Malamulo Olipira Zilango ndi Kukakamiza Malamulo Oyendetsera Ntchito ku Netherlands

Pamene akuluakulu a boma la Netherlands apeza kuti kampani yanu kapena katundu wanu akuswa chilolezo, lamulo logawa malo kapena muyezo wa chilengedwe, nthawi zambiri amayamba ndi chindapusa. Amayamba ndi lamulo: kaya lamulo lolipira chilango ( last onder dwangsom ) kapena lamulo lokakamiza oyang'anira ( last onder bestuursdwang ). Zonsezi ndi zilango zokonzanso pansi pa General Administrative Law Act (Algemene wet bestuursrecht, Awb), ndipo zonse zimakhala zovuta kuziukira nthawi yochepa ikadutsa. Mu Chingerezi "malipiro a chilango" amakhudzanso chilango cha boma chomwe khoti limaphatikiza ku lamulo loletsa, ndi zilango zaupandu zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa ndi Central Judicial Collection Agency (CJIB). Nkhaniyi siikunena za chilichonse: ikunena za dwangsom yoyang'anira.

Zilango ziwiri zokonzanso cholinga chimodzi

Chaputala 5 Awb imagawa zilango zaulamuliro m'zilango zokonzanso ndi zilango. Chilango chokonzanso (art. 5:2 Awb) cholinga chake ndi kuthetsa kusweka, kuichotsa, kupewa kubwerezabwereza kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira zake. Cholinga chake si kukupwetekani, ndipo kusiyana kumeneko kumayendetsa zomwe zikutsatira.

Lamuloli liyenera kulipidwa chilango

Art. 5:31d Awb imafotokoza izi ngati lamulo loti akonze kuphwanya malamulo konse kapena pang'ono, kuphatikiza ndi udindo wolipira ndalama ngati lamulolo silinachitike pa nthawi yake. Ulamulirowo suchitapo kanthu: umaika mtengo pa kupitirira kusatsatira malamulo ndipo umakusiyirani chisankho.

Lamulo loti pakhale kukakamiza kwa kayendetsedwe ka ntchito

Art. 5:21 Awb akufotokoza izi ngati lamulo lokonza kuphwanya malamulo pamodzi ndi mphamvu ya ulamuliro yodzichitira yokha, mwa kuchitapo kanthu, ngati simutero: kugwetsa, kutseka, kuchotsa, kuchotsa malo. Ndalamazo zimabwezedwa kwa inu.

Ulamuliro woyenerera kukhazikitsa malamulo oyendetsera ntchito ukhoza kupereka lamulo lolipira chilango m'malo mwake (art. 5:32 Awb), ndipo nthawi zambiri amachita zimenezo, chifukwa ndi wotsika mtengo. Kukhazikitsa malamulo m'njira ina kumasungidwa pazochitika zomwe ulamuliro sungadikire, kapena ndalama sizingagwire ntchito. Sizingayendetsedwe motsutsana ndi kuphwanya malamulo komweko nthawi imodzi (art. 5:6 Awb).

Kuyerekeza maoda awiriwa

Chifukwa chiyani ichi si chindapusa cha ulamuliro

Chindapusa cha oyang'anira ( bestuurlijke boete , art. 5:40 Awb) ndi chilango: udindo wopanda malire wolipira, woperekedwa pa chinthu chomwe chachitika kale. Chifukwa chake chili ndi chitetezo cha malamulo a upandu - palibe chilango chopanda cholakwika, ufulu wokhala chete, kufanana, palibe chilango chowirikiza kawiri. Chilango chokonza sichili ndi izi. Cholakwa sichili chofunikira: mutha kulandira lamulo lolipira chilango chifukwa cha kuphwanya komwe simunaganizire kapena kudziwa. Mafunso okha ndi akuti ngati pali kuphwanya, ngati ndinu wolakwa, komanso ngati mungathe kuthetsa. Chifukwa chakuti zimakwaniritsa zolinga zosiyanasiyana, chindapusa ndi chilango chokonzanso zimatha kuperekedwa chifukwa cha kuphwanya komweko, ndipo makampani nthawi zambiri amalandira zonse ziwiri.

Udindo wokakamiza

Akuluakulu aku Netherlands alibe ufulu woyang'ana mbali ina. Pansi pa udindo wotsatira mfundo zoyendetsera ( beginselplicht tot handhaving ), akuluakulu omwe amapeza kuphwanya malamulo ayenera kuchitapo kanthu pa izi.

Gawo la Ulamuliro wa Boma la Administrative Jurisdiction Division la Council of State linasintha mfundo zake pa 5 Marichi 2025 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2025:678). Mawu akale anafunsa ngati "mikhalidwe yapadera" imalola kuti pakhale kusiyana; mawu atsopanowa amasunga kukakamiza ngati poyambira koma amaika kusiyana pakati pa mfundo zofananira: ulamuliro ungapewe kokha pamene zochitika zenizeni zili ndi kulemera kotero kuti chidwi cha anthu onse choperekedwa ndi kukakamiza chiyenera kuperekedwa. Kukakamizabe kumapambanabe m'milandu yambiri, koma chifukwa chake tsopano ndi kuwunika kofananira, komwe kumapatsa wolankhula wokonzeka bwino zambiri zoti akambirane naye.

Chiyembekezo chenicheni cha kuvomerezedwa mwalamulo

Chosiyana ndi chakuti kuphwanya malamulo kudzavomerezedwa ndi boma, nthawi zambiri chifukwa pempho la chilolezo likuyembekezeredwa popanda chifukwa choyembekezera kukanidwa. Malire ake ndi otsimikizika: cholinga chofunsira sichikwanira, komanso pempho lomwe silingapambane. Ngati kuvomerezedwa ndi boma kuli koyenera, perekani kaye.

Kusalingana ndi zifukwa zina

Kukakamiza kungalepheretsedwe ngati sikungakhale kofanana, kapena kungaphwanye mfundo ya kufanana kapena ziyembekezo zovomerezeka. Kusalingana kumachitika bwino ngati kuphwanya malamulo kuli kochepa, kwa nthawi yayitali, sikuvulaza aliyense ndipo kumakhala kokwera mtengo kukonza, komanso kulephera ngati munthu wina akuvulala.

Ndani amakakamiza, ndipo pamaziko otani

Mutu wa Awb 5.3 umapereka makina, osati mphamvu; mphamvu zimachokera ku malamulo a magawo. Pa nkhani zomanga, kukonzekera ndi zachilengedwe, Environment and Planning Act imapatsa ntchito yokakamiza kwa akuluakulu oyenerera (art. 18.2 Omgevingswet), nthawi zambiri akuluakulu a m'matauni, ndi mabungwe azachilengedwe m'madera omwe akuchita ntchitoyi; art. 125 Gemeentewet imalimbikitsa mphamvu za m'matauni. Oyang'anira magawo, kuyambira ku Netherlands Labour Authority kupita ku Dutch Data Protection Authority, ali ndi mphamvu zawo pansi pa malamulo omwewo a Awb.

Pempho la chipani chachitatu lokakamiza

Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imanyalanyazidwa ndi anthu akunja, ndipo imadula mbali zonse ziwiri. Munthu wokhudzidwa akhoza kukakamiza akuluakulu kuti asankhe zochita popereka pempho lokakamiza ( handhavingsverzoek ): anansi otsutsa ntchito yomanga, opikisana nawo otsutsa osaloledwa, obwereka nyumba otsutsa eni nyumba. Ngati mukakamizidwa, fayiloyo nthawi zambiri imayamba ndi kalata ya wina.

Momwe mungapangire imodzi

Pempho lokakamiza ndi pempho loperekedwa malinga ndi tanthauzo la Art. 1:3 Awb. Palibe njira yolembedwa; chofunika ndi mfundo zake:

• Pemphani momveka bwino kuti lamulo liperekedwe. Musanene kuti ndi dandaulo kapena lipoti; dandaulo siliyenera kuyankhidwa ndi chisankho.
• Dziwani bwino lomwe kusweka kwa malo: adilesi kapena malo oikira, kayendetsedwe ka malo, ndi lamulo lomwe laswedwa — chilolezo, dongosolo la zachilengedwe, ndi muyezo wovomerezeka ndi malamulo.
• Fotokozani chifukwa chake muli ndi chidwi (Chithunzi 1:2 Awb): kuyandikira, chidwi cha malonda mwachindunji, kapena udindo walamulo womwe wakhudzidwa. Popanda chimodzi simungathe kukakamiza chisankho.
• Phatikizani umboni wolembedwa kale — zithunzi, miyeso, makalata, zolemba zina — tchulani chilango chomwe mukuwona kuti n'choyenera, ndipo pemphani kuti mudziwe zambiri.

Udindo wa akuluakulu a boma kusankha

Popeza pempholi ndi pempho, akuluakulu ayenera kusankha mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera, mulimonsemo mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi itatu pokhapokha ngati lamulo likunena zosiyana (art. 4:13 Awb), zomwe zingawonjezeke pokhapokha ngati chigamulo chadziwitsidwa bwino. Kukana kugwiritsa ntchito lamuloli kuli ndi mwayi wotsutsa ndi kupempha apilo. Chete chingathenso kuchitika: pambuyo polemba chidziwitso cholephera, akuluakulu akhoza kukhala ndi mlandu wolangidwa ndi lamulo chifukwa chopanga zisankho mochedwa (art. 4:17 Awb), ndipo mutha kupempha apilo chifukwa cha kulephera kusankha. Ndicho chifukwa chake pempho limaposa kudandaula - limaika ulamulirowo pa wotchi.

Chomwe chimabwera oda isanaperekedwe

Lamulo silikhala chikalata choyamba. Nthawi zambiri limakhala lipoti loyang'anira, kenako kalata yochenjeza yomwe imafotokoza lamulo lomwe mukufuna ndikukupemphani kuti muwone. Pempho limenelo si laulemu: zomwe mukunena zimakhala gawo la fayilo yomwe khoti lidzawerenge pambuyo pake.

Ulamuliro ukhozanso kuchitapo kanthu usanachitike kuphwanya kulikonse. Art. 5:7 Awb imalola chilango chokonzanso mwamsanga pamene chiopsezo cha kuphwanya chikuwonekeratu. Malire ake ndi ovuta: lamulo linalake lalamulo liyenera kuphwanyidwa ndi mwayi wofanana ndi wotsimikizika, wowonetsedwa ndi machitidwe enieni osati kukayikira. Malamulo oyembekezera amapezeka kawirikawiri pamene kampani yalengeza ntchito yomwe ilibe chilolezo.

Zomwe oda iyenera kukhala nazo

Mavuto ambiri amapambana chifukwa cha zinthu zolakwika. Dongosolo liyenera:

• kuzindikira kuphwanya malamulo, ndi kuphwanya lamulo ndi mfundo zomwe zadaliridwa;
• Fotokozani njira zothanirana ndi vutoli (art. 5:24 ndi art. 5:32a Awb), momveka bwino kuti mukudziwa chomwe chingathetse vutoli — “kusiya kuswa lamulo” nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosamveka bwino komwe kuswa lamulo kungathetsedwe m'njira zingapo;
• Lembani nthawi yoti mutsatire malamulo — nthawi yoti mutsatire malamulo, nthawi yomwe lamulolo liyenera kutsatiridwa; nthawi yoti mulipire chilango, nthawi yomwe mungathe kutsatira popanda kulipira ndalama zilizonse. Iyenera kupangitsa kuti kutsatira malamulowo kutheke ndipo kusakhale kofunikira nthawi yayitali;
• kudziwitsidwa kwa wolakwayo, komanso kwa oyang'anira malamulo komanso kwa iwo omwe ali ndi ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito katunduyo ndi kwa aliyense amene wapempha kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito (art. 5:24 Awb);
• Kuti mugwiritse ntchito malamulo motsatira malamulo, tchulani kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe mudzalipire (art. 5:25 Awb).

Chimenechi ndi chofunikira chomwe makhothi amachiganizira mozama: wolandirayo ayenera kukhala wokhoza kutsatira. Ngati kuthetsa kuphwanya lamulo kukufunika chilolezo chomwe simuli nacho, malo omwe simukuwalamulira, kapena mgwirizano wa munthu wina, lamuloli ndi lotseguka kuti liukire.

Ndani angakhale wolembera

Wolakwa yekha ndi amene angalangidwe kuti akonze kuphwanya malamulo, ndipo Bungwe la Boma linachepetsa lingaliro limenelo pa 31 Meyi 2023 (ECLI:NL:RVS:2023:2071), ndi kuligwirizanitsa ndi kuphwanya malamulo m'malamulo a milandu. Mwambiri, munthu amakhala wolakwa ngati khalidwelo lili pansi pa ulamuliro wake ndipo wavomereza, kapena walephera kusamalira bwino zomwe akuyembekezera.

• Wobwereka. Munthu amene akuchita ntchitoyi nthawi zambiri amakhala wolakwa komanso wolankhulidwa mwachibadwa.
• Mwiniwake kapena mwini nyumba. Kuyambira mu 2023 mwiniwake salinso wolakwa pa zomwe wobwereka amachita; ulamuliro ndi kuvomereza ziyenera kuonetsedwa. Koma mwiniwake amene sakonda momwe malo amagwiritsidwira ntchito amakhalabe pa ngozi: chisamaliro choyenera chimatanthauza kuyang'anitsitsa nthawi ndi nthawi, kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito malo, ndikuchitapo kanthu pa zizindikiro zochenjeza.
• Director. Wotsogolera akhoza kukhala wolakwa payekha ngati zofunikira zake zakwaniritsidwa - zomwe ndizofunikira, chifukwa lamulo loletsa kampani yopanda katundu silili ndi phindu lililonse.
• Wogula. Lamuloli kwenikweni ndi laumwini, koma m'malo omangidwa muli chithunzi. 18.4a Omgevingswet imalola chilango chokonzanso kuti chimange olowa m'malo mwalamulo, kuti lamulolo lizitha kuyenda ndi katunduyo. Funsani za makalata okakamiza, malamulo omwe akugwira ntchito ndi ndalama zosalipidwa; kufufuza chilolezo choyera sikokwanira.

Momwe malipiro a chilango amagwirira ntchito

Malinga ndi Art. 5:32b, ulamulirowu umaika ndalamazo m'njira imodzi mwa zitatu izi: ndalama zonse, ndalama pa nthawi yomwe lamulo silinachitike, kapena ndalama pa kuswa lamulo lililonse. Iyeneranso kukhazikitsa ndalama zambiri zomwe siziyenera kulipidwa, ndipo ndalamazo ziyenera kukhala ndi ubale womveka bwino ndi kuopsa kwa chiwongola dzanja chomwe chaswedwa ndi momwe lamuloli lidzakhudzire. Maboma ambiri amafalitsa mitengo yokhazikika; kupotoka kosafotokozedwa ndi chifukwa chovuta.

Chofunika kwambiri ndi kutaya nthawi yokha. Ngati nthawi yotsatila malamulo itatha ndipo kuphwanya malamulo kukupitirira, ndalamazo ziyenera kulipidwa ndi lamulo: palibe chisankho, palibe kalata, palibe chisankho. Art. 5:33 Awb ndiye kuti amafunika kulipira mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi. Makampani nthawi zambiri amapeza kuti ndalama zambiri zimasonkhanitsidwa panthawi yokambirana ndi woyang'anira. Kukambirana sikuletsa nthawi; koma chisankho chowonjezera kapena kuyimitsa nthawiyo chimaletsa.

Chisankho cha kusonkhanitsa

Asanapemphe ndalama, akuluakulu ayenera kutenga chisankho chosonkhanitsa ndalama ( invorderingsbeschikking , art. 5:37 Awb), ndipo ayenera kutenga chimodzi ngati munthu wokhudzidwayo apempha, ndikusankha mkati mwa milungu inayi - zomwe ndi momwe mnansi amene walandira lamuloli amapitirizira kukakamiza. Chisankho chosonkhanitsa ndalama chili chotseguka padera kuti chitsutsidwe ndi kupemphedwa, ndipo art. 5:39 Awb imayang'ana kwambiri mlandu: kutsutsa kapena kupempha kuti lamuloli lichotsedwe kumakhudzanso chisankho chosonkhanitsa ndalama mpaka mutatsutsa. Art. 5:31c Awb imachita chimodzimodzi pakukakamiza ndalama ndi kuwunika mtengo. Pali udindo wofanana wosonkhanitsa ndalama, ndi kuchoka pokhapokha pazochitika zapadera (ABRvS 13 June 2018, ECLI:NL:RVS:2018:1968); kuvutika, kapena kunena kuti ndalamazo ndi zokwera kwambiri, nthawi zambiri sizingayenerere.

Chofunika kwambiri, kusonkhanitsa ndalama si mwayi wachiwiri woukira lamuloli. Lamuloli likatha, malamulo ake amakhala atakhazikika ndipo nthawi zambiri sangatsegulidwenso ndalamazo zikafunsidwa. Bungwe la Boma limalola kuchotsera pang'ono, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda malire, makamaka pamene zikuonekeratu kuti palibe kuphwanya lamulo kapena kuti wolankhulidwayo sanali wolakwa (zigamulo za pa 27 February 2019, kuphatikizapo ECLI:NL:RVS:2019:466). Sulani lamuloli mukalandira, osati pamene invoice yafika. Dziwaninso kuti ufulu wosonkhanitsa ndalama umatha chaka chimodzi kuchokera tsiku lolandidwa (art. 5:35 Awb). Zimenezo ndi zazifupi, ndipo akuluakulu amaphonya.

Kukhazikitsa malamulo m'njira yoyenera komanso kubwezeretsa ndalama

Ngati simukutsatira lamulo loti boma litsatire malamulo, akuluakulu a boma amalitsatira okha. Pa milandu yofulumira, akhoza kuchitapo kanthu popanda lamulo loyambirira; pamene chisankho sichingayembekezeredwe, akhoza kuchitapo kanthu nthawi yomweyo ndikupereka chigamulo pambuyo pake (art. 5:31 Awb).

Ndalama zomwe zawonongedwa zimalipidwa ndi wolakwayo pokhapokha ngati sangathe kulipidwa mokwanira kapena pang'ono (art. 5:25 Awb). Izi zikuphatikizapo ndalama zokonzekera zomwe zachitika nthawi yomaliza yotsatira malamulo itatha, zomwe zimapitirirabe kulipidwa ngakhale mutatsatira nthawi yomaliza. Ulamuliro uyenera kukonza ndalamazo mkati mwa zaka zisanu kuchokera pamene lamulo laperekedwa, ndipo kuwerengera ndalamazo kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi chikalata cholamula pansi pa Mutu 4.4 Awb, ndi mphamvu ya chigamulo cha khothi. Palibe malamulo ambiri omwe amasankha katundu wosasuntha pa ndalamazi: ulamuliro umapezanso ndalamazo kudzera mu chikalata cholamula pansi pa Mutu 4.4 Awb ngati wobwereketsa wamba, popanda chitetezo chenicheni kapena kuwerengera ngongole ya nyumba.

Kutsutsa, apilo ndi mpumulo wa kanthawi

Art. 5:34 Awb imapereka njira ziwiri zopewera milandu. Ngati kutsatira malamulo n'kosatheka konse kapena pang'ono, kwamuyaya kapena kwakanthawi, akuluakulu a boma akhoza kuchotsa lamulolo, kuliimitsa kapena kuchepetsa ndalamazo; ndipo ngati lamulolo lakhalapo kwa chaka chimodzi popanda ndalama zomwe ziyenera kulipidwa, wolakwayo angapemphe kuti lichotsedwe. Kukana kuli kotseguka kwa kutsutsa ndi apilo.

Njira yolankhulirana ndi yokhazikika: kutsutsa ulamuliro mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi mutadziwitsidwa; kukadandaula kukhothi lachigawo mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera pamene chigamulo cha kutsutsa; kukadandaula kwina, pankhani zambiri zachilengedwe, ku Khoti la Boma. Nthawi ya milungu isanu ndi umodzi ndi yokhwima, ndipo kutsutsa mochedwa kumaonedwa kuti sikuloledwa kupatulapo pazifukwa zochepa.

Palibe chilichonse mwa izi chomwe chimayimitsa lamuloli. Kutsutsa kapena apilo sikuletsa nthawi yotsatira malamulo kapena kuletsa ndalama zomwe ziyenera kulipidwa. Njira yokhayo yomwe imayimitsa kukakamiza malamulo ndi pempho la mpumulo wa kanthawi kochepa kwa woweruza wopereka mpumulo wa kanthawi kochepa, womwe umapezeka pokhapokha ngati chitsutso kapena apilo ikuyembekezeredwa. Woweruza akhoza kuyimitsa lamuloli, kuwonjezera nthawi yotsatira malamulo kapena kuyimitsa chisankho chosonkhanitsa, ndipo mapempho ofulumira amamvedwa mwachangu. Ngati nthawiyo ndi yochepa ndipo mukufuna kutsutsa lamuloli, konzani fomu yopempha mpumulo wa kanthawi kochepa pamodzi ndi chitsutsocho, osati pambuyo pake.

Malangizo othandiza

Yankhani kalata yochenjeza moyenera. Ioneni ngati gawo loyamba la mlandu. Konzani zolakwika zenizeni mu lipoti lowunikira mwa kulemba, nenani zomwe mukutsutsa ndi zomwe muchita, ndipo perekani nthawi yeniyeni yotsatirira malamulo ndi zifukwa.

Lembani kuti mutsatire malamulo akamafika. Kulanda katundu kumachitika zokha ndipo udindo wowonetsa kuti kuphwanya malamulo kutha nthawi yake ndi wanu. Sungani zithunzi zakale, zolemba zotumizira katundu, ma invoice a kontrakitala ndi zikalata zosainidwa zomaliza ntchito, ndipo dziwitsani akuluakulu aboma polemba ntchitoyo ikatha, zomwe zimalimbikitsa kuti mufufuze.

Chenjerani ndi kutsatira pang'ono. Uwu ndi msampha wokwera mtengo kwambiri mu dongosololi. Pamene oda imalemba njira zingapo ndipo mukuchita zambiri, palibe chomwe chimachotsedwa: ndalama zonse zimafunika ngati simunachite chilichonse, zomwe zimafika pamlingo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi. Ngati gawo la oda silingakwaniritsidwe, perekani pempho motsatira chigawo 5:34 Awb kapena pempho la mpumulo wa kanthawi kochepa nthawi isanathe - musachite zomwe mungathe komanso zomwe mukuyembekeza.