Chigamulo cha boma chingakhale ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu. Malipiro a chilango omwe amafika ma euro masauzande ambiri, kutsekedwa kwa nyumba yanu kapena malo abizinesi, chindapusa, kapena kuchotsa chilolezo chomwe kampani yanu imadalira. Kwa nthawi yayitali simunali ndi mwayi wochita zinthu ngati izi: bola ngati bungwe loyang'anira likutsatira malamulo, chisankhocho nthawi zambiri chimatsatiridwa ndi khothi - ngakhale zitachitika moopsa bwanji. Kumvetsetsa kuwunikanso koyenera kwa ndalama mwachangu kungakuthandizeni kupewa zolakwa zambiri.
Chithunzi chimenecho chasintha m'zaka zaposachedwa. Mothandizidwa ndi nkhani yokhudza ubwino wa chisamaliro cha ana, makhothi oyang'anira m'zaka zaposachedwapa ayesa kwambiri zisankho za boma motsutsana ndi mfundo ya kufanana. Kuwunikaku sikuli kokhwima mofanana pazochitika zonse - mphamvu zake zimasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa chisankho. Ndipo ndi lamulo la Act lomwe likulimbitsa ntchito yoteteza ya General Administrative Law Act (Wet versterking waarborgfunctie Awb), chitetezo chimenecho chikhoza kuwonjezeredwa. Mu blog iyi tikufotokoza zomwe zasintha komanso tanthauzo lake kwa inu mukafuna kutsutsa chisankho cha boma.
Kodi mfundo ya kufanana ndi chiyani?
Mfundo ya kulinganiza ndi imodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu za kayendetsedwe kabwino ndipo yafotokozedwa mu Nkhani 3:4 ya General Administrative Law Act (Algemene wet bestuursrecht, Awb). Nkhaniyi ili ndi ndime ziwiri. Choyamba chimafuna kuti bungwe loyang'anira liziyesa zofuna zomwe zikukhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi chisankhocho. Chachiwiri chili ndi muyezo weniweni wa kulinganiza: zotsatira zoyipa za chisankho cha munthu m'modzi kapena angapo omwe ali ndi chidwi sizingakhale zosiyana poyerekeza ndi zolinga zomwe chisankhocho chikutsatira.
Mwachidule: boma likhoza kukwaniritsa cholinga - kuganiza zokhazikitsa bata la anthu kapena kuthana ndi kuphwanya malamulo - koma njira zomwe limagwiritsa ntchito pochita izi sizingakhale zovuta kuposa momwe zimafunikira. Chifukwa chake, mfundoyi sikutanthauza kuti zotsatirapo zilizonse zoyipa ziyenera kuchotsedwa, koma kuti zotsatirapo zosafunikira ziyenera kupewedwa.
Lamulo lofananalo limagwira ntchito pa malamulo a ndondomeko. Malinga ndi Nkhani 4:84 Awb, bungwe loyang'anira limachita zinthu motsatira lamulo lake la ndondomeko, pokhapokha ngati kuchita zimenezo, chifukwa cha zochitika zapadera, kungayambitse zotsatirapo kwa munthu wokhudzidwa zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zolinga zomwe lamulo la ndondomeko likuchita. Apanso, kufanana kumagwira ntchito ngati valavu yothawira ku zotsatira zosalungama.
Mzere wakale: "kuyesa kusasamala" kolemekeza
Mpaka posachedwapa makhothi oyang'anira milandu ankawunikanso zisankho mosamala kwambiri. Muyezo umenewu unali womwe unkatchedwa kuti ndi woweruza milandu, womwe unayamba mu chigamulo chodziwika bwino cha Maxis/Praxis cha mu 1996. Khothi linangofunsa ngati bungwe loyang'anira milandu, litayesa zofuna zonse zomwe zikukhudzidwa, likanatha kupeza chigamulo chake moyenera. Khothi likanalowererapo pokhapokha ngati panalibe bungwe loyang'anira milandu loyenera lomwe likanatha kusankha ngati mmene linachitira.
Mwachidule, malire amenewo anali okwera kwambiri. Nzika ndi amalonda omwe adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chisankho nthawi zambiri ankasiyidwa opanda kanthu — ngakhale pamene zinthu zinali zovuta.
Kusintha kwa zinthu: zigamulo za February 2022
Pa 2 February 2022, Dipatimenti Yoyang'anira Malamulo ya Bungwe la Boma inakhazikitsa njira yatsopano pa zomwe zimadziwika kuti zigamulo za February. Pa mlandu wodziwika bwino - kutsekedwa kwa nyumba ku Harderwijk motsatira Opium Act (Article 13b, yomwe imatchedwa Damocles Act) - Dipatimentiyi inasiya kugwiritsa ntchito njira yakale yoyendetsera milandu.
Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ngati pali chifukwa chochitira zimenezo, khotilo layang'ana mfundo zitatu izi:
- Kuyenerera — kodi chisankhocho n’choyenera kukwaniritsa cholinga chomwe chikufunidwa?
- Zofunikira — kodi muyesowo unali wofunikira, kapena muyeso wocheperako ukanakwanira?
- Kusamala — kodi chisankhocho, zonse zomwe zaganiziridwa, chikugwirizana ndi zotsatira zake kwa munthu wokhudzidwayo?
Chofunika kwambiri, mfundo zitatuzi sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamilandu yonse ngati "mayeso atatu" okhazikika komanso ofunikira. Khothi limasankha pamaziko a mlandu uliwonse, mogwirizana ndi zifukwa zomwe zaperekedwa, ngati ndi momwe kuyenerera, kufunikira, ndi kulinganiza zikugwira ntchito. Mphamvu ya kuwunikaku siikhazikika, koma imagwira ntchito ngati sikelo yotsika: zofuna za nzika zikakula kwambiri, zotsatira zake zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri, ndipo chigamulo chikakhudza ufulu wofunikira, khothi lidzawunikanso mwamphamvu. Pa mlandu wa Harderwijk, Dipatimentiyi idati meya sanasamale mokwanira zofuna za wobwereka nyumbayo ndi ana ake omwe ali ndi zaka zosakwana - mwachitsanzo, funso loti ngati banjali lingabwererenso kunyumbako pambuyo potseka.
Yowonjezeredwa ku malamulo ndi zigamulo zomangika
Chitukukochi sichinathere pamenepo. Pa 1 Marichi 2023, chipinda chonse cha Division chinagamula milandu iwiri yokhudza kusamalira ana pankhani yowunikiranso lamulo mwalamulo. Poyambira ndi pomwe khothi loyang'anira silingawunikenso lamulo lotere motsutsana ndi Constitution kapena motsutsana ndi mfundo zalamulo - kuletsa kuwunikanso mu Article 120 ya Constitution kumalepheretsa. Komabe, khothi likhoza kuwona ngati kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo kuyenera kuchotsedwa pamlandu wina, koma pokhapokha ngati pali zochitika zapadera zomwe nyumba yamalamulo sinaziganizire (mokwanira) povomereza lamuloli. Mwachidule, m'milandu iwiriyi Division idanena kuti panalibe zochitika zapadera zotere: nyumba yamalamulo idavomereza mwadala zotsatira za nthawi yomaliza yofunsira. Chifukwa chake, malo a khothi pano ndi ochepa.
Khoti Loona za Apilo la Zamalonda ndi Makampani (CBb) linasintha mzerewu pa 26 Marichi 2024 kuti lipeze zisankho zomangika — zisankho zomwe bungwe loyang'anira silingathe kusankha. Chisankho choterechi chingawunikidwenso motsutsana ndi mfundo ya kufanana, ngakhale pamene chikuchokera pa lamulo lomangika. Komabe, mfundo yofunika imagwiranso ntchito: pankhani ya mphamvu yomangika, kulemera kwa zofuna zonse kuli kale mu lamulo. Chifukwa chake, kuwunikaku kumayang'ana kwambiri pa "pachimake" — funso loti ngati kugwiritsa ntchito pa mlandu uliwonse kumagwira ntchito mopanda nzeru. Chifukwa chake sichoncho kuti kulemera kwatsopano kwa zofuna zonse kuli kotseguka pa chisankho chilichonse chomangika. Ulusi wofanana m'zigamulo zonsezi ndi womwewo: gawo la anthu likupeza malo olimba m'malamulo oyang'anira.
Kodi lamuloli likulimbikitsa ntchito yoteteza Awb limabweretsa chiyani?
Lamulo la milandu tsopano lakhala lolimba kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yopangira malamulo ikuchitika yomwe cholinga chake ndi kulimbitsa chitetezo chalamulo. Izi zikukhudza lamulo la Act lomwe likulimbitsa ntchito yoteteza ya Awb, yomwe, pakati pa zinthu zina, ikufuna kukulitsa tanthauzo la mfundo ya kufanana (kudzera mu kusintha kwa Article 3:4, ndime 2, Awb) ndipo ili ndi chitetezo china cha njira kwa nzika. Palinso cholinga chosintha Article 120 ya Constitution, kuti malamulo ovomerezeka nthawi zina ayang'aniridwenso motsutsana ndi ufulu woyambira.
Njira zonsezi sizikugwira ntchito: zikukhudza lamulo ndi cholinga cha nyumba yamalamulo motsatana. Bola ngati Nkhani 120 ya Constitution sinasinthidwe, kuletsa kubwereza komwe kulipo kukupitirirabe kugwira ntchito. Malangizowo ndi omveka bwino - lamulo loyang'anira lomwe limayankha bwino lomwe limaganizira kwambiri za anthu - koma momwe malamulo apano amakhalira akadali otsimikiziridwa ndi lamulo la milandu lomwe lafotokozedwa pamwambapa.
Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani kwa inu mukuchita?
Kwa aliyense amene akukangana ndi boma, uwu ndi uthenga wabwino. Choncho chisankho chomwe chikuwoneka cholondola mwalamulo sichikhala chovomerezeka mwalamulo. Ngati zotsatira zake zili zoopsa kwambiri kwa inu, mfundo ya kufanana imapereka maziko enieni otsutsa chisankhocho. Izi zimagwira ntchito, pakati pa zina:
- lamulo loti liperekedwe chilango kapena lamulo loti litsatidwe ndi utsogoleri;
- chindapusa cha oyang'anira;
- kutsekedwa kwa nyumba kapena malo amalonda (monga motsatira Damocles Act);
- kuchotsa kapena kukana chilolezo;
- zisankho zobwezeretsa ndi kusintha zomwe akuluakulu a maubwino kapena ndalama zothandizira apereka.
Ndikofunikira kuti mupereke chitetezo chokhazikika komanso chokhazikika panthawi yake. Khothi limayesa mkanganowo potengera zomwe zaperekedwa mu ndondomekoyi (Nkhani 8:69 Awb) ndikuwunikiranso kufanana kwake mogwirizana ndi zifukwa zomwe zaperekedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti loya wanu ayenera kutsimikizira kusalinganako mozama komanso makamaka, ndi mfundo zenizeni, momwe zinthu zilili komanso njira zina zomwe sizili zovuta kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza mlandu wanu. Madandaulo ambiri akuti chisankho "ndi chokhwima kwambiri" sikokwanira.
Kumbukiraninso kuti, kutsutsa kwenikweni kumakhala ndi nthawi ya milungu isanu ndi umodzi, yowerengedwa kuyambira tsiku lomwe chigamulocho chalengezedwa. Chifukwa chake, musadikire nthawi yayitali musanapemphe upangiri wa zamalamulo.
Law & More ali pano kuti athandize
Malamulo oyang'anira ntchito akuyamba kugwira ntchito kwambiri, ndipo kuwunikanso kwa kufanana kwa malamulo kumapereka mwayi weniweni wotsutsa chisankho chosalingana. Nthawi yomweyo, pamafunika kulondola kwambiri pankhani zamalamulo kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino mwayi umenewo. Maloya a Law & More kukhala ndi chidziwitso chachikulu pa milandu yotsutsa ndi apilo yotsutsana ndi boma komanso kuthandiza amalonda ndi anthu payekha.
Kodi mwalandira chisankho chomwe zotsatira zake zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri? Ndiye titumizireni uthenga popanda kukakamiza. Tidzakhala okondwa kuwunika momwe zinthu zilili ndikupeza njira yabwino yogwirira ntchito limodzi nanu.
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri (FAQ)
Kodi mfundo ya kufanana ndi chiyani?
Mfundo ya kufanana ndi mfundo yaikulu ya kayendetsedwe kabwino, yomwe yafotokozedwa mu Nkhani 3:4, ndime 2, Awb. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zotsatira zoyipa za chisankho cha boma sizingakhale zosiyana poyerekeza ndi cholinga chomwe chisankhocho chikutsatira. Chifukwa chake sichakuti zotsatira zoyipa zonse zimachotsedwa, koma kuti zotsatira zoyipa zosafunikira zimapewedwa.
Kodi chasintha n’chiyani pankhani yowunikira momwe zinthu zilili?
Mpaka chaka cha 2022, makhothi oyang'anira ankawunikanso zisankho mosamala potengera mfundo yoti munthu achite zinthu mopanda tsankho. Kuyambira pamene Khoti Lalikulu la Boma linapereka chigamulo cha February 2022, khothi limatha kuwona ngati chigamulocho chili choyenera, chofunikira komanso chogwirizana. Izi sizichitika mofanana pazochitika zonse: mphamvu ya kuwunikanso ikuwonjezeka pamene zofuna ndi zotsatira zake kwa nzika zikulemera kwambiri.
Kodi ndingatsutse chisankho cha boma ngati sichikuyenda bwino?
Inde. Ngati zotsatira za chisankho zili zovuta kwambiri kwa inu poyerekeza ndi cholinga chake, mutha kuchitsutsa pogwiritsa ntchito chitsutso ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, apilo, kutengera mfundo ya kufanana. Ndikofunikira kuti mutsimikizire kusalinganako mogwirizana ndi momwe zinthu zilili komanso njira zina zosalemetsa kwambiri.
Kodi kusiyana pakati pa chilango chopanda chilango ndi chilango chopanda chilango n'chiyani?
Chilango chopanda chilango, monga chindapusa cha oyang'anira, cholinga chake ndi kuvulaza ndipo nthawi zambiri chimawunikidwanso mwamphamvu. Chilango chopanda chilango kapena chokonza, monga lamulo loti liperekedwe chilango kapena chigamulo chobwezera, cholinga chake ndi kubwezeretsa mkhalidwewo. Zisankho zopanda chilango izi, nazonso, tsopano zikuwunikidwanso motsindika kwambiri motsutsana ndi mfundo ya kufanana.
Kodi lamuloli likukhudza chiyani pa ntchito yoteteza chitetezo cha Awb?
Uwu ndi lamulo lomwe cholinga chake ndi kulimbikitsa ntchito yoteteza ya Awb, pakati pa zinthu zina mwa kukulitsa mfundo ya kufanana (kudzera mu kusintha kwa Nkhani 3:4, ndime 2, Awb) ndi chitetezo china chowonjezera. Lamuloli silikugwira ntchito panobe. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito pa cholinga chosintha Nkhani 120 ya Constitution.
Ndi nthawi iti yomwe ndiyenera kutsutsa chisankho?
Mwachidule, nthawi yotsutsa ya milungu isanu ndi umodzi imagwira ntchito, yowerengedwa kuyambira tsiku lomwe chigamulocho chalengezedwa. Popeza nthawiyi ndi yochepa ndipo chitetezo chiyenera kukhala chotsimikizika bwino, ndibwino kufunsa upangiri wa zamalamulo nthawi yoyenera.
