Ngati apolisi achita zinthu mosaloledwa ndipo inuyo mukuvulazidwa chifukwa cha zimenezi, mutha kupempha chipukuta misozi kuchokera ku Boma. Chosiyana kwambiri ndi chakuti mlandu wotsutsa milandu unali wolakwika: umene umapambana pa milandu yochepa chabe, mwachitsanzo pamene mlandu wanu ukuwonekera kuchokera pa fayilo ya mlandu.
Pali njira zitatu, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. Choyamba ndi kupempha ndalama zolipirira Boma chifukwa cha zomwe sizinali zololedwa ( onrechtmatige daad ) motsatira Nkhani 6:162 ya Dutch Civil Code ( Burgerlijk Wetboek , BW). Izi zikuphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mopitirira muyeso, kulowa mosaloledwa, kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika panthawi yofufuza ndi kumangidwa popanda maziko ovomerezeka. Mutha kupempha kutayika kwa ndalama komanso kutayika kosakhala kwa ndalama motsatira Nkhani 6:106 BW. Ngati mlandu watha popanda chilango kapena muyeso, Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure ( Wetboek van Strafvordering , Sv) imapereka njira yosavuta komanso yachangu: pempho la chipukuta misozi chifukwa cha nthawi yomwe mwakhala mukumangidwa (Nkhani 533 Sv) ndi pempho lina la ndalama za loya wanu (Nkhani 530 Sv). Zonse ziwiri zimapita kukhothi lomwe linayang'anira mlanduwo, ndipo zonse ziyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa miyezi itatu mlanduwo utatha.
Kuneneza kuti mlanduwo unali wosaloledwa ndi lamulo n'kovuta kwambiri. Malinga ndi chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu la Begaclaim, kuneneza koteroko kumachitika pokhapokha ngati mlandu wanu uli wosalakwa kuchokera pa fayilo ya mlanduwo, kapena ngati panalibe kukayikira koyenera kotsimikizira njira zokakamiza kuyambira pachiyambi. Kusakhutira ndi zotsatira zake sikokwanira.
Njira yachitatu ndi madandaulo. Madandaulo kwa mkulu wa apolisi, kenako kwa National Ombudsman ( Nationale ombudsman ), amabweretsa kupeza mpata osati ndalama. Koma zimatha kupeza mfundo zomwe zili ndi tanthauzo pa mlandu wina pambuyo pake. Pa milandu yovulala kwambiri kapena imfa yochitika chifukwa cha zochita za apolisi, Rijksrecherche, dipatimenti yodziyimira payokha yomwe imafufuza apolisi, imachita kafukufukuyo.
M'ndandanda wazopezekamo
Kodi apolisi ali ndi mphamvu zotani?
Malinga ndi Gawo 3 la Police Act 2012 ( Politiewet 2012 ), apolisi amasunga bata la anthu onse ndikufufuza milandu motsatira malamulo oyenera. Ali ndi mphamvu zomwe nzika wamba alibe, monga kuyimitsa ndi kumanga okayikira, kufufuza anthu ndi kulowa m'nyumba. Mphamvu iliyonse ili ndi maziko ndi zikhalidwe zalamulo; kuchita zinthu kunja kwa iwo n'kosaloledwa.
Zitsanzo za mphamvu za apolisi ndi izi:
- kumanga munthu wokayikiridwa amene wagwidwa akuchita zimenezi, kapena kunja kwa mkhalidwewo motsogozedwa ndi wozenga milandu (Nkhani 53 ndi 54 Sv);
- kupita ndi munthu wokayikiridwa ku polisi kuti akamufunse mafunso ndikumusunga kwa kanthawi kochepa;
- kufufuza zovala ndi matumba m'milandu yomwe lamulo limalola;
- kulowa m'nyumba popanda chilolezo cha wokhalamo, zomwe kwenikweni zimafuna chilolezo cholembedwa motsatira General Act on Entry Houseings (Algemene wet op het binnentreden);
- kufufuza nyumba, zomwe zimachitika motsogozedwa ndi woweruza milandu (rechter-commissaris), kapena pamilandu yachangu loya wa boma.
Apolisi alinso ndi mphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Malinga ndi Nkhani 7 ya Police Act 2012, apolisi akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pokhapokha ngati izi zili ndi chifukwa cha cholinga chomwe akufuna, ngati cholingacho sichingakwaniritsidwe mwanjira ina, komanso molingana ndi cholingacho. Mphamvu iyenera kutsatiridwa ndi chenjezo ngati n'kotheka. Malamulo atsatanetsatane ali mu Malangizo Ovomerezeka a Apolisi ( Ambtsinstructie ), omwe amafunanso apolisi kuti anene za kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kulikonse.
Ngati mkulu wa apolisi achita zinthu popanda maziko alamulo, popanda chilolezo chofunikira, kapena kupitirira zomwe zili zoyenera, zimenezo n’zosaloledwa. Boma ndiye kuti kwenikweni limakhala ndi mlandu wokhudza kuwonongekako. Pa malipoti ovomerezeka, Unduna wa Zachipongwe umakhazikitsa zofunikira pa khalidwe mlandu usanayambe kuimbidwa mlandu.
Ndi udindo uti wosamalira womwe umagwira ntchito kwa apolisi?
Kupatula malire a malamulo, akuluakulu a boma ayenera kuchita zinthu mosamala. Ayenera kulemekeza nzika, kulemba malipoti olondola komanso oona, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molingana ndi malamulo.
Lipoti lovomerezeka ( proces-verbaal ) liyenera kulembedwa pansi pa lumbiro la udindo ndikufotokoza zomwe apolisi adawona kapena kumva payekha. Pamilandu ya milandu, khothi lingagwiritse ntchito ngati umboni. Ndicho chifukwa chake zolakwika zimakhala zovulaza: lipoti lolakwika lingayambitse chindapusa, kuimbidwa mlandu kapena mbiri ya milandu.
Miyezo iyi ya chisamaliro ndiyo maziko a udindo: ngati apolisi adachita mosasamala ndipo mwawonongeka chifukwa cha izi, mungakhale ndi mlandu pansi pa Article 6:162 BW.
Ndi zolakwa ziti za apolisi zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatirapo zalamulo?
Zolakwa zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatirapo zalamulo zimayambira pa zolakwa za utsogoleri mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika kwambiri. Zofala kwambiri ndi malipoti olakwika a boma, kumanga kapena kutsekera anthu m'ndende mosaloledwa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mopitirira muyeso.
Nanga bwanji ngati lipoti lovomerezeka lili ndi zolakwika?
Lipoti lovomerezeka limakhala maziko a mlandu waupandu kapena chindapusa. Ngati likunena zoona zake molakwika, silinatchule mfundo zomwe zikukukomerani, kapena likuika khalidwe lanu molakwika m'gulu, mutha kulitsutsa.
Zitsanzo ndi kufotokozera kolakwika kwa zomwe zinachitika, kuchotsedwa kwa chidziwitso chodzikhululukira, kapena kugawa molakwika khalidwe monga kusachita zinthu molongosoka, kukodza pagulu, kusokoneza zozimitsa moto kapena kuyendetsa galimoto popanda chilolezo. Ngati cholakwika chotere chikutsogolerani ku chindapusa, mutha kutsutsa ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, khothi liwunikenso mlanduwo. Ngati zitsogolera ku mlandu wosalungama, kuwonongekako kungakhale kwakukulu: chindapusa cholipidwa, kuwonongeka kwa mbiri yanu ndi ndalama zamilandu zomwe sizinkafunikira.
Kodi kumanga kapena kusunga munthu m'ndende ndi kosaloledwa liti?
Kumanga munthu kumakhala kovomerezeka pokhapokha ngati pali maziko alamulo, nthawi zambiri kukayikira mlandu wolakwika. Kumanga munthu kwa nthawi yayitali kuposa momwe lamulo limaloleza, kapena popanda zisankho zofunikira, nakonso n'kosaloledwa.
Kawirikawiri anthu nthawi zina amadziwika molakwika ngati okayikiridwa, kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, kapena kuyimitsidwa popanda chifukwa chomveka. Zotsatira zake zimakhala zazikulu: kutaya ufulu, kupsinjika maganizo, komanso nthawi zambiri kutaya ndalama chifukwa ntchito kapena nthawi yokumana sizichitika. Ngati mlandu wanu utha popanda chilango kapena muyeso, mutha kupempha khothi la milandu kuti likulipireni ndalama chifukwa cha nthawi yomwe mudagwira ntchito m'ndende (Article 533 Sv). Izi sizichitika zokha: muyenera kupereka pempho mkati mwa miyezi itatu, ndipo nthawi zambiri thandizo lalamulo limalangizidwa. Ngati kumangidwa kokha kunali kosaloledwa, mutha kupemphanso ndalama kuchokera ku Boma pamilandu yachibadwidwe.
Nanga bwanji za mphamvu zopitirira muyeso ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molakwika?
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mopitirira muyeso kumaloledwa pokhapokha ngati njira yomaliza, malinga ndi chiwopsezo, komanso ngati njira zina zalephera kapena sizikugwira ntchito. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mopitirira muyeso, panthawi yomanga kapena posunga bata pa chochitika, kungayambitse mlandu wa boma komanso nthawi zina mlandu wa apolisi.
Ngati mwavulala, pezani umboni wa zachipatala nthawi yomweyo. Sitichita ndi milandu yokhudza kuvulala kwa munthu ( letselschade ) tokha; timatumiza gawo la mlandu wokhudza kuvulala kwa thupi kwa loya wodziwa bwino za kuvulala kwa munthu, ndipo tingathandize pazinthu zina, monga mlandu waupandu ndi madandaulo.
Ndi njira iti yopezera chipukuta misozi yomwe ikugwirizana ndi vuto lanu?
Njira imadalira zomwe zinalakwika komanso momwe mlandu wanu unathera. Nthawi zambiri mumagwiritsa ntchito njira zoposa imodzi nthawi imodzi.
| njira | Pamene zikugwirizana | Kuti ndi liti |
|---|---|---|
| Pempho la chipukuta misozi chifukwa cha kusunga mwana (Nkhani 533 Sv) | Munali m'manja mwa apolisi kapena mutakhala m'ndende musanayambe kuzenga mlandu ndipo mlandu wanu unatha popanda chilango kapena muyeso (kumasulidwa, kutulutsidwa kapena kuchotsedwa ntchito) | Pempho ku khoti lomwe linayang'anira nkhaniyi, mkati mwa miyezi itatu mlandu utatha |
| Pempho la ndalama za loya (Nkhani 530 Sv) | Mlandu wanu unatha popanda chilango kapena muyeso ndipo munalipiritsa ndalama zogulira loya | Pempho ku khoti lomwelo, mkati mwa miyezi itatu mlandu utatha |
| Chilango cha boma motsutsana ndi Boma (Nkhani 6:162 BW) | Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mopanda lamulo, kulowa, kufufuza kapena kusunga, kapena kuwononga katundu, mosasamala kanthu kuti mlanduwo unatha bwanji | Kalata yopita ku Boma, kenako ngati pakufunika milandu ku khoti la milandu; nthawi yochepera zaka zisanu |
| dandaulo | Mukufuna kupeza chidziwitso pa khalidwe la apolisi | Madandaulo kwa apolisi, kenako National Ombudsman |
Kodi ndi liti pamene mlandu wokha umakhala wosaloledwa?
Pa milandu yapadera yokha. Mu chigamulo cha Begaclaim (Supreme Court, 13 Okutobala 2006, ECLI:NL:HR:2006:AV6956) Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti mlandu ndi njira zina zokakamiza zimakhala zosaloledwa pambuyo pake ngati mlandu wa wokayikiridwa wakale ukupezeka kuchokera ku fayilo ya mlandu waupandu kapena chigamulo cha khoti.
Kumasulidwa chifukwa chakuti palibe umboni wokwanira sikufanana ndi kusalakwa kotsimikizika. Chonenacho chingapambanenso ngati njira zokakamiza zinali zosaloledwa kuyambira pachiyambi, mwachitsanzo chifukwa panalibe kukayikira koyenera konse. Nthawi zina zopempha zomwe zili pansi pa Nkhani 530 ndi 533 Sv nthawi zambiri zimakhala njira yeniyeni.
Kodi mumalandira bwanji chipukuta misozi chifukwa cha zolakwa za apolisi?
Mumalandira chipukuta misozi poyamba podziwa chomwe chinalakwika, kenako n’kulemba kalata kwa akuluakulu odziwa bwino ntchito, nthawi zambiri Boma, ndipo pamapeto pake mukukambirana kapena kupita kukhoti la milandu. Pa mlandu wa milandu ya milandu, nthawi yocheperako ndi zaka zisanu (Nkhani 3:310 BW).
Ndi mitundu iti ya kuwonongeka komwe mungapemphe?
| Mtundu wa zowonongeka | zitsanzo | Momwe zimayesedwa |
|---|---|---|
| Kutaya ndalama | Kutayika kwa ndalama, ndalama zolipirira milandu, katundu wowonongeka | Kulipira kwathunthu kwa kutayika kotsimikizika, kutengera ndalama zomwe zalandiridwa ndi ziwerengero |
| Kutayika kosakhala kwa ndalama | Kuvutika maganizo, kuwonongeka kwa mbiri, kulowerera chinsinsi | Pa nkhani yokhudza kusunga mwana, makhothi a milandu amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokhazikika za tsiku ndi tsiku kuchokera ku malangizo a dziko, zomwe zimasiyana pa selo ya apolisi ndi malo osungiramo ana; apo ayi khothi limayesa ndalamazo pamlingo woyenera (Nkhani 6:106 BW) |
| Kuvulala kwathupi | Kuvulala komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu | Zimadalira kuopsa kwa vutoli komanso zotsatira zake zokhalitsa; timatumiza gawoli kwa katswiri wa kuvulala kwa munthu. |
| Kutayika kotsatira | Kutaya ntchito chifukwa cha kumangidwa | Pokhapokha ngati pali chifukwa chogwirizana ndi mchitidwe wosaloledwa womwe ungawonetsedwe |
Kodi ndi mavuto otani omwe nthawi zambiri amakhalapo, ndipo mumawathetsa bwanji?
Zopinga zazikulu ndi umboni, malire a nthawi ndi kusalingana pakati pa inu ndi Boma. Chilichonse chingathe kuthetsedwa ngati muchitapo kanthu msanga.
Kodi mumasonkhanitsa bwanji umboni?
Dzitetezereni nokha umboni mwachangu, chifukwa zithunzi za kamera ndi deta zina sizisungidwa kwamuyaya. Lembani mayina ndi manambala a foni a mboni, jambulani zithunzi za kuvulala kapena kuwonongeka, ndipo funsani ena kuti akupatseni mawu olembedwa.
Komanso lembani nkhani yanu pamene mukukumbukira bwino: nthawi, malo, manambala a apolisi ngati munawaona, ndi zomwe zanenedwa. Loya wanu akhoza kupempha zinthu zina, monga kamera ya thupi kapena zithunzi za kamera ya pamsewu, lipoti lovomerezeka ndi malipoti amkati. Zambiri zanu zomwe apolisi amasunga zitha kupemphedwa motsatira Police Data Act ( Wet politiegegevens ).
Ndi malire ati a nthawi omwe amagwira ntchito?
Nthawi yosiyana imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa njira iliyonse, choncho musayembekezere. Mapempho omwe ali pansi pa Nkhani 530 ndi 533 Sv ayenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa miyezi itatu mlandu utatha.
Chilango cha milandu yachifwamba chimaperekedwa patatha zaka zisanu mutadziwa za kuwonongeka ndi wolakwayo, ndipo mulimonsemo patatha zaka makumi awiri kuchokera pamene chochitikacho chinachitika (Nkhani 3:310 BW). Chilango chokhudza khalidwe la apolisi chiyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa chaka chimodzi kuchokera pamene chochitikacho chinachitika: apolisi sakuyenera kuthana ndi dandaulo loperekedwa pambuyo pake (Nkhani 9:8 ya General Administrative Law Act, Algemene wet bestuursrecht , Awb).
Kodi muyenera kuchita chiyani nthawi yomweyo?
Madandaulo ambiri amalephera ngati umboni ukusowa kapena tsiku lomaliza silinakwaniritsidwe, monga nthawi ya miyezi itatu ya Articles 530 ndi 533 Sv. Chitani izi mwachangu momwe mungathere:
- Lembani zomwe zinachitika: nthawi, malo, manambala a apolisi ndi zomwe zinanenedwa.
- Sonkhanitsani mayina ndi manambala a foni a mboni ndipo muwapemphe kuti akupatseni zikalata zolembedwa.
- Jambulani zithunzi za kuvulala kapena kuwonongeka ndipo kaonaneni ndi dokotala ngati mwavulala.
- Lembani tsiku limene mlandu wanu unatha, chifukwa miyezi itatu imayambira tsiku limenelo.
- Tumizani madandaulo ku polisi mkati mwa chaka chimodzi ngati mukufuna kupeza zomwe apolisi akuchita (Nkhani 9:8 Awb).
Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani polipira zolakwa za apolisi?
Maloya athu a milandu amakuthandizani pa mlandu wa milandu, njira yolembera madandaulo komanso pempho la chipukuta misozi:
- Tikupempha lipoti lovomerezeka, zithunzi za kamera ya thupi ndi deta yanu ya apolisi motsatira lamulo la Police Data Act.
- Timapereka mapempho a chipukuta misozi chifukwa cha ndalama zosamalira mwana komanso ndalama za loya motsatira Nkhani 533 ndi 530 Sv mkati mwa miyezi itatu.
- Timatumiza kalata yokhudza udindo ku Boma ndikukambirana za malipiro.
- Timayambitsa milandu ya boma yokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mopanda lamulo, kulowa, kufufuza kapena kutsekera anthu ngati zokambirana zalephera.
- Timalemba madandaulo anu ku polisi, kenako kwa National Ombudsman.
- Timatumiza gawo la mlandu wokhudza kuvulala kwa thupi kwa loya wodziwa bwino za kuvulala kwa munthu.
Chidule
- Ngati apolisi achita zinthu mosaloledwa ndikukuwonongerani ndalama, Boma lidzakhala ndi mlandu malinga ndi Nkhani 6:162 BW, pa kutayika kwa ndalama komanso kosakhala kwa ndalama.
- Ngati mlandu wanu waupandu utatha popanda chilango kapena muyeso, mutha kupempha khoti laupandu kuti likulipireni ndalama zosamalira mwana ndi ndalama za loya mkati mwa miyezi itatu (Nkhani 533 ndi 530 Sv).
- Chigamulo chakuti mlanduwo unali wosaloledwa chimapambana pa milandu yapadera yokha, mwachitsanzo ngati mlandu wanu ukuwonekera kuchokera mu fayilo (Begaclaim).
- Kudandaula kwa apolisi kenako National Ombudsman sikupereka ndalama, koma kungapangitse mfundo zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zanenedwazo.
- Pezani umboni nthawi yomweyo ndipo yang'anirani malire a nthawi: miyezi itatu, chaka chimodzi cha madandaulo, zaka zisanu za milandu ya anthu.
MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI
Kodi ndingapeze chipukuta misozi ngati apolisi andichitira zinthu mopanda lamulo?
Inde. Ngati apolisi apitirira mphamvu zawo kapena achita zinthu mosasamala, mwachitsanzo pomanga munthu mopanda chifukwa, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mopitirira muyeso kapena kusaka mosaloledwa, Boma likhoza kukhala ndi mlandu wowononga zomwe zachitika motsatira Nkhani 6:162 ya Dutch Civil Code. Ngati mlandu wanu waupandu utatha popanda chilango, mutha kupemphanso khothi la milandu kuti likulipireni nthawi yomwe muli m'ndende komanso ndalama za loya mkati mwa miyezi itatu (Nkhani 533 ndi 530 Sv).
Kodi ndi apolisi okha omwe malipoti ndi zochita zawo zingatsutsidwe?
Ayi. Maofesala apadera ofufuza milandu (BOAs), monga apolisi okakamiza milandu m'maboma, nawonso amalemba malipoti ovomerezeka ndikupereka chindapusa. Malipoti ndi zochita zawo zitha kutsutsidwa mwanjira yomweyo, ngakhale kuti woyang'anira milanduyo akhoza kukhala a boma kapena olemba ntchito ena.
Kodi ndi udindo wotani wosamalira apolisi?
Apolisi ayenera kulemekeza nzika, kulemba malipoti olondola komanso oona a boma, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pokhapokha ngati pakufunika kutero, molingana ndi momwe zilili komanso ngati zili zocheperako, monga momwe Article 7 ya Police Act 2012 ikufunira komanso malangizo ovomerezeka a apolisi.
