.1 Sr.

Kodi kuphwanya malamulo a Wwft n’chimodzimodzi ndi kuswa ndalama?

Ayi. Lamulo la Kuchotsa Ndalama ndi Kupereka Ndalama Zachigawenga (Wwft) limaika ndalama ku mabanki, notaries, akauntanti ndi maloya, monga kufufuza bwino za makasitomala ndi kupereka malipoti a zochitika zachilendo. Kuswa ntchito zimenezo ndi mlandu wa zachuma, koma si mlandu wa Criminal Code wochotsa ndalama, womwe umafuna cholinga kapena kusasamala kosayenera za komwe chinthucho chinachokera.

Kodi khoti limayesa bwanji mlandu popanda mlandu wodziwika bwino?

Ngati palibe mlandu weniweni womwe ungadziwike, Khoti Lalikulu (Hoge Raad) lapanga njira zokhazikika. Khotilo limapeza mlandu pokhapokha ngati chiyambi chovomerezeka chikathetsedwa ndi chitsimikizo chokwanira.

1. Palibe umboni wowonekera wosonyeza kuti chinthucho chimachokera ku upandu winawake.
2. Zoona zake zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikayikira zotsuka zovala, mwachitsanzo ndalama zosamveka bwino, malonda opanda nzeru zachuma, kapena moyo wosagwirizana ndi ndalama zomwe amapeza.
3. Ngati ndi choncho, vutoli likufuna kuti wokayikirayo afotokoze chifukwa chake.
4. Kufotokozera kumeneko kuyenera kukhala koona, kotsimikizika pang'ono komanso kosatheka kuyambira pachiyambi.
5. Ngati ikwaniritsa mayeso amenewo, oimira boma ayenera kufufuza.
6. Khoti linganene kuti chinthucho chinachokera ku mlandu pokhapokha ngati chiyambi chovomerezeka chingachotsedwe.

Gawo lachiwiri, lachisanu ndi lachisanu ndi chimodzi limaika udindo pa mlandu. Gawo lachitatu ndi lachinayi ndi pamene wokayikirayo amalowetsedwa, ndipo pamenepo ndi pomwe zolakwa zambiri zimachitika.

Kodi muyenera kufotokoza komwe ndalama zanu zinachokera?

Ayi, palibe udindo walamulo wofotokozera. Malinga ndi Nkhani 29(2) ya Malamulo Oyendetsera Milandu (Wetboek van Strafvordering, Sv), wokayikiridwa sakakamizidwa kuyankha, ndipo apolisi ayenera kunena zimenezo mafunso asanayambe.

Komabe, pa mlandu wochotsa zovala, chete chimakhala ndi mtengo. Otsutsa akangosonyeza kukayikira koyenera, chete sichisiya khoti kuti liyesedwe, ndipo lingaganize kuti chiyambi chovomerezeka sichinachotsedwe. Kufotokozera kosamveka bwino, kusintha pakati pa kuyankhulana kapena kosayang'aniridwa ndi zikalata kungapangitse kuvulaza kwambiri kuposa chete, chifukwa kungawonedwe ngati kubisa.

Kodi n’chiyani chimapangitsa kufotokozera kukhala kotsimikizika komanso kotsimikizika?

Kufotokozera sikuyenera kutsimikiziridwa, koma kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa. Tchulani wogwirizana naye, tsiku, chifukwa cholipira ndi njira yomwe ndalamazo zinayendera. Mapangano a ngongole, zikalata zolowa, mapangano ogulitsa, malipoti a msonkho ochokera ku Belastingdienst, mawu a banki akunja ndi maakaunti a kampani zonse zimawerengedwa, ndipo zikapangidwa msanga, zimakhala ndi kulemera kwakukulu.

Kodi chitetezo chingaukire kuti mlandu?

Mfundo yothandiza kwambiri nthawi zambiri ndi gawo lachiwiri. Kukayikira kuyenera kudalira pa mfundo zenizeni, osati pamndandanda wa zizindikiro zoopsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira inayake: ndalama sizoletsedwa, kusamutsa kuchokera kudziko lomwe lili pachiwopsezo chachikulu si umboni wa mlandu, ndipo chisankho cha banki chotseka akaunti si umboni wotsimikizika. Ngati zinthu zikugwirizana ndi chiyambi chovomerezeka, khothi silifika pa gawo lachitatu ndipo simuyenera kufotokoza chifukwa chake.

Gawo lachisanu ndi gawo lachiwiri lokakamiza. Ngati mwapereka umboni weniweni komanso wotsimikizika, otsutsa milandu ayenera kuwona; mafayilo omwe gwero lina linatchulidwa koma osafufuzidwa nthawi zonse amalephera kukhoti. Oteteza milandu akhoza kupempha woweruza milandu wofufuza milandu (rechter-commissaris) kuti akufufuzeni zomwe zingatsimikizire chiyambi chovomerezeka.

Chitetezo chachizolowezi chilipo. Cholinga sichingachokere ku mlandu, chidziwitso chofunikira kapena kusasamala kosayenera kungakhale kulibe, kapena mlanduwo uyenera kukhala kutsuka zovala motsatira Article 420bis.1 Sr m'malo mwa Article 420bis Sr. Umboni wochokera ku kusaka kosaloledwa, pempho la deta kapena pempho lapadziko lonse lolakwika ungafunike kuchotsedwa.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ndi katundu wanu panthawi ya mlanduwu?

Katundu akhoza kugwidwa msanga, monga umboni komanso kuti apeze chilolezo cholandidwa mtsogolo. Malinga ndi Article 94 Sv, zinthu zomwe zingatsimikizire kuti phindu lomwe lapezeka mosaloledwa likhoza kugwidwa, zomwe zingalepheretse maakaunti akubanki, magalimoto ndi katundu nthawi yayitali khothi lisanagamule mlandu.

Malinga ndi Article 552a Sv, aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi akhoza kulemba madandaulo olembedwa (klaagschrift) motsutsana ndi kulanda mlandu kukhothi. Kupereka madandaulo amenewo msanga nthawi zambiri ndi njira imodzi yothandiza kwambiri m'miyezi yoyamba ya mlandu.

Kodi kulanda phindu laupandu kumagwira ntchito bwanji?

Kulanda phindu laupandu (kuletsa) motsatira Article 36e Sr ndi njira yosiyana pambuyo poti munthu wapezeka ndi mlandu. Otsutsa milandu ayenera kuyamba izi mkati mwa zaka ziwiri pambuyo pa chigamulo choyamba (Article 511b Sv). Muyezo wake ndi wocheperapo kuposa wa mlandu waupandu: khothi limagwira ntchito ndi zomwe zingatheke (aannemelijk), ndipo pa milandu yokhala ndi chindapusa cha gulu lachisanu, lingaganize kuti ndalama ndi katundu zomwe zapezeka m'zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi mlanduwo usanachitike zimachokera ku upandu, pokhapokha ngati gwero lovomerezeka ndi loyenera.

Kutsuka ndalama motsatira Article 420bis Sr kuli ndi chindapusa cha gulu lachisanu, kotero kuti lingaliro lingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Woteteza amene sanyalanyaza kuwerengera kwa kulanda ndalama akhoza kupambana pa mlanduwo koma n’kutayabe ndalamazo. Nkhani yathu yokhudza zilango zotsuka ndalama, zindapusa ndi kulanda ndalama ikufotokoza mbali ya chilango.

Kodi loya wanu anali ndi udindo wotani pa kuyankhulana koyamba ndi apolisi?

Malinga ndi Nkhani 28c Sv, wokayikiridwa womangidwa akhoza kufunsa loya (raadsman) kwa theka la ola asanayambe kuyankhulana koyamba, ndipo malinga ndi Nkhani 28d Sv loya akhoza kupezekapo ndikutenga nawo mbali mu kuyankhulanako. Pa mlandu wochotsa zovala, ufulu uwu si wovomerezeka, chifukwa kuyankhulana koyamba nthawi zambiri kumakonza akaunti yanu ya komwe ndalamazo zinachokera.

Pambuyo pake, ntchito ya loya ndi yokhudza fayiloyo ndi nthawi yake: kuwerenga fayiloyo pamene ikukula, kuzindikira zizindikiro zoopsa zomwe kafukufukuyo amadalira, kupempha woweruza milandu kuti afufuzenso, kupeza zikalata zakunja ndi kuzimasulira, ndikusankha nthawi yoyenera yolembera kufotokozerako. M'milandu yamakampani, kampaniyo, owongolera ake ndi ogwira ntchito yotsata malamulo angafunike upangiri wosiyana, ndipo kufufuza kwamkati popanda ufulu walamulo kumatha kukhala umboni wotsutsa.

Kodi mlandu wokhudza kutsuka ndalama ungathe bwanji?

Si milandu yonse yomwe imapita kukhoti. Otsutsa milandu akhoza kusiya mlanduwo, kupereka chilango (strafbeschikking) motsatira Article 257a Sv, kapena kupereka mgwirizano kunja kwa khoti (transactie) motsatira Article 74 Sr. Njira zonse ziwirizi zikupezeka pa milandu yokhala ndi zaka zosapitirira zisanu ndi chimodzi m'ndende, kotero ndizotheka pa Article 420bis Sr koma osati pa kutsuka zovala motsatira Article 420ter Sr.

Njira iliyonse imakhala ndi zotsatirapo zake kupatula chilango chokha. M'milandu ikuluikulu yamakampani, Public Prosecution Service nthawi zambiri imafalitsa chikalata cha mfundo zomwe zili ndi mgwirizano, zomwe zingakhudze malayisensi, ubale wa mabanki ndi zopempha za anzawo. Ngati mlanduwu upita kukhoti, chilangocho chimadalira kuchuluka kwa ndalama, nthawi, udindo wa wokayikirayo ndi mtundu wina wa zomwe wapatsidwa.

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati munthu wokayikira payekha?

• Funsani loya musanayambe kuyankhulana koyamba ndipo musanene chilichonse chokhudza komwe katundu adachokera mpaka mutafunsa loya.
• Musasunthe katundu, kutseka maakaunti kapena kupempha banki kuti isinthe zochitika, chifukwa zimenezo zitha kuonedwa ngati kubisa.
• Sonkhanitsani zikalata zomwe zikusonyeza komwe ndalamazo zinachokera, kuphatikizapo zolemba zomwe zili kunja kwa dzikolo, ndipo mupereke kwa loya wanu.
• Chongani katundu amene wagwidwa ndi boma komanso ngati madandaulo omwe aperekedwa pansi pa Article 552a Sv ndi omveka.
• Yang'anirani mlandu wokhudza kulanda katundu, womwe otsutsa milandu angapereke mpaka zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene chigamulo choyamba chaperekedwa.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati kampani kapena director?

• Onani ngati kafukufukuyo akuyang'ana kampaniyo, owongolera ake kapena onse awiri, komanso ngati zofuna zawo zikutsutsana.
• Unikani njira zanu za Wwft: kufufuza bwino za kasitomala, malipoti osazolowereka okhudza malonda ndi kusunga zolemba.
• Chitetezo cha zikalata ndi mauthenga m'malo mozikonza.
• Konzani kafukufuku wamkati uliwonse poganizira za ufulu walamulo.
• Unikani momwe chigamulo chothetsera mavuto kapena chilango chingakhudzire malayisensi ndi ubale wa mabanki musanavomereze.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani mukafufuza za kutsuka ndalama?

Maloya athu oweruza milandu amateteza anthu ndi makampani kuyambira kuyankhulana koyamba ndi apolisi mpaka kukhoti.

• Tikukukonzekeretsani kuyankhulana ndi apolisi ndipo tidzapezekapo motsatira Article 28d Sv.
• Timasanthula fayiloyo ndikuona ngati kukayikira komwe kuli pa sitepe yachiwiri kuli kolondola.
• Timayika mafotokozedwe anu pa zikalata ndipo timapempha woweruza milandu kuti atithandize kufufuza.
• Tikupereka madandaulo okhudza kulanda katundu motsatira Article 552a Sv.
• Tikutsutsa kuwerengera kwa kulandidwa kwa katundu motsatira Article 36e Sr.
• Timayesa lamulo la chilango lomwe likuperekedwa kapena chigwirizano musanavomereze.

Onaninso nkhani yathu yokhudza zomwe mungachite mukakayikira kuti mwachita kuswa ndalama.

Chidule

• Kuchotsa ndalama ndi mlandu malinga ndi Articles 420bis mpaka 420quater.1 Sr, ndipo chilango chake chachikulu ndi kuyambira miyezi itatu mpaka zaka zisanu ndi zitatu.
• Wozenga mlandu safunika kutsimikizira mlandu winawake, koma ayenera kupasa mayeso pang'onopang'ono.
• Muli ndi ufulu wokhala chete, koma pankhani yotsuka zovala, kufotokozera kotsimikizika komanso kotsimikizika kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri.
• Kulanda ndi kulandidwa katundu kumayendera limodzi ndi mlandu waupandu ndipo kumafunika chitetezo chawo.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI