Malayisensi a mapulogalamu otseguka motsatira malamulo aku Dutch ndi EU

Pafupifupi pulogalamu iliyonse yamalonda imakhala ndi zigawo zotseguka, nthawi zambiri mazana ambiri, zomwe zimasankhidwa ndi opanga mapulogalamu osati maloya. Zimenezi zimakhala vuto pamene palibe amene anganene kuti ndi zilolezo ziti zomwe zikugwira ntchito, zomwe akufuna, komanso ngati malondawo akutsatira. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe zilolezo zotseguka zimagwirira ntchito motsatira malamulo aku Dutch ndi EU, komwe chiopsezo chili, ndi zomwe ziyenera kukhalapo.

Kodi chilolezo chotseguka ndi chiyani, malinga ndi malamulo?

Chilolezo chotseguka ndi chilolezo cha kukopera chomwe chimaperekedwa malinga ndi mikhalidwe. Si kuchotsera, si kudzipereka ku boma, si kusiya ufulu, ndipo pankhaniyi chimagwira ntchito ngati chilolezo china chilichonse cha mapulogalamu pansi pa lamulo la Dutch . Wolembayo amasunga ufulu pansi pa art. 1 Aw ndi art. 10 Aw, chomwe chimateteza mapulogalamu apakompyuta ngati ntchito, ndipo chilolezocho chimalola zochita zomwe zikanaphwanya ufulu wapadera pansi pa art. 12 Aw ndi art. 13 Aw.

Zotsatira zake n'zofunika kwambiri kuposa tanthauzo. Tsatirani malamulo, ndipo kukopera ndi kugawa kwanu n'kovomerezeka. Simukutsatira malamulo, ndipo chilolezocho sichikhudza zomwe mudachita: kugwiritsa ntchito kwanu ndi kuphwanya malamulo a kukopera, osati kuphwanya pangano. Malayisensi ambiri a copyleft amalimbitsa izi mwa kuthetsa okha kuphwanya malamulo - GPLv2 popanda nthawi yochira, pomwe GPLv3 ndi AGPLv3 zimabwezeretsa ufulu ngati kuphwanya malamuloko kwakonzedwa mkati mwa zenera lomwe lafotokozedwa pambuyo pa chidziwitso.

Makhothi aku Dutch agwiritsa ntchito chifukwa ichi. Mu Rb. Amsterdam Pa 22 Seputembala 2020, ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2020:4717, wogulitsa amene anachotsa chidziwitso cha layisensi ndi ufulu wa olemba pa code yolumikizidwa ndi foloko anaonedwa kuti wataya chilolezo chake ndipo anali kuphwanya malamulo. Kuwonjezera ma code ambiri atsopano sikunapange ntchito yodziyimira payokha: yoyamba inalipobe, kotero maudindo ake anali nawo.

Mabanja awiriwa: olekerera ndi otsatira malamulo

Malayisensi ovomerezeka — MIT, malayisensi a BSD, Apache 2.0 — amalola kugwiritsa ntchito, kusintha ndi kugawanso, kuphatikizapo zinthu zamkati zomwe zili mkati mwa magwero otsekedwa, bola mutasunga zidziwitso za ufulu wa olemba ndi zolemba za layisensi.

Malayisensi a Copyleft amafuna kuti mukagawa pulogalamuyo, kapena china chake chomangidwa pamenepo, muzichita izi pansi pa chilolezo chomwecho ndikupereka gwero lofanana. Amasiyana malinga ndi momwe angafikire.

Choyambitsa copyleft ndi funso lolumikizira

Maudindo a Copyleft amakhudza kugawa, osati kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kampani yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a GPL mkati, ngakhale atasinthidwa kwambiri, sigawa chilichonse ndipo ilibe ngongole. Funso loyamba nthawi zonse ndi lakuti, "Kodi tagawa?" ndipo ndichifukwa chake makontena, zida, firmware ndi ma SDK ndi ofunika kwambiri kuposa zida zamkati.

Funso lachiwiri ndi lovuta kwambiri. GPL imalankhula za "ntchito yochokera pa Pulogalamuyo", pogwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la ku America la ntchito yochokera kuzinthu zina. Lamulo la ku Dutch lilibe mawu otere: kusanthula kumadutsa mu ufulu wobwerezabwereza ndi kusintha, kufunsa ngati mawu otetezedwa kuchokera ku choyambirira adabwerezedwanso.

Nkhani yothandiza ndi yolumikizana. Ngati kulumikiza gawo la eni ake ku laibulale ya GPL kumapanga ntchito imodzi malinga ndi copyleft sikunasankhidwepo ndi khoti la ku Netherlands, ndipo palibe ulamuliro womangika wa EU. Lingaliro la Free Software Foundation lakuti kulumikiza kumapanga ntchito yophatikizana ndi kutanthauzira kwa woyang'anira license, osati lamulo, ndipo lingaliro lotsutsana nalo silinayesedwenso. Yankho lokondedwa kwambiri la intaneti - kulumikizana kosasunthika, kosasunthika - sikuli ndi maziko mu lamulo la copyright la ku Netherlands, lomwe silifunsa momwe compiler imachitira. Kusanthula kotetezeka kwambiri kumafunsa momwe zigawozo zimagwirizanirana bwino: kodi zimagawana malo adilesi ndi kapangidwe ka deta, kodi kuphatikiza kumatumizidwa ngati chinthu chimodzi, kungagwire ntchito kokha, kodi mbali ya eni ake imabala mitu, macros kapena inline code kuchokera kumbali ya copyleft? Mafunso amenewo nthawi zambiri amathetsa chiopsezo. Pamene satero, patulani gawo lomwe lili kumbuyo kwa malire a njira, lisinthe, kapena kutenga chilolezo chamalonda.

AGPL ndi kugwiritsa ntchito netiweki

AGPL ilipo chifukwa copyleft imayambitsidwa ndi kugawa ndipo opereka SaaS sagawa. Gawo lake la netiweki limafuna kuti ngati musintha pulogalamuyo ndikuipereka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe akuigwiritsa ntchito patali, muwapatse gwero loyenera la mtundu wanu wosinthidwa.

Mfundo zitatu nthawi zambiri zimasowa. Udindowu umagwira ntchito kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, zomwe sizimakhala bwino ngati munthu walembetsa. Zimayamba chifukwa cha kusintha, kotero chinthu chosasinthidwa sichingagwire ntchito koma kapangidwe kokonzedwa kangagwire ntchito. Ndipo zimadzutsa funso lomwelo la ntchito yogwirizana ndi GPL ya gawo lanu lonse - ndichifukwa chake makampani ambiri amaletsa AGPL kupanga code.

Kugwirizana kwa layisensi

Kugwirizana ndi vuto lophatikiza zigawo zomwe malayisensi ake amaika maudindo omwe onse awiri sangakwaniritsidwe mu kugawa kumodzi: malayisensi ovomerezeka amagwirizana ndi pafupifupi chilichonse, malayisensi a copyleft okha ndi zomwe malamulo awo amalola. Nkhani yodziwika bwino ndi Apache 2.0 ndi GPLv2. Apache Software Foundation ndi Free Software Foundation akugwirizana kuti kuphatikiza sikuloledwa, chifukwa malamulo a Apache 2.0 oletsa patent ndi chindapusa ndi zoletsa zina zomwe GPLv2 simalola. GPLv3 idalembedwa kuti ivomereze. Kugwirizana ndi komwe kuli koyenera: Khodi ya Apache ikhoza kulowetsedwa mu pulojekiti ya GPLv3, koma osati mosemphanitsa. Gawo limodzi la GPL pamalo olakwika lingapangitse kusankha pakati pa kubwezeretsanso zilolezo, kukonzanso kapena kuchotsa - zotsika mtengo kwambiri musanatulutse kuposa pambuyo pake.

Zoyenera kupereka ndi zidziwitso

Malamulo omwe amaphwanyidwa kawirikawiri ndi osafunikira kwenikweni: kubwerezanso zidziwitso za ufulu wa olemba, zolemba za layisensi, zodzitchinjiriza, ndipo pansi pa Apache 2.0, CHIDZIWITSO zomwe zili muzinthu zomwe zikuperekedwa ndi kugawa. Banja lililonse limawakakamiza, kuphatikizapo MIT ndi BSD. Amaphwanyidwa chifukwa palibe amene ali nawo, ndipo ndi osavuta kukonza - nthawi zambiri fayilo yopangidwa yotumizidwa ndi malonda. Nkhani ya ku Dutch pamwambapa idayambitsa kulephera kumeneku.

Ndalama zothandizira patent ndi kubwezera patent

MIT ndi BSD sanena chilichonse chokhudza ma patent, ndipo ngati chilolezo cha patent chingatanthauzidwe sizikuthetsedwa. Apache 2.0 yawonjezera chilolezo cha patent chodziwikiratu, chopanda ndalama kuchokera kwa aliyense wopereka, pamodzi ndi gawo lobwezera: kubweretsa milandu ya patent yomwe ikunena kuti ntchitoyo ikuphwanya malamulo ndipo chilolezo chanu cha patent chatha. GPLv3 ili ndi ndalama zofanana ndi zomwe zili mu patent yake.

Zotsatira ziwiri pamakampani omwe ali ndi ma patent portfolios. Ngati mainjiniya anu apereka ndalama ku mapulojekiti okhala ndi chilolezo cha Apache kapena GPLv3, mukupereka ma laisensi pansi pa ma patent anu. Ndipo ngati mutapereka ma patent motsutsana ndi kampani kutengera zigawo zomwezo zomwe muli ndi chilolezo cha Apache, kubwezera kungakuwonongereni laisensi yomwe mumadalira.

EUPL ndi boma la Dutch

Chilolezo cha Anthu ku European Union mtundu 1.2, chomwe chinavomerezedwa ndi European Commission potsatira chigamulo mu Meyi 2017, ndi chilolezo chovomerezeka ndi OSI chokhala ndi zinthu zitatu zosiyana.

• Chilankhulo. Ilipo m'zilankhulo zovomerezeka za EU, mitundu yonse yovomerezeka ili ndi mtengo wofanana, kotero boma la Dutch lingathe kuchepetsedwa mu Chidatchi.
• Ngakhale. Chowonjezera chimalemba zilolezo zogwirizana — GPLv2 ndi v3, AGPLv3, LGPL, MPL 2, EPL 1.0, OSL ndi CeCILL pakati pawo — ndipo chimalola ntchito yochokera kuzinthu zomwe zikuphatikiza khodi ya EUPL ndi khodi pansi pa layisensi yolembedwa kuti igawidwe pansi pa layisensiyo m'malo mwake.
• Kufikira. Tanthauzo lake la kugawa limaphatikizapo kupangitsa kuti ntchitoyo ipezeke pa intaneti kapena kunja kwa intaneti kapena kupereka mwayi wopeza ntchito zake zofunika, ndi art. 5 EUPL imanyamula udindo wa copyleft kudzera mu kulumikizana kwakutali komwe magwiridwe antchito omwewo amaperekedwa. Chifukwa chake imafika pa mapulogalamu operekedwa ngati ntchito, mwanjira yomwe GPL siyimatero.

Kasitomala wa boma ku Netherlands angafunike EUPL ngati nkhani ya mfundo osati lamulo. Lamulo la Interoperable Europe Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/903, limalangiza mabungwe aboma kuti aziika patsogolo njira zothetsera mavuto ogwirizana popanda malamulo oletsa, monga gwero lotseguka, komwe kuli kofanana; mdziko lonse, mfundo ya gwero lotseguka, tenzij imadalira zisankho za nduna ndi mfundo, osati lamulo: Wet digitale overheid imathandizira zomangamanga za digito koma siipereka udindo wokakamiza kufalitsa ma code onse a gwero. Werengani zikalata za tender: lamulo la EUPL limamanga zomwe mungatumize ndipo lingakhale losagwirizana ndi ma code omwe mukufuna kugwiritsanso ntchito.

Kukakamiza anthu kuchitapo kanthu

Ndani angatsutse. Mwiniwake wa ufulu - omwe amapereka ndalama payekha, kapena bungwe kapena kampani yomwe ili ndi ufulu wolembedwa. Ulembi wogawanika ndiye njira yothandiza: wopempha ayenera kutsimikizira umwini wa malamulo omwe akukambidwa. Zimenezo zinagonjetsa mlandu wodziwika bwino wa ku Europe wa GPL, pomwe zomwe wopanga kernel adaneneza wogulitsa virtualization zidalephera chifukwa chosowa umboni wa ulembi (LG Hamburg 8 Julayi 2016, 310 O 89/15; adatsimikizira OLG Hamburg 28 February 2019, 5 U 146/16).

Zimene lamulo la milandu limatsimikizira. Makhothi aku Germany avomereza mobwerezabwereza kuti zilolezo zotseguka ndizovomerezeka ndipo kuphwanya malamulo kumapangitsa kugawa kukhala kosaloledwa, kuyambira ndi lamulo loyamba la GPL (LG München I 19 Meyi 2004, 21 O 6123/04). Bungwe la US Federal Circuit linafika pamlingo womwewo mu mlandu wa Jacobsen v Katzer , 535 F.3d 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2008): malamulo a zilolezo ndi zinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa pa gawo la ndalamazo, osati mapangano okha, kotero kuphwanya malamulo kumathandiza pempho la kukopera ndi kumasula lamulo. Milandu ya ku US ikufufuza ngati wolandira pansi pa malamulo angagwiritse ntchito GPL ngati wopindula ndi chipani chachitatu. Limenelo ndi funso lalikulu mu mlandu wa Software Freedom Conservancy v Vizio pamaso pa Khoti Lalikulu la California: ngati ogula, monga opindula ndi chipani chachitatu, angafune kutulutsidwa kwa code yoyambira pansi pa GPLv2. Pa 23 Disembala 2025 khotilo linagamula mfundo imodzi pa chigamulo chachidule, ponena kuti GPLv2 ndi LGPLv2.1 zimafuna gwero lomwe lingapezeke ndikusinthidwa kuti ligwiritsidwe ntchito kwina m'malo mwa gwero lomwe lingayikidwenso pa chipangizocho ndi magwiridwe antchito ake. Funso la wopindula lachitatu linasiyidwa kuti liyimitsidwe mlandu, lomwe layimitsidwa kangapo. Ndi funso la malamulo a mgwirizano ku California, kotero silimamanga chilichonse ku Netherlands; chomwe chingasinthe ndi chiwerengero cha anthu omwe angathe kudandaula.

Momwe khoti la ku Dutch lingachitire. Monga kuphwanya malamulo okhudza kukopera motsatira Auteurswet: wopempha amatsimikizira umwini ndi kuberekanso kapena kulankhulana; wotsutsa amatenga chilolezo; wopempha akuyankha kuti zofunikira zake sizinakwaniritsidwe, kotero chitetezo chikulephera. Mapangano ogwirizana ndi art. 6:265 BW amayenda limodzi, koma kukopera ndiye njira yolimba.

Mayankho. Lamulo loletsa malinga ndi gawo. 3:296 BW, nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi malipiro a chilango ndipo limapezeka mwachidule; zowononga malinga ndi gawo. 27 Aw ndi akaunti ya phindu pansi pa gawo. 27a Aw; kubweza, kupereka kapena kuwononga pansi pa gawo. 28 Aw; ndi kubweza kwathunthu ndalama zoyenera komanso zoyenerera zalamulo pansi pa gawo. 1019h Rv. Kumene mapulogalamu adagawidwa kwaulere, kutayika kumakhala kovuta kuwerengera, ndipo khothi la apilo la ku Germany linakana kupereka zowononga pamene likusunga lamuloli (OLG Hamm 13 June 2017, 4 U 72/16). Chomwe chimaluma nthawi zambiri sichimawononga: ndi lamuloli, kubweza, dongosolo la ndalama, ndi kufunikira kofalitsa gwero lomwe simunafune kufalitsa.

Mukapeza vuto lotsatira malamulo

Kupeza nthawi zambiri kumachokera ku mafunso okhudza chitetezo cha kasitomala, kusanthula panthawi yofufuza bwino, kapena kalata yochokera kwa mwini ufulu. Kukonza kumachitika motere. Siyani kugawa kwa kapangidwe komwe kwakhudzidwa ngati kukhudzidwako kuli kwakukulu. Dziwani gawo liti, mtundu uti, chilolezo chiti, zinthu ziti ndi kutulutsidwa, kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji. Dziwani zomwe chilolezocho chimafuna - nthawi zambiri fayilo yofotokozera m'malo motulutsa gwero. Konzani zinthu zakale: zidziwitso, zolemba za layisensi, magwero ogwirizana kuphatikiza zolemba za zomangamanga, ndi chopereka cholembedwa komwe chagwiritsidwa ntchito. Tumizani kutulutsidwa kotsatira malamulo, kenako muuzeni mwini ufulu zomwe mwachita m'malo mokangana ngati munayenera kutero.

Pansi pa GPLv3 ndi AGPLv3, nthawi yochira imapereka phindu lovomerezeka ndi lamulo; pansi pa GPLv2 palibe ufulu wochira, ndichifukwa chake kukakamiza kwakukulu kumatha ndi mgwirizano wogwirizana. Dziwaninso kuti mwayi umagwirizana ndi upangiri wochokera kwa loya wanu, osati lipoti laukadaulo lamkati.

Magwero otseguka mu M&A ndi kufufuza bwino

Mu kugula mapulogalamu, gwero lotseguka ndi njira yodziwika bwino yogwirira ntchito, ndipo gawo losatchulidwa la copyleft mu chinthu chachikulu ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zochepa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano: ngati chinthucho sichingagawidwe popanda kutulutsa gwero lake, wogula akupeza chinthu chosiyana ndi chomwe chili pamtengo.

Yembekezerani kusanthula kwa codebase, zinthu zomwe zili ndi zilolezo, ndi mafunso okhudza makonzedwe a wopereka ndi kontrakitala. Zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala chiwongola dzanja chapadera, kusungidwa koyembekezera kukonzedwa, chitsanzo cha mkhalidwe chomwe chikufunika kuchotsedwa, kapena chitsimikizo chapadera cha open source. Ogulitsa ayenera kusanthula kaye: zomwe mwapeza ndi zokambirana, zomwe mlangizi wa wogula amapanga ndi mphamvu. Ogula sayenera kufunafuna "kampaniyo ili ndi IP yake" koma chisonyezero chakuti palibe chinthu chomwe chikuphatikiza open source chomwe chikufuna kuwululidwa kwa code ya eni ake.

Chikalata cha zinthu, kusanthula ndi Cyber ​​​​Resilience Act

Bilu ya mapulogalamu ndi mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe zili mu chipangizocho, zomwe zili ndi mitundu ndi zilolezo. Mpaka posachedwapa, tsopano ndi malamulo.

Lamulo la Cyber ​​Resilience Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/2847, linayamba kugwira ntchito pa 10 Disembala 2024 ndipo limayamba kugwira ntchito. Lili pamodzi ndi Dutch Cybersecurity Act , lomwe limayang'ana bungwe osati malonda. Maudindo ofotokozera za ziwopsezo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito molimbika komanso zochitika zazikulu mu Art. 14 CRA ikugwira ntchito kuyambira 11 Seputembala 2026; malamulo okhudza kudziwitsa mabungwe owunikira kutsatira malamulo kuyambira 11 Juni 2026; Malamulo onse kuyambira 11 Disembala 2027 (art. 71 CRA). Annex I CRA imafuna opanga kuti adziwe ndikulemba zigawo zomwe zili mu malonda, kuphatikizapo kulemba pulogalamu yazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri komanso zomwe zimawerengedwa ndi makina zomwe zimaphimba osachepera kudalira kwapamwamba. Sikuyenera kufalitsidwa; akuluakulu oyang'anira msika angapemphe.

Mapulogalamu aulere komanso otseguka omwe amaperekedwa kunja kwa ntchito zamalonda ali kunja kwa CRA. Lamuloli likuwonetsa woyang'anira mapulogalamu otseguka - munthu wovomerezeka amene amapereka chithandizo chokhazikika pakupanga mapulogalamu otseguka omwe cholinga chake ndi ntchito zamalonda - ndi maudindo opepuka mu art. 24 CRA: mfundo yolembedwa yokhudza chitetezo cha pa intaneti, mgwirizano ndi akuluakulu oyang'anira msika, ndi malipoti. Ngati mugulitsa mapulojekiti otseguka, kapena kulipira ndalama kuti ena agulitse, dziwani udindo womwe muli nawo. Commission idalandira malangizo ake oyamba pa 27 Julayi 2026: malangizo a Commission pakugwiritsa ntchito Cyber ​​Resilience Act (CRA), yolumikizidwa ku communication C(2026) 5252, yomwe imayang'ana pakati pa zinthu zina pamene mapulogalamu aulere komanso otseguka ali mkati mwa ntchito. Palibe lamulo lokhazikitsa lomwe limafotokoza mtundu wa pulogalamu yazinthu zomwe zalandiridwa, kotero muyezo wa Lamuloli - mtundu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, wowerengedwa ndi makina - udakali muyeso pakadali pano.

Kusanthula kapangidwe ka mapulogalamu komwe kumachitika mu CI kumapanga zinthu zomwe zikupereka kutsata malamulo, kuwunikanso zilolezo, ndi kusanthula nthawi yomweyo. Zida zotere sizimapeza ma code ogulitsa, sizizindikira bwino mapulojekiti okhala ndi zilolezo ziwiri ndipo sizingathe kuwerenga zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zilolezo: zimaona zotsatira ngati chiyambi cha kuwunika, osati kuwunikanso.

Ngati mutulutsa code yanu: CLAs ndi DCO

Kampani yomwe imatulutsa ma code ndikulandira zopereka zakunja iyenera kudziwa kuti ili ndi ufulu wa zomwe imagwirizanitsa. Pangano la layisensi ya wothandizira ndi mgwirizano pakati pa pulojekiti ndi wothandizira, nthawi zambiri amapereka chilolezo chachikulu cha kukopera ndi chilolezo cha patent chodziwikiratu, chokhala ndi zitsimikizo zokhudzana ndi chiyambi ndi ulamuliro. Ndicho chomwe chimalola kampani kubwezeretsanso layisensi ya pulojekiti yake pambuyo pake, kapena kupereka malayisensi amalonda pamodzi ndi a open source. Mtengo wake ndi mkangano.

Chikalata Choyambira cha Wopanga Mapulogalamu , chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Linux kernel ndi mapulojekiti ena ambiri, si chilolezo choperekedwa koma umboni wopepuka, wowonjezeredwa ngati mzere wosainira ku mgwirizano uliwonse, kuti woperekayo atumize khodi pansi pa chilolezo cha polojekitiyi. Chosavuta, komanso choteteza pang'ono: palibe chilolezo cha patent, palibe chilolezo chobwezeretsanso.

Ngati chilolezo chachiwiri kapena chilolezo china chamtsogolo chili chovomerezeka, gwiritsani ntchito CLA; ngati pulojekitiyi ndi yeniyeni, DCO nthawi zambiri imakhala yokwanira. Mulimonsemo, onetsetsani kuti mapangano anu a ntchito ndi a kontrakitala apereka ufulu wa olemba mu code yomwe anthu anu amalemba.

Mndandanda wa mfundo zothandiza

• Pangani mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe zili mu chinthu chilichonse ndikuzitulutsa munjira yopangira, osati ndi manja.
• Falitsani mfundo zamkati: mndandanda wololedwa, mndandanda woletsedwa ndi njira yovomerezeka ya china chilichonse.
• Fotokozani mwa kulemba zomwe zimawerengedwa ngati kugawa — kuyika pamalopo, zida zamagetsi, makontena, ma SDK, mapulogalamu am'manja, ndi firmware.
• Tumizani fayilo yopangidwa ndi zinthu zonse.
• Vomerezani zosankha za layisensi panthawi yopangira, pamene gawo lina lasankhidwa, osati pamene latulutsidwa.
• Sankhani ngati zopereka ku mapulojekiti akunja zikufunika kuvomerezedwa, poganizira zopereka za patent zomwe zikukhudzidwa, ndikusankha CLA kapena DCO musanapereke ndalama zoyamba zakunja.
• Gwirizanitsani chitsimikizo cha IP, chindapusa, ndi malamulo a escrow ndi gwero lotseguka lomwe lili mu malonda.
• Yendetsani ndemangayo musanayambe njira yopezera ndalama kapena kugulitsa, osati nthawi imodzi.

Law & More amalangiza makampani opanga mapulogalamu ndi omwe amaika ndalama kuchokera ku Eindhoven ndi Amsterdam pa kutsata malamulo a magwero otseguka, kuwunikanso malayisensi, makonzedwe a omwe amapereka chithandizo ndi njira yogwirira ntchito magwero otseguka mu malonda.