Mphamvu ya loya (volmacht): mitundu, machitidwe ndi nthawi yomwe idzatha

Mphamvu ya loya (volmacht) ndi mphamvu yomwe mumapatsa munthu wina kuti achite zinthu zalamulo m'dzina lanu, monga kusaina pangano kapena kuyang'anira akaunti ya banki (Nkhani 3:60 ya Dutch Civil Code, BW). Malamulo aku Dutch safuna mawonekedwe apadera a mphamvu zambiri za loya, koma zimatha zokha pa imfa, utsogoleri, bankirapuse kapena kusintha nthawi ya ngongole yanu kapena woimira wanu (Nkhani 3:72 BW). Kutaya mphamvu yamaganizo yokha sikuthetsa vutoli, ndichifukwa chake mphamvu yokhalitsa ya loya (levenstestament) imagwira ntchito pamene simungathenso kusankha nokha.

Pansipa tikufotokoza mitundu ya mphamvu ya loya yomwe ilipo, momwe mungalembe imodzi kuti mabanki, notaries ndi Land Registry (Kadaster) avomereze, komwe yalembetsedwa, ndi momwe ndi nthawi yomwe imathera.

Kodi mphamvu ya loya ndi chiyani malinga ndi lamulo la ku Dutch?

Mphamvu ya loya imalola woimira kuti akumangireni ku mbali zina. Malamulowa ali mu Nkhani 3:60 mpaka 3:79 za Dutch Civil Code : ndinu wamkulu (volmachtgever), munthu amene mumamupatsa chilolezo ndiye loya (gevolmachttigde).

Mphamvu ya loya ikhoza kuperekedwa mwachindunji kapena mobisa (Nkhani 3:61 BW), ndipo chikalata cholembedwa sichifunika mwalamulo. Mwachizolowezi mumafunika chimodzi: mabanki, notary wa malamulo aboma (notaris) ndi Chamber of Commerce (KVK) akufuna kuona umboni wolembedwa asanavomereze siginecha ya loya.

Mphamvu ya loya ndi ulamuliro kwa dziko lakunja. Makonzedwe amkati, monga zomwe loya ayenera kuchita komanso ngati walipidwa, nthawi zambiri amakhala mgwirizano wa bungwe (lastgeving, Article 7:414 BW). Mgwirizano umenewo umakakamiza loya kuti akufotokozereni zomwe wachita (Article 7:403 BW).

Muyenera kumvetsetsa zomwe mwasaina mukapereka mphamvu. Mphamvu ya loya yosainidwa ndi munthu amene chifuniro chake chinasokonekera, mwachitsanzo chifukwa cha matenda amisala, ikhoza kuthetsedwa (Nkhani 3:34 BW).

Ndi mitundu iti ya mphamvu ya loya yomwe ilipo?

Kusiyana kwakukulu kuli pakati pa mphamvu ya general ndi mphamvu yeniyeni ya loya; mphamvu yokhalitsa ya loya ndi mphamvu ya bizinesi ya loya ndi mitundu yokhala ndi malamulo awoawo. Sankhani mtundu womwe ukugwirizana ndi ntchitoyi, chifukwa banki kapena notary amafufuza ngati lamuloli likugwera mkati mwa mawuwo.

Mphamvu ya loya wamba kapena yeniyeni

Mphamvu ya loya (algemene volmacht) imangokhudza zochita za kasamalidwe (daden van beheer), monga kulipira mabilu ndi kusamalira akaunti. Pa zochita zochotsera, monga kugulitsa nyumba yanu kapena kupereka ngongole ya nyumba, mphamvuyo iyenera kufotokoza momveka bwino zomwe zachitikazo (Article 3:62 BW).

Mphamvu yeniyeni ya loya (bijzondere volmacht) imangokhudza zochita zomwe imafotokoza, mwachitsanzo kugulitsa nyumba imodzi pamtengo womwe mwagwirizana. N'kosavuta kuyang'ana ndikuchotsa, ndipo olembera nthawi zambiri amakonda kuigwiritsa ntchito pochita malonda a katundu.

Mphamvu yosatha ya loya (levenstestament)

Levenstestament ndi mphamvu ya loya yolembedwa pazochitika zomwe simungathenso kuyendetsa zinthu zanu. Nthawi zambiri imakhudza ndalama zanu, nyumba yanu ndi maakaunti anu a digito, komanso nthawi zambiri nkhani zachipatala. Malinga ndi Article 7:465 BW mutha kusankha woimira amene angasankhe chithandizo chamankhwala pamene simungathenso kuchita zimenezo.

Lamulo silifuna chikalata cha notarial, koma notarial amalangiza mwamphamvu: notarial amafufuza dzina lanu ndi mphamvu zanu, ndipo mabanki nthawi zambiri amakana chikalata chachinsinsi. Notarial amalembetsa chilolezo cha notarial mu Central Register of Lasting Powers of Attorney (Central Levenstestamentenregister, CLTR), chomwe chimasungidwa ndi Royal Dutch Association of Civil-law Notaries (KNB).

Mphamvu ya notarial ndi yachinsinsi ya loya

Maulamuliro ambiri a loya ndi zikalata zachinsinsi zomwe zasainidwa ndi inu nokha. Pa kusamutsa katundu, komwe kuyenera kuchitika ndi chikalata cha notarial (Article 3:89 BW), notarial nthawi zambiri amalandira chilolezo cholembedwa cha loya chokhala ndi siginecha yovomerezeka. Mphamvu ya notarial ya loya imapereka chitsimikizo chowonjezereka cha umunthu wanu ndi tsiku losainira, ndichifukwa chake mabanki nthawi zambiri amasankha.

Mphamvu ya bizinesi ya loya

Makampani amapereka mphamvu za loya kwa oyang'anira, atsogoleri a nthambi kapena antchito omwe amasaina mapangano. Kampani ikhoza kulembetsa oimira ovomerezeka awa (gevolmachtigden) mu KVK Kaundula wa Zamalonda, wokhala ndi mphamvu zawo ndi malire aliwonse, monga mapangano mpaka EUR 50,000. Anthu ena amatha kuwona KVK chotsani asanasainire. maloya amakampani upangiri wa momwe angakhazikitsire maulamuliro amenewa mkati mwa kampani.

Mphamvu yosasinthika ya loya

Monga lamulo, mutha kuchotsa mphamvu ya loya nthawi iliyonse. Mphamvu yosasinthika (onherroepelijke volmacht) ndi yotheka pokhapokha ngati ikutumikira loya kapena munthu wina, mwachitsanzo kumaliza kugulitsa komwe kwavomerezedwa kale (Nkhani 3:74 BW).

Kodi mumalemba bwanji mphamvu yovomerezeka ya loya?

Lembani chikalata chovomereza udindo wa loya, fotokozani bwino malamulowo ndipo sainani nokha. Kenako fufuzani ngati banki, notary kapena bungwe lomwe liyenera kuvomereza likufuna siginecha yovomerezeka kapena chikalata chovomereza udindo wa notarial.

1. Sankhani zomwe loya angachite, nthawi yayitali bwanji komanso mpaka ndalama zingati. Tchulani loya mmodzi kapena angapo, ndipo fotokozani ngati angachite okha kapena ayenera kusaina limodzi.
2. Tchulani munthu wolowa m'malo ngati loya wanu sangathe kuchitapo kanthu. Loya akhoza kusankha munthu wolowa m'malo yekha ngati mphamvu ya loya ilola izi (Nkhani 3:64 BW).
3. Lembani chikalatacho ndi mayina anu onse, masiku obadwa, maadiresi, malamulo omwe afotokozedwa, malire aliwonse, tsiku loyambira, ndipo ngati kuli koyenera, tsiku lomaliza. Mawu a Chidatchi amapewa mafunso ochokera ku mabanki ndi odziwitsa achi Dutch; ngati mugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo china, onjezani mawu olumbirira.
4. Saina chikalatacho. Malamulo aku Dutch safuna mboni. Saina yanu ikhale yovomerezeka ndi notary ngati mphamvuyo idzagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chikalata cha notary, kapena pempha notary kuti alembe chikalatacho.
5. Perekani kopi kwa loya ndi kwa anthu omwe adzadalira, ndipo sungani kopi yoyambirira pamalo otetezeka kapena kwa notary.

Munthu wina amene amachita zinthu ndi loya wanu angapemphe umboni wolembedwa wa ulamulirowo. Ngati loya sangathe kuusonyeza, munthu winayo angakane kuchita naye bizinesi.

Kodi chilolezo cha loya chimalembetsedwa kuti?

Dziko la Netherlands lilibe kaundula umodzi wa mphamvu zonse za loya. Kulembetsa kumachitika pa mtundu uliwonse, ndipo mphamvu zambiri zachinsinsi sizikufunika konse.

• Chikalata chovomerezeka cha notarial chimalembetsedwa ndi notari mu CLTR. Kaundula amalemba kuti chikalatacho chilipo ndipo chili ndi notari uti, osati zomwe chimanena.
• Mphamvu za bizinesi zitha kulembedwa mu KVK Kaundula wa Zamalonda, kuphatikizapo malire aliwonse pa ulamuliro.
• Pa malonda a katundu, mphamvu ya loya imalumikizidwa ku chikalata cha notarial, chomwe notari amalembetsa ku Kadaster. Mphamvu yokhayo siilembetsedwa padera.

Nanga chimachitika n’chiyani ngati loya wapitirira ulamuliro wake?

Chilamulo chomwe chili kunja kwa mphamvu ya loya sichikukukakamizani, pokhapokha mutachivomereza pambuyo pake. Chivomerezo chimenecho chimatchedwa kuvomereza (bekrachtiging, Article 3:69 BW).

Ngati simuvomereza, loya ali ndi udindo kwa munthu wachitatu chifukwa cha kuwonongekako, chifukwa amaonedwa kuti akutsimikizira kuti anali ndi ulamuliro (Article 3:70 BW). Pali chinthu chimodzi chofunikira: ngati mawu anu kapena khalidwe lanu linapangitsa munthu wachitatu kukhulupirira kuti loyayo anali ndi chilolezo, mukuyenerabe (Article 3:61(2) BW).

Loya sangangopangana naye yekha m'malo mwanu. Pokhapokha ngati mphamvuyo ikunena zosiyana, akhoza kukhala ngati mnzanu ngati zomwe zili mu mgwirizanowu zakonzedwa bwino kotero kuti kusamvana kwa zofuna sikuchotsedwa (Nkhani 3:68 BW).

Kodi mphamvu ya loya imatha liti?

Mphamvu ya loya imatha pazochitika zomwe zalembedwa mu Nkhani 3:72 BW, mukachotsa, kapena loya akapereka chidziwitso. Kutaya mphamvu yamaganizo si chimodzi mwazochitika zimenezo.

• Imfa, udindo wosamalira (curatele) kapena kulephera kulipira ngongole ya mwiniwake, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yokonzanso nthawi ya ngongole (WSNP) kwa mwiniwake.
• Zochitika zomwezo kumbali ya loya.
• Kuchotsedwa ndi mphunzitsi wamkulu.
• Chidziwitso cha kuchotsedwa ntchito ndi loya.

Mphamvu ya loya yokhala ndi tsiku lokhazikika lotha ntchito kapena ntchito imodzi imathanso tsiku limenelo likadutsa kapena ntchitoyo ikatha. Isintheni mwa kulemba ndipo mudziwitse loya, banki yanu ndi wina aliyense amene amadalira. Ngati mphamvuyo inali yovomerezeka ndi notarial, funsani notari kuti alembe chikalata chochotsera ntchito kuti CLTR isinthidwe.

Ngati palibe levenstestament ndipo simungathenso kuyendetsa zinthu zanu, banja lanu liyenera kupita ku khoti lachigawo (kantonrechter). Khoti likhoza kusankha woyang'anira katundu wanu (bewindvoerder, Article 1:431 BW), mphunzitsi wa nkhani zaumwini ndi zachipatala (Article 1:450 BW) kapena, pamilandu yayikulu, woyang'anira (curator, Article 1:378 BW). Banja lanu lingatenge njira yomweyo ngati loya agwiritsa ntchito molakwika mphamvu zomwe simungathenso kudzichotsa nokha; lamulo loyang'anira limathetsa mphamvu ya loya.

Kodi mungagwiritse ntchito mphamvu ya loya wa ku Netherlands kunja?

Kawirikawiri, mabanki akunja ndi malo olembetsera malo amakhazikitsa zofunikira zawo. Mayiko ambiri amapempha apostille motsatira Msonkhano wa Hague Apostille wa 1961 ndi kumasulira kovomerezeka.

Chilolezo cha ku Netherlands sichizindikirika chokha m'maiko ena. Ngati muli ndi katundu kunja, mphamvu yosiyana yolembedwa motsatira lamulo la dzikolo, pamodzi ndi chikalata chanu cha ku Netherlands, nthawi zambiri ndiyo njira yotetezeka kwambiri.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati mphunzitsi wamkulu?

Mudzakhala ndi udindo pa zomwe loya wanu amachita malinga ndi mphamvu zomwe mwapereka. Onani mfundo izi musanasaine:

• Chikalatachi chikufotokoza chilichonse chomwe mukufuna kuti chichotsedwe, monga kugulitsa nyumba yanu, chifukwa mphamvu zonse zimangokhudza kayendetsedwe ka nyumba (Nkhani 3:62 BW).
• Malire amalembedwa m'ziwerengero, monga kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe munthu ayenera kulipira pa chilichonse kapena mtengo wotsika kwambiri wogulitsa.
• Loya wolowa m'malo amatchulidwa pamene chisankho chanu choyamba sichingathe kuchitapo kanthu.
• Kuti mupeze levenstestament, mwasankha woyang'anira (toezichthouder) kapena mwafuna siginecha yachiwiri kuti mulandire malipiro akuluakulu.
• Banki yanu kapena notariyo amalandira fomu yomwe mwasankha, yachinsinsi kapena notariyo.
• Mukudziwa momwe mungachotsere mphamvu ndi amene muyenera kuwadziwitsa.

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati loya?

Monga loya, mumachita zinthu m'dzina la wina ndipo muyenera kukhala ndi mwayi woyankha chilichonse (Nkhani 7:403 BW). Onani mfundo izi musanachitepo kanthu:

• Chochita chomwe mukufuna kuchita chili mkati mwa mphamvu zomwe zalembedwa.
• Mphamvu sizinathe chifukwa cha imfa, utsogoleri, bankirapuse, WSNP kapena kuchotsa udindo (Nkhani 3:72 BW).
• Simupangana pangano ndi inu nokha kapena kampani yanu, pokhapokha ngati mphamvuyo ikulola (Nkhani 3:68 BW).
• Mumapatula ndalama za mkulu wa sukulu ndi zanu ndipo mumasunga ma invoice ndi ma statement a banki.
• Mukhoza kusonyeza umboni wolembedwa wa mphamvu zanu ku banki, notary kapena chipani china.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi chilolezo chovomerezeka?

Maloya athu amathandiza akuluakulu a boma, maloya, mabanja ndi makampani kulemba, kugwiritsa ntchito komanso kutsutsa mphamvu za maloya.

• Timawunikanso chikalata chanu cha mphamvu ya uphungu kapena levenstestament ndikufufuza ngati chilichonse chokhudza kuthetsa mlandu chafotokozedwa.
• Timalemba mphamvu za bizinesi zokhala ndi malire omveka bwino ndikukonza zolembetsa mu KVK Kaundula wa Zamalonda.
• Timayesa ngati chochita cha loya chikukukakamizani, komanso ngati kuvomereza kapena pempho pansi pa Article 3:70 BW n'kotheka.
• Timalemba kalata yochotsera ndi kulembera loya, banki ndi magulu ena omwe amadalira mphamvu.
• Timakonzekera pempho ku khoti laling'ono la chigawo kuti liperekedwe kwa oyang'anira oteteza (bewind), uphungu kapena utsogoleri.

Chidule

• Mphamvu ya loya (volmacht) imalola munthu kuchita zinthu zalamulo m'dzina lanu (Nkhani 3:60 BW); Malamulo aku Dutch safuna mawonekedwe apadera.
• Mphamvu ya onse imakhudza zochita za kasamalidwe kokha; kugulitsa kapena kubweza katundu kumafuna mphamvu yodziwikiratu (Nkhani 3:62 BW).
• Chitsimikizo cha ngongole chimapitiriza kugwira ntchito mukataya mphamvu zamaganizo; cholembera cha notarial chimalembetsedwa mu CLTR.
• Mphamvu zimatha pa imfa, utsogoleri, bankirapuse kapena WSNP ya chipani chilichonse, kuchotsedwa ntchito kapena chidziwitso (Nkhani 3:72 BW).
• Popanda mphamvu yovomerezeka, banja lanu liyenera kupempha khoti lachigawo (kantonrechter) kuti lisankhe woyang'anira, mphunzitsi kapena wosamalira.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI