Lamulo logulira zinthu: Kalozera wathunthu pakugula kwa anthu ku Netherlands

1. Mau oyamba: Kodi lamulo logulira zinthu ndi chiyani ndipo n’cifukwa ciani lili lofunika?

Lamulo la kagulitsidwe ndi malamulo omwe akuluakulu aboma ayenera kutsatira pogula katundu, ntchito ndi ntchito. Mu bukhuli, muphunzira zomwe lamulo logulira zinthu limakhudza, ndi malamulo ati omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso momwe angawagwiritsire ntchito moyenera.

Lamulo logulira zinthu likusintha nthawi zonse chifukwa cha zomwe zikuchitika pakali pano pamalamulo ndi milandu.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mfundo zazikuluzikulu zogulira, malamulo oyendetsera ntchito, njira zothandiza, kuchuluka kwa ndalama ndi zitsanzo zenizeni. Bukuli ndi lofunikira kwa azamalamulo, akatswiri omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba, amalonda, alangizi ndi omwe akuchita nawo bizinesi. Kwa magulu awa, pali maphunziro osiyanasiyana, maphunziro ndi makalasi okhudza kugula zinthu chilamulo zopezeka, zolunjika kwa akatswiri ndi maloya omwe akufuna kukulitsa chidziwitso chawo. Dutch Association for Procurement Law ndi gwero lofunikira laukadaulo pankhaniyi.

Lamulo logula zinthu ku Dutch limatsimikizira kuti ndalama za boma zikugwiritsidwa ntchito momveka bwino komanso moyenera, komanso kupereka mwayi wofanana kwa magulu onse amsika. Udindo wogula zinthu umagwira ntchito kwa akuluakulu omwe akuchita makontrakitala ndipo amasankha nthawi ndi omwe njira zogulira zinthu zili zovomerezeka, kupatulapo zochepa komanso mitundu ina ya mgwirizano. Ndikofunikira kuti onse omwe ali ndi makontrakitala komanso opereka ma tender amvetsetse ndikugwiritsa ntchito bwino malamulowa. Lamulo logulira zinthu ndi gawo lalamulo lovuta kwambiri lomwe lili ndi malamulo ambiri komanso nthawi yayitali.

2. Kumvetsetsa malamulo ogula zinthu: Mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndi matanthauzo

2.1 Tanthauzo lalikulu

Lamulo logulira zinthu limayendetsa momwe mabungwe aboma amaperekera makontrakitala kwa anthu akunja. Tenda ndi njira yomwe maboma amayika kontrakiti kwa anthu onse ndipo opereka ma tender amatha kuyitanitsa kontrakitiyi.

Zofunikira pakuchita:

• Ulamuliro wochita makontrakitala: Mabungwe aboma monga ma municipalities, zigawo, ma board a madzi ndi mayunivesite
• Opereka ma tender: Makampani omwe amatumiza zopempha za kontrakitala yaboma
• Makontrakitala aboma: Makontrakitala azinthu, ntchito kapena ntchito
• Zopereka mphoto: Miyezo yomwe ma tender amawunikiridwa
• Kulinganiza: Zofunikira ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe ndi kukula kwa mgwirizano

Chothandizira: Kusiyana pakati pa kupereka ma tender ndi kugula zinthu wamba kuli mundondomeko za boma ndi zofunikila kuchita zinthu mwapoyera. Kupereka ma tender kumatsatiridwa ndi malamulo okhwima okhudzana ndi kulumikizana, kusankha ndi kupereka mphotho.

2.2 Malamulo ndi malamulo

Lamulo la 2012 la Public Procurement Act ndilo maziko a lamulo ladziko lonse lazogula zinthu. Lamuloli limagwiritsa ntchito malangizo ogula zinthu ku Ulaya m'malamulo a Chidatchi ndipo lakhala likugwira ntchito kuyambira 1 July 2016. Lamuloli limayang'anira malamulo ogulira anthu ndipo limapereka ndondomeko yalamulo yowonetsera poyera komanso mofanana. Pochita, lamulo la 2012 la Public Procurement Act limagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zogula zinthu, ndi malamulo omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito momveka bwino.

Malangizo othandizira ndi awa:

• Chigamulo chogula zinthu: Kufotokozera za njira zinazake
• Proportionality Guide: Malangizo othandiza pazofunikira molingana
• ARW 2016: Malamulo a Zopereka Zomangamanga

Mfundo za lamuloli, monga kuchita zinthu mosabisa kanthu, kulinganizika ndi kusamalidwa kofanana, ndizofunika kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti pali njira zogulira zinthu mwachilungamo komanso momasuka.

Mgwirizano wapakati pa malamulo a EU ndi malamulo ogula zinthu padziko lonse lapansi umatsimikizira mgwirizano pakati pa Ulaya. Malamulo achi Dutch atha kukhala okhwima kuposa miyezo yocheperako yaku Europe, koma osati okhwima. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti mfundo zowonekera komanso zofanana za chithandizo zimagwiranso ntchito pansi pa malire a ku Ulaya. Malamulo a malamulo a malamulo ndi udindo wa malamulo ndizofunikira kuti ma tender akhazikitsidwe moyenera.

3. Chifukwa chiyani lamulo la kapezekedwe kazinthu ndi lofunikira ku mabungwe aboma

Malamulo ogulira zinthu amatsimikizira kuwonekera komanso kusamalidwa kofanana kwa maphwando amsika. Amalonda onse amapatsidwa mwayi wopambana mapangano, mosasamala kanthu za kukula kapena dziko.

Malangizo ndi upangiri wochokera kwa akatswiri ndi ofunikira pamatenda ovuta, monga pakumanga, kukonza madera ndi zakudya. Magawowa amafunikira thandizo la akatswiri popereka ma tender, kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake ndi kuthetsa nkhani zokhuza mpikisano ndi thandizo la boma.

Boma la Dutch limagwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi €60 biliyoni pachaka kudzera mu ma tender. Kuchulukaku kumatsimikizira malamulo okhwima ogwiritsira ntchito bwino ndalama za boma ndi mtengo wake wandalama, ndipo zimathandizira kukwaniritsa zolinga za anthu kudzera mu ma tender.

Kugula zinthu kumaletsa katangale ndi mikangano ya zofuna ndi:

• Njira za anthu ndi kulankhulana momveka bwino
• Zosankhidwiratu zosankhidwa ndi zopatsa mphotho
• Kulungamitsidwa kwa zigamulo zonse
• Njira zotetezera mwalamulo kwa opereka ma tender

Kuphatikiza apo, ma tender amalimbikitsa ukadaulo komanso kugula zinthu moyenera (SRP). Maboma atha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoperekera mphotho kuti athe kukhazikika, zolinga zamagulu ndi chitukuko chaukadaulo. SRP imatanthauza kuti boma silimangoganizira za mtengo wa ntchito kapena katundu, komanso momwe zimakhudzira chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.

4. Kuchulukirachulukira ndikuwunika njira zomwe mungasankhe

Chonde dziwani: Kusankha njira yoyenera yopangira ma tender ndikofunikira paziwongola dzanja zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa izi zimatsimikizira malamulo ndi njira zomwe ziyenera kutsatiridwa.

Ndondomeko za dziko tsatirani malire a ku Ulaya, ndi malamulo osavuta koma kusunga mfundo zazikuluzikulu. Njira zaku Europe zomwe zili pamwambazi zimafuna kufalitsidwa kwa EU lonse komanso nthawi yayitali.

Zosankha zamachitidwe pamlingo uliwonse:

• Tsegulani ndondomeko: Onse makontrakitala akhoza ma tender; kutenga nawo gawo mu tender ndi kwaulere ndipo makampani amatha kulembetsa mosavuta.
• Ndondomeko yotsekedwa: Kusankhiratu koyamba, kenako kuyitanidwa ku tender
• Kukambirana mopikisana: Kwa makontrakitala ovuta ndi kukambirana koyambirira
• Mchitidwe wokambilana: Zololedwa pazochitika zinazake
• Tsegulani ndondomeko: Mabizinesi onse atha kukhala achifundo
• Ndondomeko yoletsedwa: Kusankhiratu koyamba, kenako kuyitanidwa ku tender
• Kukambirana mopikisana: Kwa makontrakitala ovuta ndi kukambirana koyambirira
• Mchitidwe wokambilana: Zololedwa pazochitika zinazake

5. Mtsogoleli wapang'onopang'ono kuti achite bwino

Khwerero 1: Kukonzekera ndi kusanthula msika

Yambitsani tender iliyonse ndikusanthula zosowa ndi kulongosola kwa mgwirizano. Dziwani zomwe mukufuna, ntchito kapena ntchito zomwe mukufuna komanso zotsatira zomwe mukufuna kukwaniritsa.

Zofunikira zokonzekera:

• Kafukufuku wamsika paopereka omwe alipo ndi zatsopano
• Kupeza zidziwitso zoyambirira kudzera muzokambirana zamsika
• Kutsimikiza kwa bajeti ndi njira zovomerezeka zamkati
• Kukhazikitsa njira zosankhidwa ndi zifukwa zochotsera
• Chitsogozo cha akatswiri pakupanga zikalata zamatenda ndikukonzekera njira

Mndandanda wa zikalata zofunika:

• Dongosolo la zofunikira ndi luso laukadaulo
• Mgwirizano wokonzekera ndi zovomerezeka ndi zovomerezeka
• Dongosolo la EMVI lowunika ma tender
• Kukonzekera ndi masiku omalizira enieni

Gawo 2: Kusankha kachitidwe ndi kulemba zolemba

Sankhani njira yoperekera ndalama potengera mtengo wa mgwirizano, zovuta zake komanso momwe msika ulili. Kwa makontrakitala okhazikika, njira yotseguka nthawi zambiri imakhala yokwanira, pomwe mapulojekiti ovuta amafunikira zokambirana zopikisana.

Popanga zikalata zamatenda, chonde dziwani:

• Zomveka bwino: Pewani kusamvana komwe kumabweretsa zokambirana
• Zofunikira zofananira: Gwiritsani ntchito Proportionalality Guide ngati chitsogozo
• Zotsatira za EMVI: Kusamala pakati pa mtengo ndi khalidwe logwirizana ndi mgwirizano
• Malamulo olankhulana: Chotsani mapangano okhudzana ndi kukhudzana panthawi ya ndondomekoyi

Zida zolimbikitsidwa: Ma TenderNed kuti afalitsidwe, zikalata za PIANOo ndi akatswiri ofufuza zamalamulo kuti awonedwe mwalamulo. Kuphatikiza apo, alangizi akadaulo atha kuthandizira polemba ndi kuyang'ana zikalata zamatenda, makamaka pankhani zamalamulo ogula ndikugwiritsa ntchito moyenera. Makampani amatumiza ma tender awo, omwe amasungidwa motetezedwa mu 'vault' ya TenderNed. Makampani ayenera kulembetsa pa TenderNed ndikugwiritsa ntchito eHerkenning kutenga nawo gawo muzochita zamayiko aku Europe ndi mayiko kuposa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zina.

Gawo 3: Kukhazikitsa ndi kupereka mphotho

Sindikizani zotsatsa kudzera munjira zoyenera ndikulumikizana mwaukadaulo ndi onse otenga nawo mbali. Funsani mafunso kuchokera kwa opereka ma tender mofanana ndikugawana mayankho ndi onse.

Kuwunika kwa ma tender:

• Choyamba fufuzani za kukwanira ndi zifukwa zochotsera
• Chitani zosankha molingana ndi zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa kale
• Unikani njira zoperekera mphotho moyenera komanso motsatirika
• Lembani ziganizo zonse mwatsatanetsatane kuti mutetezedwe mwalamulo

Chigamulo chikatha, pamakhala nthawi yoyimilira kwa masiku 15 pomwe opereka ma tender angakane. Gwiritsani ntchito nthawiyi kuti mufotokozere anthu omwe sanapambane ndikukonzekera kusaina mgwirizano. Chidziwitso chiyeneranso kuperekedwa pachitetezo chalamulo pamatenda, monga nthawi ya Nokia, yomwe imalola opereka ma tender kutsutsa. 

6. Zolakwa zofala pamatenda

Kulakwitsa 1: Zosadziwika bwino kumabweretsa ma tender osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mikangano pakutanthauzira. Opereka ma tender akuyenera kumvetsetsa zomwe akuyembekezeka kwa iwo.

Kulakwitsa 2: Zofunikira Zosagwirizana chifukwa cha kusowa koyenera kumapatula maphwando amsika mopanda chifukwa. Funsani ziyeneretso ndi maumboni omwe ali okhudzana ndi mgwirizano weniweni.

Kulakwitsa 3: Kusakwanira kulungamitsa ya chigamulo cha mphoto imatsogolera ku milandu yopambana. Chisankho chilichonse chiyenera kukhala chotsimikizirika komanso chodziwika bwino. Njira ziyenera kutsatiridwa moyenera, motsatira mfundo za malamulo ogula zinthu.

Kulakwitsa 4: Kulephera kutsatira Tsiku la 15nthawi yoyima pambuyo pa chilengezo cha mphotho. Kusaina panganoli isanathe nthawiyi kumalepheretsa mphothoyo.

Chothandizira: Nthawi zonse gwiritsani ntchito Proportionality Guide ndipo khalani ndi zikalata zowunikiridwa ndi akatswiri azamalamulo. Samalani kwambiri pazalamulo kuti mupewe zolakwika. Kuyika ndalama pokonzekera bwino kumalepheretsa njira zodula komanso kuchedwa.

7. Lamulo lampikisano ndi ubale wake ndi malamulo ogula zinthu

Lamulo lampikisano ndi lolumikizidwa kwambiri ndi malamulo ogulira zinthu ndipo limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti pali mpikisano wachilungamo pa nthawi ya ma tender. Akuluakulu omwe ali ndi makontrakitala sayenera kungotsatira malamulo ogula zinthu, komanso aziganiziranso malamulo amipikisano kuti aletse mabizinesi ena kuyanjidwa kapena kuvutitsidwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti polemba zikalata zogula zinthu komanso powunika ma tender, chidwi chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa pa mwayi wofanana ndi kuwonekera poyera.

Ubale pakati pa lamulo la mpikisano ndi malamulo ogula zinthu ndizovuta. Pomwe malamulo ogula zinthu amayang'ana kwambiri kupereka momveka bwino komanso koyenera kwa makontrakitala aboma, lamulo la mpikisano likufuna kuletsa ma cartel, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika maudindo akuluakulu ndi machitidwe ena odana ndi mpikisano. M'menemo, ma kontrakitala amatha kukumana ndi zovuta, mwachitsanzo pamene opereka ma tender apanga mgwirizano pakati pawo kapena pamene njira zosankhira ziletsa mpikisano mosadziwa. Izi zingayambitse mikangano ndi milandu, yomwe malamulo a dziko ndi a ku Ulaya amagwira nawo ntchito.

Oyimira malamulo ogulira zinthu ndi ofunikira polangiza onse omwe akuchita makontrakitala komanso amalonda pakugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la mpikisano pogula zinthu. Amapereka chithandizo pakupanga zikalata zamatenda, kuwunika ma tender ndi kuwonetsetsa kuti malamulo onse ofunikira akutsatira. Muzochitika zovuta, monga kukayikirana kwa mgwirizano woletsedwa pakati pa opereka ma tender kapena madandaulo osagwirizana ndi kusalingana, oweruza atha kukhala ngati alangizi kapena oyimilira m'khoti.

Ndikofunikira kuti onse omwe akuchita makontrakitala komanso amalonda apeze upangiri wazamalamulo munthawi yake. Izi sizimangolepheretsa kuphwanya malamulo a mpikisano, komanso zimathandiza kuti pakhale ndondomeko yoyendetsera bwino komanso yowonekera bwino. Pogwira ntchito ndi oweruza odziwa zamalamulo ogula zinthu, maphwando amatha kuchepetsa ziwopsezo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti malamulo adziko ndi aku Europe akugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera.

7. Chitsanzo chothandiza: Municipality of Amsterdam Mtengo wa ICT

Nkhani: Municipality wa Amsterdam kuchulukitsa ndalama ndi 25% kudzera muukadaulo waukadaulo wa ICT pakukonzanso zomangamanga.

Mkhalidwe woyamba: Mutauniyo adagawa mapangano a ICT ndi ogulitsa osiyanasiyana, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mitengo yokwera komanso maudindo osamveka bwino.

Masitepe otengedwa:

1. Kufufuza kwakukulu kwa msika muzokambirana za ICT zatsopano
2. Kuphatikizika kwa makontrakitala osiyana mu mgwirizano wophatikizika
3. Njira za EMVI zimayang'ana kwambiri pakupulumutsa mtengo, mulingo wautumiki komanso luso
4. Kukambitsirana kwakukulu ndi maphwando amsika panthawi yokonzekera

Zotsatira zomaliza:

• €2.1 miliyoni zopulumutsa pachaka pamitengo ya ICT
• 40% kuwongolera kupezeka kwadongosolo
• Kukhazikitsa matekinoloje atsopano a digito

8. Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa kawirikawiri okhudza malamulo ogula zinthu

Q1: Ndi liti pamene bungwe la boma limayenera kupereka ma tender?

A1: Chikakamizo chopereka ma tender chikugwira ntchito kwa ochita makontrakitala pamakontrakitala opitilira muyeso wokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo; zikatero, lamulo lonse la Public Procurement Act likugwira ntchito. Ngakhale zili pansi pa ndalamazi, mfundo zowonetsetsa kuti zisamachitike ndi kusamalidwa mofanana pansi pa Pangano la EU zimagwira ntchito. Ochita mabizinesi atha kutenga nawo gawo pamatenda mwachilungamo komanso momveka bwino polembetsa ngati opereka ma tender motsatira ndondomeko yomwe yakhazikitsidwa.

Q2: Kodi tender ikhoza kuthetsedwa popanda zotsatira zake?

A2: Inde, koma pazifukwa zomveka monga kusintha kwenikweni kapena ma tender osagwiritsidwa ntchito. Komabe, pali kuchotserapo paudindo wopereka ma tender, mwachitsanzo pankhani ya mgwirizano ndi anthu kapena zochitika zina. Malipiro atha kuperekedwa kwa opereka ma tender.

Q3: Zotsatira za zolakwika zamachitidwe ndi chiyani?

A3: Mphotho yopanda pake komanso yopanda pake, udindo wolipira chipukuta misozi komanso mlandu womwe ungakhalepo pamilandu ya kunyalanyaza kwakukulu. Khotilo likhoza kuthetsedwa.

Q4: Kodi ochita makontrakitala amaloledwa kukambirana za ma tender?

A4: Pokhapokha munjira zenizeni monga njira zokambitsirana kapena kukambirana mopikisana. M'machitidwe otseguka, kukambirana pamtengo kapena zinthu zazikulu ndizoletsedwa. Momwe amalonda angatengere nawo gawo zimasiyana malinga ndi ndondomeko ndipo zalembedwa muzolemba zamatenda.

9. Kutsiliza: Mfundo zofunika kuziganizira

Mfundo zisanu zofunika kwambiri pakuchita bwino kwa ma tender ndi kulinganiza koyenera, kuyankhula momveka bwino, njira zolondola motsatira malamulo, kulungamitsa zisankho, kutsatira mosamalitsa masiku omaliza komanso kulemekeza mfundo zamalamulo ogula zinthu.

Ndikofunikira kutsata ndondomeko yoyenera pa sitepe iliyonse ndi kulabadira zonse zazamalamulo zomwe zikukhudzidwa pakupanga ma tender.