Ngati mukulekana ku Netherlands ndipo muli ndi ana osakwana zaka 18, lamulo la ku Netherlands silikulolani kuti mukambirane zomwe zingathandize pambuyo pake. Nthawi zambiri, dongosolo lolembedwa la makolo liyenera kusainidwa ndikuperekedwa kukhothi chisudzulo chisanathe. Bukuli likufotokoza za dongosololi, ndani ayenera kubereka, zomwe lamulo limafuna kuti likhale nazo, zomwe dongosolo lothandiza kwenikweni limawonjezera, komanso momwe malamulo amagwirira ntchito kholo likakhala, kapena likufuna kukhala, kunja.
Kodi dongosolo la kulera ana ndi chiyani ndipo chifukwa chake lilipo
Chikalata cha ouderschapsplan ndi mgwirizano wolembedwa pakati pa makolo wokhudza momwe adzalerere ana awo chibwenzi chawo chitatha. Malinga ndi art. 815 Rv, pempho losudzulana, kulekana mwalamulo kapena kuthetsa mgwirizano wolembetsedwa liyenera kukhala ndi dongosolo lolera ana lomwe lasainidwa ndi makolo onse awiri. Popanda izi, pempholi silingakwanire, ndipo khothi silingapitirire patsogolo.
Likugwirizana ndi nkhani ya 1:247 BW, yomwe imapangitsa ulamuliro kukhala udindo wogawana komanso ufulu wosamalira ndi kulera mwana, imakakamiza kholo lililonse kulimbikitsa ubale wa mwana ndi kholo lina, ndipo imapatsa ana omwe makolo awo ali ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana pambuyo pa chisudzulo ufulu wosamalira ndi kulera mofanana ndi onse awiri. Ndondomekoyi ndi chida chomwe chimapangitsa kuti ntchito zimenezo zikhale zenizeni.
Ndondomeko yovomerezedwa ndi khoti ndikugwirizana ndi chigamulo cha chisudzulo imakhala gawo la chisankho chimenecho - kusiyana pakati pa kumvetsetsana kosavomerezeka ndi chinthu chomwe woweruza milandu angachitepo kanthu.
Ndani ayenera kulemba ndondomeko ya kulera ana
Makolo okwatirana ndi okwatirana olembetsedwa
Okwatirana omwe akupempha chisudzulo kapena kulekana mwalamulo ayenera kulemba dongosolo lophimba ana awo aang'ono pamodzi, ndi mwana aliyense wang'onoang'ono amene ali ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito ku mgwirizano wolembetsedwa womwe wathetsedwa kudzera m'khoti, chifukwa gawo la 828 Rv limawonjezera malamulo a chisudzulo, gawo la 815 Rv pakati pawo, ku ndondomeko imeneyo - ndipo mgwirizano wolembetsedwa ndi ana aang'ono sungathetsedwe mwalamulo kudzera mwa notary kapena loya konse. Izi zimagwira ntchito kaya mupereka mapempho onse pamodzi kapena a kholo limodzi lokha.
Makolo osakwatira omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana
Makolo osakwatira omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana — kaya olembetsedwa mu kaundula wa ulamuliro (gezagsregister) kapena obwera okha pa kuvomereza ana obadwa kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2023 — nawonso amagwidwa. Art. 1:247a BW imawakakamiza kuti alembe dongosolo la kulera ana la mtundu womwe wafotokozedwa mu Art. 815 Rv akamaliza kukhala kwawo pamodzi. Palibe pempho loti liphatikizidwe, kotero palibe chomwe chimayikidwa pamaso pa woweruza panthawiyo, koma udindo ndi weniweni: motsatira Art. 1:253a BW khothi nthawi zambiri limayembekezera dongosolo lisanathetse mkangano uliwonse wokhudza momwe ulamuliro wogwirizana umagwiritsidwira ntchito, pokhapokha ngati zofuna za mwana zikufuna chisankho mwachangu.
Pamene udindowo sukugwira ntchito
Ngati kholo limodzi lili ndi ulamuliro wokha, chigawo cha 815 Rv sichigwira ntchito; komanso sichigwira ntchito kwa okwatirana omwe alekana koma osapempha. Ndondomeko imakhalabe yothandiza kwambiri pazochitika zonse ziwiri.
Zomwe zili zofunika
Art. 815 Rv imakhazikitsa ndalama zochepa. Dongosololi liyenera kulemba mapangano pa:
- momwe makolo amagawira ntchito zosamalira ndi kulera ana, kapena momwe kulumikizana pakati pa mwana ndi kholo lililonse kumakonzedwera;
- momwe makolo azidziwitsirana ndi kukambirana nkhani zofunika zokhudza mwana ndi katundu wa mwanayo;
- ndalama zolipirira chisamaliro ndi kulera mwana — kwenikweni, kusamalira mwana.
Pempholi liyeneranso kufotokoza momwe anawo adathandizira popanga dongosololi. Zimenezo ndi zofunikira zenizeni, osati bokosi loti lizindikirike: kunena kuti mwana wazaka khumi adafunsidwa mafunso sikungapulumuke ngati woweruza atalankhula ndi mwanayo.
Ndondomeko yabwino imawonjezera zinthu zambiri kuposa zomwe zimafunika
Ndondomeko yomwe imachita zokhazo zomwe zili mu art. Zofuna za 815 Rv zidzalandiridwa, kenako zipanga mikangano ya zaka khumi zikubwerazi. Mitu yomwe ili pansipa ndi komwe mikangano imabuka.
| Topic | Zoyenera kuthetsa |
|---|---|
| Ndandanda ya chisamaliro | Sabata wamba kapena milungu iwiri, masana ndi nthawi. "Pafupifupi 50/50" si ndondomeko. |
| maholide | Masiku a tchuthi a sukulu ndi a boma omwe aperekedwa ndi mayina, chaka ndi chaka, ndi tsiku lomaliza lodziwitsa anthu. |
| Kupereka | Kumene, liti, ndani amayenda, ndani amalipira, ndi zomwe zimachitika ngati wina wachedwa kapena mwana akudwala. |
| Maphunziro | Sukulu iti, ndani amachita nayo tsiku ndi tsiku, momwe kusintha kumasankhira, komanso ngati sukuluyo imadziwitsa makolo onse awiri mwachindunji. |
| Zisankho zachipatala | Ndi chithandizo chiti chomwe kholo lililonse lingapereke chokha, ndi chiti chomwe chikufunika zonse ziwiri. Tchulani katemera momveka bwino. |
| Kusamukira | Nthawi yodziwitsa makolo asanasamuke, mtunda wokwanira kapena dera lodziwika bwino, ndi momwe nthawi yoikidwiratu imasinthira. |
| Mapasipoti ndi maulendo | Ndani ali ndi zikalata, chilolezo chokhazikika pa tchuthi kunja, ndi momwe zimaonekera pamalire. |
| Agogo ndi ena | Kulankhulana ndi agogo, makolo opeza ndi abale ndi alongo a kholo limodzi. Palibe ufulu wodziyimira pawokha, koma njira yolembedwa imapewa kugwiritsa ntchito pambuyo pake. |
| Kukudziwitsani ogwirizana nawo atsopano | Kusunga nthawi ndi chidziwitso. Sizofunikira kwenikweni, koma mfundo yodziwika bwino kwambiri. |
| Unikaninso ndimeyi | Tsiku lokhazikika — nthawi zambiri pachaka, komanso sukulu ya sekondale isanakwane — kuti muwunikenso dongosololi ngati pali cholakwika chilichonse kapena ayi. |
| Njira yothanirana ndi mkangano | Gawo loyamba lotchulidwa: kukambirana mkati mwa nthawi yoikika, kenako kuyanjana ndi mkhalapakati wogwirizana, kholo lililonse lisanapite kukhoti. |
Awiri akuyenera kutsindika. Chiganizo chowunikiranso chimasinthasintha zinthu, kotero kholo lomwe likupempha kusintha nthawi likutsatira dongosololi m'malo molitsutsa. Njira yokambirana imapatsa makolo onse awiri malo oti apite ku ofesi ya loya, ndipo makhothi amasangalala ndi makolo omwe adagwiritsa ntchito njira yopezera ndalama zomwe adagwirizana poyamba.
Pamene makolo sangagwirizane
Chofunikacho ndi chokhazikika koma sichokwanira. Article 815 Rv imalola wopemphayo amene sangathe kupereka dongosolo losainidwa kuti apereke zikalata zina m'malo mwake, kapena kupereka njira ina, ndipo khoti liweruza ngati zimenezo n'zovomerezeka. Mwachidule, wopemphayo amafotokoza zomwe zinayesedwa - makalata, kuyesa kuyanjana, kukana kwa kholo lina kuchita nawo - ndipo akupereka makonzedwewo payekha.
Zomwe khoti lingachite pambuyo pake zimasiyana. Likhoza kuyimitsa kaye ndikutumiza makolo ku bwalo loyankhira milandu, kupempha Bungwe Loona za Child Care and Protection Board (Raad voor de Kinderbescherming) kuti lifufuze ndikupereka uphungu, kapena kulamula kuti makolo ayesedwe. Ngati kholo limodzi silingathe kufikiridwa kapena silikugwirizana, kapena ngati pakhala nkhanza zapakhomo, lingangosankha momwe chisamaliro, kusamalira ndi kupereka chidziwitso chokha ndikupereka chisudzulo popanda dongosolo. Kulengeza kuti pempholo silingavomerezedwe ndizotheka koma ndi njira yomaliza.
Choncho kukana kusaina ndi njira yoipa. Sikuletsa chisudzulo kwamuyaya, ndipo kumaika malamulo m'manja mwa woweruza amene wamva zifukwa zanu zosachitira chibwenzi.
Akapatukana, kholo lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana lomwe silingagwirizane pa nkhani inayake - kusankha sukulu, chisankho chachipatala, adilesi yolembetsedwa ya mwana, kusintha kwa nthawi yophunzirira - likhoza kupempha khothi motsatira 1:253a BW. Loya amafunika. Khothi limasankha malinga ndi momwe likuonera kuti ndi lothandiza mwanayo, ndipo likhozanso kukhazikitsa kapena kutsimikizira dongosolo losamalira mwana.
Kukhazikitsa dongosololi
Ndondomeko yotsimikiziridwa ndi chigamulo cha khothi ndi udindo womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito. Ndondomeko yomwe ilipo pakati pa makolo okha ndi pangano: lomangirira, koma muyenera kupeza chisankho musanachigwiritse ntchito. Ngati kholo silitsatira, njira zenizeni ndi izi:
- Zomwe zikuchitika mwachidule (kort geding) kuti lamulo litsatidwe — njira yachangu kwambiri pamene zopereka zatha.
- Malipiro a chilango (dwangsom) cholumikizidwa ku lamuloli, cholipidwa pa nthawi iliyonse yomwe simukutsatira malamulo.
- Kuyimitsa kapena kusintha kwa kukonza, imagwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala komanso kawirikawiri ngati yankho loyamba.
- Kusintha kwa nyumba yaikulu ya mwanayo motsatira Art. 1:253a BW, pomwe kutsekeka kumakhala kosalekeza komanso kopangidwa ndi kapangidwe kake.
- Kukhudza Bungwe Loona za Child Care and Protection Board, zomwe zingachititse kuti pakhale lamulo loyang'anira (ondertoezichtstelling) ndi woyang'anira banja yemwe ali ndi udindo wobwezeretsa kulumikizana.
- Kukakamiza thupi (lijfsdwang) kapena thandizo la apolisi — lapadera kwambiri, ndipo limagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati palibe china chilichonse chomwe chagwira ntchito.
Mfundo imodzi yomwe mayiko ena nthawi zambiri amaweruza molakwika: Makhothi aku Dutch amaona kusamalira ndi kulumikizana ngati maudindo osiyana. Kuletsa chimodzi chifukwa china sichinachitike si chitetezo, ndipo kumawononga udindo wa kholo loletsa. Makhothi amavomerezanso udindo waukulu wabwino, wochokera ku art. 8 ECHR, kuti athe kulumikizana pakati pa kholo ndi mwana, kotero kholo lomwe limanena kuti laletsedwa msanga komanso nthawi zonse limakhala ndi maziko olimba.
Kusintha dongosolo pambuyo pake
Ndondomeko yopangidwira mwana wazaka zisanu imalephera mwana wazaka khumi ndi zisanu. Ngati makolo onse awiri avomerezana, akhoza kulemba kusinthako ndikusainira onse awiri. Palibe khothi lofunikira, ngakhale pamene dongosolo loyambirira linatsimikiziridwa ndi khothi - ngakhale ngati mungafunike kutsatira malamulo atsopano, kuwatsimikizira ndikofunikira. Ngati simukugwirizana, kuyimira pakati ndi gawo lotsatira; ngati zimenezo zalephera, kholo lililonse likhoza kupempha kukhothi.
Malire ake ndi ochepa. Malinga ndi Article 1:377e BW, khothi lingasinthe mgwirizano wolumikizana, kuphatikizapo womwe makolowo adapanga okha, chifukwa zinthu zasintha kapena chigamulo choyambirira chidadalira chidziwitso cholakwika kapena chosakwanira. Article 1:253a BW imagwira ntchito yofanana pa mikangano yokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wogwirizana. Gawo lowunikira bwino lomwe lakonzedwa bwino limachotsa mkangano wokhudza ngati malirewo akwaniritsidwa.
Udindo wa mwanayo
Malamulo aku Dutch amafuna kuti ana azitenga nawo mbali mu dongosololi, osati kungodziwitsidwa za izi, ndipo njira yanzeru ndi yoyenera msinkhu wawo: kufunsa mwana wazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe zili zofunika pakupereka, osati kupempha mwana wazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri kuti asankhe kholo.
Mosiyana, khothi nthawi zambiri limalankhula ndi mwanayo m'chipinda chosungira ana asanasankhe nkhani zomwe zimamukhudza. Art. 809 Rv ndiye maziko a malamulo. Rechtspraak tsopano ikuyitanitsa ana azaka zapakati pa zisanu ndi zitatu kuti akambirane ndi woweruza milandu yokhudza ulamuliro, malo okhala ndi kulumikizana - malirewo adachepetsedwa kuchoka pa khumi ndi ziwiri ndi mfundo zadziko lonse za Rechtspraak pamilandu yokhudza ubereki, osati ndi kusintha kulikonse kwa Art. 809 Rv - pomwe pamilandu yosamalira ana amayitanidwa kuyambira zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Kukambiranako kumakhala kochepa, kumachitika popanda makolo, ndipo si kokakamiza: mwana akhoza kukana, kapena kulembera woweruza m'malo mwake. Sikuti ndi voti - woweruza amayesa zomwe mwanayo akunena pamodzi ndi zina zonse. Makolo omwe amaphunzitsa mwana pasadakhale nthawi zambiri amadziwidwa, ndipo zimawatsutsa.
The international dimension
Kwa mabanja ochokera kunja kwa dziko lino, apa ndi pomwe dongosololi limapeza ndalama zake, chifukwa lingaliro lokhazikika la mapangano aku Dutch - kuti makolo onse awiri azikhala pafupi ndi galimoto - nthawi zambiri siligwira ntchito.
Kusamukira kudziko lina
Kholo lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana silingathe kusamutsa mwana kunja kwa dziko, kapena kusintha malo okhala mwana mwanjira yomwe imakhudza ufulu wa kholo lina, popanda chilolezo cha kholo limenelo. Ngati chilolezocho chakanidwa, kholo losamukalo liyenera kupempha chilolezo cholowa m'malo motsatira chigawo cha 1:253a BW.
Palibe mndandanda wosankha milandu iyi. Khoti Lalikulu linagamula mu HR pa 25 Epulo 2008, ECLI:NL:HR:2008:BC5901 kuti khoti liyenera kuwunika zinthu zonse zofunika, ndipo ngakhale kuti zofuna za mwana ndizofunika kuziganizira poyamba sizimaposa zofuna za makolo nthawi zonse; HR pa 24 Marichi 2017, ECLI:NL:HR:2017:487 inatsimikizira miyezo yoganizira za ntchitoyi. M'makhoti ochita kafukufuku amafufuza kufunika kwa kusamuka, momwe kwakonzedwera bwino, ngati kholo losamuka lapereka makonzedwe ogwira ntchito olipira - maulendo, ndalama, malo ogona nthawi yayitali, kulumikizana pa kanema - ubale womwe kholo lililonse ndi mwana ali nawo ndi mayiko onse awiri, komanso malingaliro a mwanayo. Chigamulo chosamutsidwa chomwe chavomerezedwa pomwe ubale ndi wabwino ndi chofunikira kwambiri kuposa mkangano wokhudza izi pambuyo pake.
Kubedwa kwa ana padziko lonse lapansi
Kutenga kapena kusunga mwana kunja kwa dziko popanda chilolezo cha wina amene ali ndi ulamuliro, kapena popanda chilolezo choloŵa m'malo mwa khoti, ndi kuchotsa mwana kapena kumusunga molakwika. Izi zikugwirizana ndi Pangano la Hague la 1980 pa Nkhani Zachikhalidwe za Kubedwa kwa Ana Padziko Lonse, lomwe dziko la Netherlands ndi mayiko ambiri ochokera kunja amachokera.
Kholo losasiya mwana likhoza kupempha kudzera mu Dutch Central Authority for International Child Matters, lomwe limagwirizanitsa Netherlands ndi boma lina ndipo likhoza kutsata kubweza mwana mwaufulu kapena kuyimira pakati pa mayiko ena, kapena likhoza kupita kukhoti mwachindunji. Milandu yobweza mwana ku Dutch imayang'aniridwa ku Khoti Lalikulu la The Hague, ndi apilo ku Khoti Loona za Apilo ku The Hague. Cassation imachotsedwa kwambiri ndi art. 13 Uitvoeringswet internationale kinderonvoering, ngakhale Khoti Lalikulu linagamula mu HR 5 Julayi 2019, ECLI:NL:HR:2019:1085 kuti kuchotsedwa sikukhudza mlandu womwe khoti loona za apilo linakana ulamuliro, mfundo yochotsera mwana ndi yakuti funso lobwezera mwana lafufuzidwa kawiri pa umboni.
Cholinga cha Msonkhanowu ndi kubwerera mwachangu kudziko lomwe mumakhala, kotero makhothi kumeneko ndi omwe amasankha zomwe zili munkhaniyi. Pali zifukwa zokana — kuvomereza kapena kuvomereza, chiopsezo chachikulu cha kuvulazidwa, kukana kwa mwana wokhwima mokwanira, ndi kupitirira kwa chaka chimodzi kuphatikiza ndi mgwirizano m'malo atsopano — koma zimatanthauzidwa mopepuka. Pansi pa Brussels II-ter, makhothi ayenera kusankha mapempho obweza mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi pa nthawi iliyonse.
Ulamuliro pansi pa Brussels II-ter
Lamulo (EU) 2019/1111, Brussels II-ter, lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira pa 1 Ogasiti 2022. Limayang'anira ulamuliro ndi kuzindikira ndi kukakamiza zisankho zokhudzana ndi udindo wa makolo pakati pa mayiko omwe ali mamembala a EU, ndipo likulimbitsa Pangano la 1980 mkati mwa EU.
Malinga ndi Nkhani 7 ya Lamuloli, ulamuliro uli ngati lamulo ndi makhothi a dziko lomwe lili membala komwe mwanayo amakhala nthawi zonse pamene khothi lagwidwa. Kukhala m'banja mwachizolowezi ndi funso lenileni lokhudza komwe moyo wa mwanayo umayang'ana kwambiri, osati za dziko kapena kulembetsa. Pamene mwana wachotsedwa kapena kusungidwa molakwika, Nkhani 9 imasunga ulamuliro ndi makhothi a m'banja mwachizolowezi pokhapokha ngati zinthu zokhwima zakwaniritsidwa, kotero kuti kusamutsa mwana sikungapangitse malo abwino kukhala malo abwino. Lamuloli limalolanso magulu, mkati mwa malire, kugwirizana pa khothi, ndipo limafuna kuti mwana wokhoza kupanga malingaliro apatsidwe mwayi weniweni komanso wogwira mtima wofotokozera.
Zotsatira zake: lembani dongosololi poganiza kuti khoti la ku Netherlands lidzaliyang'anira pamene mwanayo akukhala kuno, ndipo onjezerani zomwe zingachitike ngati zimenezo zisintha. Simungathe kuchita mgwirizano ndi malamulo a boma, koma mungagwiritse ntchito dongosololi kuti mutsimikizire kuti zomwe mukuyembekezera sizikulakwitsa - ndicho chimene khoti m'dziko lililonse lidzawerenga poyamba.
Kodi dongosolo lolera ana ndi lofunika ngati sitinakwatiranepo?
Zimadalira ulamuliro, osati ukwati. Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wogwirizana, art. 1:247a BW imafuna dongosolo la kulera ana mukathetsa kukhala kwanu pamodzi. Palibe pempho loti liphatikizidwepo, kotero palibe chomwe chimakukakamizani panthawiyo, koma udindowo ndi weniweni ndipo khothi nthawi zambiri limayembekezera dongosolo lisanapange chisankho chilichonse pambuyo pake motsatira art. 1:253a BW.
Kodi mnzanga wakale angaletse chisudzulo mwa kukana kusaina?
Nambala ya Art. 815 Rv imalola wopemphayo amene sangathe kupereka dongosolo losainidwa kuti apereke zikalata zina kapena kupereka njira ina, malinga ndi momwe khotilo likuwerengera. Khothi likhoza kuyimitsa kaye, kulamula kuti pakhale mkhalapakati kapena kupempha uphungu kuchokera ku Child Care and Protection Board, ndipo pamapeto pake likhoza kukhazikitsa dongosolo lokha ndikulola chisudzulo. Kukana kuvomereza kumatanthauza kuti woweruza ndiye amene amasankha m'malo mwa inu.
Kodi dongosololi liyenera kukhala mu Chidatchi?
Milandu imachitika mu Chidatchi, kotero khoti limagwiritsa ntchito Baibulo la Chidatchi. Mabanja ambiri ochokera kumayiko ena amakambirana ndikusaina mu Chingerezi ndikulemba kumasulira kwa Chidatchi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikalatacho chikhale chothandiza kwa makolo onse awiri. Onetsetsani kuti mabaibulo awiriwa akugwirizanadi: kusiyana pakati pa mawu a Chingerezi ndi Chidatchi kumayambitsa mikangano yomwe ingapeweke pambuyo pake.
Kodi tingavomereze kuti palibe aliyense wa ife amene angasunthe mtunda woposa mtunda wokhazikika?
Mukhoza, ndipo n'zomveka. Chiganizo chokhazikitsa nthawi yodziwitsa ndi mtunda wokwanira kapena chigawo chofotokozedwa sichidzachotsa mphamvu ya khothi yopereka chilolezo cholowa m'malo motsatira chigawo 1:253a BW, koma chili ndi mphamvu yeniyeni: chikuwonetsa zomwe makolo onse awiri ankaona kuti ndi zogwira ntchito pamene ubale unali wabwino, ndipo kholo lochoka pamenepo liyenera kufotokoza chifukwa chake.
Kodi woweruzayo adzalankhula ndi mwana wathu ali ndi zaka zingati?
Ana azaka zoyambira zisanu ndi zitatu amaitanidwa pamilandu yokhudza ulamuliro, malo okhala ndi kulumikizana, komanso kuyambira khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi pamilandu yosamalira. Art. 809 Rv ndiye maziko alamulo. Kupezekapo ndi kodzifunira ndipo mwanayo akhoza kulembera woweruza m'malo mwake. Kukambirana kumakhala kochepa, kumachitika popanda makolo, ndipo kumadziwitsa chisankhocho - sichimasankha.
Nanga bwanji ngati mwana wanga watengedwa kupita kudziko lina popanda chilolezo changa?
Chitanipo kanthu mwachangu; kuchedwa kumafooketsa udindo wanu. Lumikizanani ndi Dutch Central Authority for International Child Matters ndi loya wa mabanja sabata yomweyo. Pamene Msonkhano wa Hague wa 1980 ukugwira ntchito, mfundo ndi kubwerera mwachangu kudziko lomwe mumakhalamo kuti makhothi ake asankhe mankhwalawo, ndipo zifukwa zokanirazo zikhale zochepa. Mu EU, Brussels II-ter ikulimbitsa izi ndikukhazikitsa cholinga cha milungu isanu ndi umodzi pa nthawi iliyonse.
