Tangoganizirani zochitika ziwiri. Choyamba, munthu akuthawa akuba, apolisi akuchenjeza, munthuyo akunyamula lamba wake m'chiuno, ndipo apolisi akumuwombera. Chachiwiri, wokayikiridwa womangidwayo wagona kale pansi atamangidwa ndi manja, osatsutsanso, kenako akumenyedwanso kangapo ndi ndodo. Anthu ambiri mwachibadwa amazindikira kuti china chake apa ndi chosiyana. Lamulo silimangolimva kokha: limalemba malire enieni ozungulira.
Pamkangano wa anthu onse, nkhanza za apolisi nthawi zambiri zimakambidwa ngati funso la makhalidwe abwino kapena ndale, lokhudza kudalirana, ulamuliro ndi chitetezo. Mwalamulo, kuwunika kumayambira kwina, makamaka ndi funso loti ngati gulu lankhondo linakhalabe mkati mwa lamulo. Zimenezo si nkhani yokhudza kumva koma kuyesa mphamvu, mfundo ndi ufulu wa anthu. Mu blog iyi ndikuyenda mu dongosolo lonselo: kodi apolisi angagwiritse ntchito liti mphamvu, kodi milandu yalamulo imasintha liti kukhala milandu yosaloledwa kapena ngakhale yaupandu, komanso njira zomwe nzika ingatsegulidwe zinthu zikasokonekera. Ndimagwiritsa ntchito malamulo ndi malamulo ofunikira kwambiri, koma ndimawasunga kuti aziwerengedwa momwe ndingathere.
Chimake mu chiganizo chimodzi
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi apolisi sikuletsedwa, koma kumalamulidwa mwamphamvu. Boma lili ndi ulamuliro wokhawokha pakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndipo apolisi angagwiritse ntchito mphamvuzo mkati mwa malire omwe lamulo limapereka pasadakhale. Nkhani yomwe ikukhudza zonse zomwe zikutsatira nthawi zonse ndi funso lomwelo: kodi mphamvu imeneyi, pankhaniyi, yokhala ndi njira iyi ndi cholinga ichi, inali yofunikiradi komanso yoyenera?
Maziko alamulo: mphamvu sizimadziwonetsera yokha
Lamulo lalikulu lafotokozedwa mu Nkhani 7 ya Police Act 2012 (Politiewet 2012). Wapolisi wosankhidwa kuti agwire ntchito ya apolisi, potsatira malamulo a udindo wake, akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, koma pokhapokha ngati cholinga chake chikutsimikizira zimenezo, poganizira zoopsa zomwe zili pa mphamvuyo, komanso ngati cholinga chimenecho sichingakwaniritsidwe mwanjira ina iliyonse. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuyenera, ngati n'kotheka, kusanayambe ndi chenjezo. Nkhani yomweyi ilinso ndi zofunikira zokhudzana ndi kufanana: kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuyenera kukhala koyenera komanso koyenera.
Malemba a malamulo amenewo akuoneka afupiafupi, koma ali ndi zinthu zinayi zomwe mudzaziona pafupifupi nthawi zonse: cholinga chovomerezeka, kufunikira, kusowa kwa njira ina yopepuka, ndi kuchepetsa. Mphamvu yopanda mphamvu mwa tanthauzo lake ndi yosaloledwa.
Kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane kwa mphamvu zimenezo sikunatchulidwe mu lamulo lokha, koma mu Malangizo Ovomerezeka a apolisi, Royal Military Constabulary ndi akuluakulu ena ofufuza (Ambtsinstructie). Ulamuliro wa boma wopereka malangizowo umachokera ku Article 9 Police Act 2012. Malangizo Ovomerezeka amalamulira, pa njira iliyonse yamphamvu, mikhalidwe yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito, ndipo asinthidwa bwino m'zaka zaposachedwa. Chofunika kukumbukira: Malangizo Ovomerezeka sanena kokha ngati njira ingagwiritsidwe ntchito, komanso momwe, liti, ndi chenjezo liti komanso pansi pa malire ati.
Mayeso: kuvomerezeka, kufunikira, kufanana ndi kudalirana
Pafupifupi nthawi zonse pankhani ya nkhanza za apolisi, mafunso anayi omwewo amabwereranso. Ndimawafotokoza ndikugwirizanitsa chilichonse mwachindunji ndi chitsanzo.
Choyamba ndi kuvomerezeka mwalamulo. Kodi panali maziko a lamulo pa nkhaniyi? Popanda mphamvu, mphamvu ndi zosaloledwa, ngakhale zili ndi cholinga chabwino bwanji.
Chachiwiri ndi kufunikira. Kodi mphamvu zinkafunikadi kuti apolisi agwire ntchito yawo? Ngati zinthu zikanatha kuyendetsedwa popanda mphamvu, kufunikira kumeneko kulibe.
Chachitatu ndi kufanana. Kodi mphamvu inagwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi cholinga? Cholakwa chaching'ono sichilungamitsa njira yolemetsa.
Chachinayi ndi mgwirizano wa anthu awiri. Kodi panalibe njira ina yopepuka yomwe ikanakhala yothandiza? Choyamba kulankhula, kusunga mtunda kapena kuchepetsa kukwera kwa chiwerengero, kenako njira yolemetsa.
Chitsanzochi chikuwonetsa kusiyana. Munthu wosokonezeka pa pulatifomu akufuula mokweza ndipo akukana kuchoka, koma sakuopseza aliyense mwakuthupi. Kugwiritsa ntchito tsabola kapena ndodo nthawi yomweyo n'kovuta kufotokoza chifukwa chake palibe chifukwa chomveka bwino komanso kudalirana. Ngati munthu yemweyo akupita kwa omwe akuyang'ana ndi mpeni ndipo sakuyankha malamulo, ndiye kuti njira yolemetsa, kutengera chiwopsezo chachikulu, ingagwere mkati mwa malire.
Chofunika kwambiri, khotilo limayesa zomwe zachitika kuyambira nthawi yomwe chigamulocho chaperekedwa, osati kuchokera ku zotsatira zake zokha. Si zomwe timawona pambuyo pake pazithunzi za kamera zomwe zawunikidwa modekha, koma zomwe apolisi panthawiyo akanatha kudziwa, kuwona ndikuwunika, ndizofunika kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, izi sizolondola kwenikweni. Khoti Lalikulu (Hoge Raad) lapereka malire mozama: sikuti kuphwanya kulikonse kwa lamulo kumawononga malamulo, koma kupitirira malire kapena kusagwirizana kwakukulu kungalepheretse apolisi kugwirabe ntchito yawo mwalamulo. Izi zikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi milandu monga kukana kumangidwa (Nkhani 180 ya Criminal Code, Wetboek van Strafrecht): ngati kuyimitsa kokhako kunali kosaloledwa, kukana sikungalangidwe ngati kukana kumangidwa.
Njira zikalemera kwambiri, mayeso amakhala ovuta kwambiri
Malangizo Ovomerezeka amatsatira kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu kuyambira zopepuka mpaka zolemera: kuyambira kugwira ndi manja ndi unyolo, kudzera mu tsabola wothira, ndodo ndi chida chogunda ndi electroshock, mpaka mfuti. Zotsatira zake zikafika patali, zimakhala zovuta komanso zenizeni.
Mfuti ndiye malire akunja. Pachifukwa ichi, pali zochitika zomwe zafotokozedwa bwino, monga kumanga munthu amene angaganizidwe kuti agwiritsa ntchito chiwawa choopsa nthawi yomweyo, kapena kupewa kuopsa kwa moyo kapena kuvulaza thupi kwambiri. Choletsa chofunikira chikuwonjezedwa: ngati wokayikirayo akudziwika ndipo kuchedwetsa kumanga sikubweretsa chiopsezo chosavomerezeka, mfutiyo siyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndipo kwenikweni, udindo wochenjeza umagwira ntchito kuwombera kolunjika kusanayambe, pokhapokha ngati zinthu sizikuloleza.
Chitsanzo chosiyana: pankhani ya milandu, kukakamiza kunaonedwa kuti n'koyenera pa mlandu umodzi, mwachitsanzo kuponya galu wankhondo kapena kuwombera galimoto yomwe ikuyendetsa pansi pa konkire, zomwe zinali zoopsa, pomwe pa mlandu wina kukoka ndi kulunjikitsa chida chankhondo panthawi yowunika magalimoto, komwe kudziwika kwa munthuyo kunali kosadziwika ndipo palibe chomwe chinkaganiziridwa kuti chimangidwe, kunaonedwa kuti ndikotsutsana kwambiri ndi Malangizo Ovomerezeka komanso kufananiza ndi kudalirana kotero kuti mlanduwo sunalinso wovomerezeka. Muyezo womwewo, zotsatira zosiyana, kutengera zenizeni.
Pamene chiwawa cha apolisi chikhala mlandu waukulu
Kusaloledwa sikutanthauza kulangidwa ndi mlandu. Komabe chiwawa cha apolisi chingayambitse mlandu waupandu. Pano, wopanga malamulo posachedwapa wapanga njira yapadera.
Mpaka pa 1 Julayi 2022, apolisi omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pantchito yawo ndi zotsatirapo zoopsa ankayesedwa motsatira malamulo a milandu monga nzika ina iliyonse, motsutsana ndi muyezo wa kuukira kapena kupha munthu mwangozi, pambuyo pake funso linabuka ngati zifukwa zomveka zinali zoyenera. Mfundo yodziwika bwino yodzilungamitsa ikugwira ntchito potsatira lamulo lalamulo, Nkhani 42 ya Criminal Code, yomwe imagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati zochita zachitika motsatira mfundo za kufanana ndi kupha munthu.
Ndi lamulo lokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi apolisi ofufuza (Wet geweldsaanwending opsporingsambtenaar), izi zasintha. Kuyambira pa 1 Julayi 2022 pali dongosolo losiyana la malamulo a upandu. Mfundo yake yaikulu ndi Nkhani 372 ya Criminal Code: apolisi omwe ndi omwe ali ndi mlandu wophwanya lamulo la mphamvu, ndi kuvulala kapena kufa chifukwa cha izi. Lamulo la mphamvu limafotokozedwa pachifukwa ichi mu Nkhani 90novies ya Criminal Code. Mbali yosiyana siili mu umboni wopepuka, koma mu zomwe ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa: osati cholinga chovulaza, koma kusasamala kwakukulu pakuphwanya lamulo. Lingaliro ndilakuti kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mwaukadaulo pantchito kumayenera kupangidwa mosiyana ndi chiwawa chosalamulirika ndi nzika. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti chiwawa cha apolisi chimatengedwa mopepuka, koma kuti chimafotokozedwa mosiyana mwalamulo.
Ndondomekoyi yasinthidwanso. Pambuyo pa chochitika chokhudzana ndi mphamvu, wozenga milandu akhoza kuyambitsa kafukufuku wofufuza (Nkhani 511a ya Code of Criminal Procedure, Wetboek van Strafvordering), cholinga chake ndi funso loti ngati njira zinachitidwa mogwirizana ndi malangizo a mphamvu. Pambuyo pake funso limabuka ngati mlanduwo ukuyenera kutsutsidwa. Chifukwa chake, apolisi samangoonedwa ngati wokayikiridwa.
Lamuloli ndi lotsutsana. Otsatira amaona kuti ndi chilungamo kuti nkhani yapadera ya ntchito ya apolisi izindikirike komanso kuti apolisi asachite mantha ndi mfuti. Otsutsa akuopa kuti kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kuletsa malamulo a upandu kufooka ndipo ozunzidwa amalandira chitetezo chochepa.
Kufufuza ndi kudziyimira pawokha
Pa milandu ya chiwawa chopha kapena chiwawa chomwe chapangitsa kuvulala kwambiri, Dipatimenti Yofufuza Zamkati mwa Apolisi (Rijksrecherche) nthawi zambiri imachita kafukufukuyu, motsogozedwa ndi Public Prosecution Service. Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti apolisi sayenera kufufuza momwe amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo, kuti apewe kuoneka ngati atsankho.
Mwalamulo, zimenezo si tsatanetsatane. Kudziyimira pawokha kwa kafukufukuyu ndi chinthu chofunikira chodziyimira pawokha, osati cha dziko lonse lokha. Khoti la Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya laika miyezo yokhwima pankhaniyi. Nthawi yomweyo, nkhani yofunika kwambiri ndi yakuti Rijksrecherche ili pansi pa Public Prosecution Service, yomwe imagwira ntchito limodzi ndi apolisi tsiku ndi tsiku. Khotilo lazindikira kuti ubale wapafupi pakati pa wotsutsa milandu ndi apolisi enaake ukhoza kukhala wovuta pa ufulu wodziyimira pawokha wofunikira. Chifukwa chake, ngati kafukufukuyu ndi wabwino ndi nkhani yalamulo monga momwe gululo linkaloledwera.
Ndondomeko ya ufulu wa anthu: moyo ndi ulemu wa anthu
Pamwamba pa malamulo a dziko pali Pangano la Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya. Zinthu ziwiri zili ndi udindo waukulu pano.
Nkhani yachiwiri imateteza ufulu wokhala ndi moyo. Boma limalola kupha anthu pokhapokha ngati kuli kofunikira, mwachitsanzo poteteza ku ngozi yadzidzidzi ya moyo. Umenewo ndi mzere wakale kuyambira mlandu wa McCann ndi Ena v. the United Kingdom wa 1995, pomwe Khotilo linalimbikitsanso mbali ya ndondomeko: kupha anthu ndi boma kuyenera kutsatiridwa ndi kafukufuku wogwira mtima, wodziyimira pawokha komanso wachangu. Boma siliyenera kungopewa kupha anthu mosafunikira, komanso kufufuza mozama zomwe zinachitika.
Nkhani 3 imaletsa kuzunza ndi kuchitira anthu zinthu zopanda chifundo kapena zonyoza. Pa nkhani ya mphamvu zopanda kupha, pali lamulo lokhwima, lomwe Khotilo linapanga pakati pa ena pankhani ya Bouyid v. Belgium: kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kulikonse motsutsana ndi munthu komwe sikunafunikire kwenikweni ndi khalidwe la munthuyo kumachepetsa ulemu wa munthu ndipo kwenikweni kumakhala kuphwanya Nkhani 3. Zimenezi zikufotokoza chifukwa chake kukakamiza munthu amene ali kale pansi pa ulamuliro kuli pachiwopsezo mwalamulo. Monga momwe zilili ndi Nkhani 2, udindo wofufuza umagwiranso ntchito pano: madandaulo otsutsana akuti apolisi akumuchitira nkhanza ayenera kutsatiridwa ndi kafukufuku wovomerezeka.
Chifukwa chake, dongosololi limagwira ntchito pazigawo ziwiri: zenizeni, mphamvu zinali zovomerezeka, ndi njira, ngati pambuyo pake zidafufuzidwa bwino komanso paokha. Pa milandu yokhudza chiwawa cha apolisi mafunso awiriwa nthawi zambiri amakhala ofunikira mofanana.
Sikuti malamulo okha ndi a milandu: njira ya boma ndi malipiro a kutayika kosafunikira
Malamulo a milandu si njira yokhayo, ndipo kwa ozunzidwa nthawi zambiri si othandiza kwambiri. Aliyense amene amakhulupirira kuti ndi wozunzidwa ndi apolisi mosaloledwa akhozanso kuimbidwa mlandu Boma motsatira malamulo a anthu wamba potengera mlandu, Nkhani 6:162 ya Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek). Funso silili ngati apolisi payekha ali ndi mlandu, koma ngati boma lachita mosaloledwa ndipo liyenera kulipira zomwe zatayika.
Kusiyana kumeneko n'kofunika kwambiri, chifukwa zotsatira zake zimatha kusiyana. Mlandu wa milandu uli ndi malire akuluakulu otsimikizira ndipo umakhudza mlandu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Mlandu wa milandu umagwiritsa ntchito muyezo wosiyana. Chifukwa chake n'zotheka kuti apolisi achotsedwe mlandu motsatira malamulo a milandu, pomwe khoti la milandu limaona kuti mlanduwo ndi wosaloledwa.
Pa malipiro, malamulo wamba okhudza malipiro amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nkhani 6:95 ya Civil Code imasiyanitsa kutayika kwa ndalama ndi mavuto ena. Kutayika kosafunikira kwenikweni, malipiro a ululu ndi kuvutika, kungapezeke kokha pankhani ya Nkhani 6:106 ya Civil Code, makamaka ngati munthu wavulala kapena kuvulala mwanjira ina. Kuwunikaku kumachitika molingana (Nkhani 6:97 ya Civil Code), ndipo kutayika kokha komwe kuli kogwirizana mokwanira ndi mphamvu kungatchulidwe (Nkhani 6:98 ya Civil Code).
Apa mfundo yofunika kwambiri ikubuka. Pakulipirira munthu chifukwa cha kuvulala, kungotchula chilungamo sikokwanira, komanso kunena kuti winawake anali ndi mantha kwambiri kapena sagona bwino. Khoti Lalikulu kwenikweni limafuna deta yeniyeni, yolondola, mwachitsanzo chidziwitso cha zachipatala kapena zamaganizo, chomwe chimayambitsa kuvulala kwamaganizo. Pokhapokha ngati mtundu ndi kuopsa kwa kuphwanya malamulo kukuwonetsa zotsatirapo zoyipa, ndiye kuti umboni wina ungachotsedwe. Wozunzidwayo amene amapita kukhoti la milandu, motsatira Nkhani 150 ya Malamulo a Milandu ya Milandu ya Milandu (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvording), ali ndi udindo wopempha ndi kutsimikizira kuti kutayikako kuli ndi mgwirizano ndi mphamvu.
Chitsanzo cha momwe khothi limadziwira ndalamazo: popereka chipukuta misozi chifukwa cha ululu ndi kuvutika chifukwa cha chiwawa cha apolisi, zinthu zomwe zaganiziridwa zikuphatikizapo mtundu ndi kuopsa kwa kuphwanya malamulo, kusokonekera kwa umphumphu wa thupi, momwe moyo watsiku ndi tsiku umakhudzira komanso ndalama zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa m'milandu yofanana. Mwachizolowezi, ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa chifukwa cha kuvulala kosaopsa kwambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala pakati pa ma euro mazana angapo mpaka zikwi zingapo, kutengera kuvulala ndi zotsatira zake.
Kusasamala kwa zopereka: chitetezo cha Boma
Nzika yomwe ikupempha chipukuta misozi nthawi zambiri imakumana ndi chitetezo cha kusasamala komwe kwachitika chifukwa cha zomwe zachitika, Nkhani 6:101 ya Civil Code. Udindo wobwezera umachepetsedwa ngati kutayikako kukuchitikanso chifukwa cha vuto lomwe lachitika chifukwa cha munthu wovulalayo. Izi zimagwira ntchito m'magawo awiri: choyamba kuwunika koyenera pakati pa khalidwe la nzika ndi la apolisi, kenako mwina kukonza chilungamo chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa zolakwazo.
Zinthu ziwiri ndizofunikira mwalamulo. Choyamba, udindo wopempha ndi kutsimikizira kuti kunyalanyaza kwachititsa kuti zinthu zichitike uli pa Boma, osati pa nzika. Choncho, Boma liyenera kunena momveka bwino zomwe nzika, mwachitsanzo kukana mwamphamvu, kuukira kapena kuyesa kuthawa, zinapangitsa kuti ziwonongeke. Kunena kuti nzikayo sinagwirizane kapena kufunafuna mkanganowo sikukwanira pa izi. Chachiwiri, kukonza chilungamo, makamaka pazochitika zachiwawa cha apolisi, kungathe kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchepetsa kulikonse kapena kuyika pachabe, chifukwa cholakwika kumbali ya apolisi ndi chachikulu kwambiri ndipo malamulo ophwanyidwa cholinga chake ndi kuteteza ku chiwawa choopsa cha boma.
Madandaulo, ombudsman ndi njira yolangira
Kuphatikiza pa malamulo a milandu ndi milandu, pali ufulu wodandaula. Nzika ikhoza kudandaula za momwe apolisi adachitira. Zimenezo sizitsogolera ku chilango kapena kulipidwa, koma zingapangitse kuti munthu apeze kuti khalidwelo silinali loyenera. Ngati wodandaulayo sangathe kuthetsa nkhaniyi ndi apolisi, National Ombudsman pamapeto pake akhoza kupereka chigamulo. Kuphatikiza apo, chilango chamkati kapena njira yovomerezeka ingatsatire apolisi okhudzidwa, kuyang'ana kwambiri momwe amagwirira ntchito. Mawu akuti lamulo laukadaulo lolanga silikugwirizana bwino pano, chifukwa apolisi alibe dongosolo lolanga komanso lamilandu monga momwe lilili kwa madokotala kapena maloya.
Chofunika kwambiri, chochitika chimodzi chingachitike m'njira zinayi nthawi imodzi, zaupandu, zachiwembu, kudzera mu madandaulo ndi chilango, ndipo njira zimenezo zingachitike mosiyana. Kumasulidwa mu lamulo laupandu sikutanthauza kuti mlanduwo waperekedwanso mwalamulo kapena mwalamulo.
Kupsinjika komwe kulipobe
Malamulo amayesetsa kuteteza zofuna ziwiri nthawi imodzi zomwe nthawi zonse zimakhala zotsutsana. Kumbali imodzi, nzika iyenera kutetezedwa ku nkhanza za boma zomwe zimachitika mosaganizira komanso mopitirira muyeso. Kumbali ina, apolisi ayenera kukhala ndi malo oti achitepo kanthu moyenera pazochitika zoopsa komanso zosokoneza, nthawi zina mu sekondi imodzi. Kusamvana kumeneko sikutha konse, ndipo lamulo lililonse kwenikweni ndi kuyesa kuyika malire pakati pawo.
Sikuti kuvulala kulikonse kwakukulu kumatanthauza kuti apolisi anali olakwa. Koma zosiyana ndi zimenezi: yunifolomu siipangitsa kuti mphamvu zikhale zovomerezeka zokha, ndipo kungoona kuti apolisi anali pansi pa kukakamizidwa sikutsimikizira kuti mphamvuzo ndi zovomerezeka. Funso lofunika nthawi zonse limakhala lofanana. Kodi mphamvu imeneyi, pankhaniyi, yokhala ndi cholinga ichi ndi njira imeneyi, inali yofunikiradi komanso yovomerezeka mwalamulo? Kusakhala ndi yankho lokonzedwa bwino pa zimenezo si kufooka kwa lamulo, koma kuvomereza moona mtima kuti chitetezo ndi ufulu ziyenera kuyesedwa nthawi zonse. Ndipo pachifukwa chimenecho malamulo osamala, kuyang'anira pawokha komanso kuyankha poyera ndizofunikira kwambiri: mphamvu ikakula, udindo woti munthu athe kutsimikizira mphamvuzo umakhala wolemera kwambiri.
Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa kawirikawiri okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa apolisi
Kodi apolisi angangogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu chabe?
Ayi, apolisi sayenera kungogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zokha. Mphamvu zimaloledwa pokhapokha ngati zili ndi mphamvu zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo, pochita ntchito ya apolisi movomerezeka, komanso pokhapokha ngati pakufunika ndipo cholinga chake sichingakwaniritsidwe mwanjira yopepuka (Article 7 Police Act 2012). Komanso, mphamvu ziyenera kukhala zomveka komanso zocheperako, ndipo chenjezo liyenera kuperekedwa, ngati n'kotheka, poyamba.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa nkhanza za apolisi zosaloledwa ndi chilango chaupandu?
Chiwawa cha apolisi chosaloledwa chinapitirira malire a malamulo, mwachitsanzo chifukwa sichinali chofanana, ndipo chingayambitse Boma kukhala ndi mlandu. Mphamvu yolangidwa ndi upandu imapitirira apo: apolisi payekhapayekha ndiye kuti ali ndi mlandu, mwachitsanzo chifukwa chophwanya lamulo la mphamvu (Nkhani 372 ya Criminal Code). Sikuti mphamvu zonse zosaloledwa ndi upandu ndizolangidwa ndi upandu, koma zingatheke.
Kodi apolisi nthawi yomweyo amakhala wokayikiridwa pambuyo pa chochitika chokhudzana ndi mphamvu?
Kuyambira pa 1 Julayi 2022, osati mwadzidzidzi. Woyimira milandu akhoza kuyambitsa kaye kafukufuku wofufuza zomwe zinachitika (Nkhani 511a ya Malamulo a Milandu ya Upandu), cholinga chake ndi funso loti ngati zinthu zinachitidwa motsatira malangizo amphamvu. Pokhapokha ngati zikuoneka kuti malangizowo aswedwa ndi pomwe mlandu waupandu ungatsatire.
Kodi lamulo lokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa apolisi ofufuza ndi lotani?
Lamulo lokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi apolisi ofufuza lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira pa 1 Julayi 2022 ndipo lapatsa apolisi ndi apolisi ena ofufuza malamulo awoawo. Mfundo yaikulu ndi Nkhani 372 ya Criminal Code, yomwe imapangitsa kuti kuphwanya lamulo la mphamvu kukhale chilango ngati mlandu wosiyana. Lamuloli ndi lotsutsana: otsutsa akuopa kuti ozunzidwawo atetezedwa pang'ono, othandizira akuwona kuti ntchito yapadera ya apolisi ikudziwika.
Kodi ndingapeze chipukuta misozi pambuyo pa chiwawa cha apolisi?
Inde, izi n'zotheka kudzera m'milandu ya boma motsutsana ndi Boma chifukwa cha mlandu (Nkhani 6:162 ya Civil Code). Kuwonjezera pa kutayika kwa ndalama, mutha kupempha chipukuta misozi chifukwa cha ululu ndi kuvutika ngati munthu wavulala kapena kuvulala (Nkhani 6:106 ya Civil Code). Komabe, muyenera kutsimikizira kuti mwataya chiyani ndipo kuti chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa. Pa kuvulala kwamaganizo, khothi limafuna zambiri zolondola, monga zambiri zachipatala.
Kodi n’zoona kuti apolisi ayenera kusankha mwachangu?
Inde. Khothi limayesa zomwe zachitika kuyambira nthawi yomwe chigamulo chaperekedwa, osati kungoyang'ana zotsatira zake pambuyo pake. Zimene mkulu wa apolisi angadziwe bwino, kuziona ndi kuziyesa panthawiyo zimaganiziridwa. Sizolakwika: ngakhale pansi pa kukakamizidwa, kufanana ndi kudalirana kumakhalabe muyezo.
Ndani amafufuza zachiwawa za apolisi ku Netherlands?
Pa milandu ya chiwawa chopha kapena kuvulala kwambiri, Rijksrecherche (Dipatimenti Yofufuza Zamkati mwa Apolisi Yadziko Lonse) nthawi zambiri imachita kafukufukuyu, motsogozedwa ndi Public Prosecution Service. Mfundo yake ndi yakuti apolisi safufuza momwe amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo. Pangano la ku Ulaya la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe limafuna kuti kafukufuku woterewu ukhale wogwira mtima, wodziyimira pawokha komanso wachangu.
Ndingatani ngati ndikukhulupirira kuti apolisi apitirira muyeso?
Muli ndi njira zingapo, zomwe zilipo pamodzi. Mutha kupereka lipoti, kuti Public Prosecution Service iwone ngati akuyenera kutsutsa. Mutha kuyimba mlandu Boma motsatira malamulo a boma chifukwa cha kutayikako. Ndipo mutha kupereka madandaulo, ndipo pamapeto pake mutha kupereka chigamulo kuchokera kwa National Ombudsman. Njira zimenezo zitha kukhala zosiyana: kumasulidwa kwa mlandu sikuletsa kuphwanya malamulo a boma.
Kodi malamulo omwewo amagwiranso ntchito pa mankhwala opopera tsabola ndi ndodo monga momwe amachitira ndi mfuti?
Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa njira iliyonse yamphamvu, koma mikhalidwe imakhala yovuta kwambiri njira zikafika patali. Mfuti ili ndi mikhalidwe yolemera kwambiri komanso yofotokozedwa bwino, kuphatikizapo udindo wochenjeza. Mankhwala opopera tsabola ndi ndodo zili ndi mikhalidwe yopepuka, koma yomveka bwino, mu Malangizo Ovomerezeka.
Kodi apolisi angagwiritse ntchito mphamvu panthawi ya chiwonetsero?
Pokhapokha ngati pali malamulo okhwima. Ufulu wochita ziwonetsero ndi wolemera kwambiri, ndipo kukakamiza kuti pakhale bata kuyenera, monga mwa nthawi zonse, kukhala kofunikira, kofanana ndi kocheperako. Apa pali malire apamwamba osati otsika, chifukwa ufulu wofunikira uli pachiwopsezo. Kuthana ndi milandu yaupandu yomwe ili mkati mwa ziwonetsero n'kotheka, koma sikuyenera kuletsa ziwonetsero zonse mosafunikira.
Kodi apolisi angachite chiyani akamangika munthu?
Pakumangidwa mwalamulo, apolisi angagwiritse ntchito mphamvu zokwanira kuti athetse kukana, mwachitsanzo, kumugwira kapena kumumanga ndi manja. Malire ake ndi pamene wokayikirayo ali pansi pa ulamuliro: mphamvu yowonjezera kwa munthu amene wamangidwa kale ndi manja kapena amene sakutsutsanso ndizovuta kuifotokoza mwalamulo.
Kodi apolisi angatumize galu wa apolisi panthawi yomanga munthu?
Inde, koma malinga ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Malamulo Ovomerezeka. Galu wa apolisi woluma akhoza kuvulaza kwambiri, kotero kutumizidwa kwake kumayesedwa poganizira kufunika kwake, kufanana kwake, ndi kudalira kwake. Kaya zinali zovomerezeka zimadalira kwambiri chiwopsezo chenicheni komanso ngati njira yopepuka ikanakwanira. Chifukwa chake, kuvulala kwakukulu sikutanthauza kuti kutumizidwako kunali kosaloledwa.
Kodi apolisi angagwiritse ntchito chida chowombera kapena chowombera ndi electroshock?
Inde, koma chida chogundana ndi magetsi chili ndi mikhalidwe yakeyake mu Malangizo Ovomerezeka, kuphatikizapo chenjezo pasadakhale. Sichingagwiritsidwe ntchito motsutsana ndi munthu amene ali kale pansi pa ulamuliro, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kuyenera kukhala kofanana ndi chiwopsezocho. Mikhalidwe yeniyeni ndi bwino kuyang'aniridwa m'malemba aposachedwa a Malangizo Ovomerezeka.
Kodi ndingathe kujambula apolisi akamangidwa?
M'malo opezeka anthu ambiri, kwenikweni mungathe kujambula apolisi, ndipo apolisi nthawi zambiri sangakukakamizeni kuchotsa zithunzi. Komabe, simuyenera kuletsa ntchito ya apolisi, ndipo malamulo achinsinsi angagwiritsidwe ntchito pofalitsa. Malire enieni amadalira momwe zinthu zilili, choncho samalani pofalitsa zithunzi zodziwika bwino.
Kodi malamulo okhwima amagwira ntchito pokakamiza mwana kapena munthu wofooka?
Malamulo ndi ofanana, koma kwenikweni mphamvu yolimbana ndi mwana, munthu wosokonezeka kapena munthu wooneka ngati wosatetezeka imafuna kudziletsa kwambiri ndi kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa matendawa. Kufunika ndi kufanana kwake zimayesedwa mozama kwambiri, chifukwa munthuyo ndi wosalimba ndipo zotsatira zake zingakhale zazikulu.
Kodi ndi nthawi yochuluka bwanji yomwe ndiyenera kuyimba mlandu Boma chifukwa cha nkhanza za apolisi?
Chikalata chokhudza ndalama zomwe zawonongeka pa milandu chimakhala choletsedwa patatha zaka zisanu mutadziwa za kutayika ndi amene ali ndi mlandu, ndipo chidzakhala ndi malire a zaka makumi awiri kuchokera pamene chochitikacho chachitika (Nkhani 3:310 ya Civil Code). Musadikire nthawi yayitali ndikupempha upangiri wa zamalamulo nthawi yoyenera, chifukwa umboni monga zithunzi ndi mawu a mboni umatha msanga.
Kodi apolisi amaloledwa liti kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu?
Apolisi angagwiritse ntchito mphamvu pokhapokha ngati cholinga chake chikutsimikizira kuti chili bwino, poganizira zoopsa za mphamvuyo, komanso ngati cholinga chimenecho sichingakwaniritsidwe mwanjira ina iliyonse. Ngati n'kotheka, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuyeneranso kutsatiridwa ndi chenjezo.
Kodi chofunika cha kufanana kwa apolisi ndi chiyani?
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera komanso moyenera kuyenera kukhala koyenera, kotero ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu movomerezeka kungakhale kosaloledwa ngati kupitirira zomwe zili zoyenera.
Kodi malamulo atsatanetsatane okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwa apolisi alembedwa kuti?
Kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu sikukupezeka mu Police Act yokha koma mu Official Instruction (Ambtsinstructie) ya apolisi, Royal Military Constabulary ndi akuluakulu ena ofufuza, omwe amalamulira momwe njira iliyonse yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu imagwirira ntchito.
Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zofunika kwambiri zomwe makhothi amaganizira akamayesa apolisi?
Makhothi nthawi zambiri amafufuza zinthu zinayi: ngati panali cholinga chovomerezeka ndi lamulo, ngati mphamvu inali yofunikira, ngati njira ina yopepuka inalipo, komanso ngati mphamvu yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito inali yochepa.
