Kuzindikiridwa & Kukhazikitsa Ziweruzo Zakunja Kufotokozedwa
M’makontrakitala ambiri a zamalonda a m’mayiko ndi akunja, kaŵirikaŵiri amakonda kulinganiza mikangano yothetsa mikangano yamalonda. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mlanduwu udzaperekedwa kwa woweruza milandu m'malo mwa woweruza wa khoti la dziko. Kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphotho ya arbitration kumalizike, pamafunika kuti woweruza wa dzikolo apereke chigamulo. Exequatur imatanthawuza kuvomereza mphotho ya arbitration ndipo yofanana ndi chigamulo chalamulo chomwe chikhoza kukhazikitsidwa kapena kuperekedwa.
Malamulo ovomerezeka ndi kutsatiridwa kwa chigamulo chakunja amayendetsedwa ndi New York Convention. Msonkhanowu unavomerezedwa ndi msonkhano wa United Nations diplomatic Conference pa 10 June 1958 ku New York. Msonkhanowu udamaliziridwa makamaka kuti ulamulire ndikuthandizira njira yozindikirira ndi kutsata chigamulo chalamulo chakunja pakati pa mayiko omwe akuchita mgwirizano.
Pakadali pano, msonkhano waku New York uli ndi maphwando aboma 159
Zikafika pa kuzindikira ndi kukakamiza kutengera nkhani V (1) ya New York Convention, woweruza amaloledwa kukhala ndi mphamvu pamilandu yapadera. M'malo mwake, woweruza saloledwa kuyang'ana kapena kuyesa zomwe zili mu chigamulo chalamulo pamilandu yokhudzana ndi kuzindikira ndi kukakamiza. Komabe, pali zopatulapo zokhudzana ndi zisonyezo zazikulu za zolakwika zofunika pakuweruza mwalamulo, kotero kuti sizingaganizidwe ngati mlandu wachilungamo.
Kupatulapo kwina ku lamuloli kumagwira ntchito ngati kuli kotheka kuti ngati mlandu wachilungamo, zikanapangitsa kuti chigamulo chalamulo chiwonongeke. Mlandu wofunikira wotsatira wa Bungwe Lalikulu ukuwonetsa momwe kuchotserako kungagwiritsidwe ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Funso lalikulu ndilakuti ngati mphotho yotsutsana yomwe idawonongedwa ndi khothi lamilandu yaku Russia, ikhoza kuperekabe njira yovomerezeka ndi kukakamiza ku Netherlands.
Mlanduwu ndi wokhudza bungwe lazamalamulo la ku Russia lomwe ndi lopanga zitsulo padziko lonse lapansi lotchedwa OJSC Novolipetsky Metallurgichesky Kombinat (NLMK). Wopanga zitsulo ndiye wolemba ntchito wamkulu kwambiri m'chigawo cha Russia cha Lipetsk. Zambiri mwa magawo a kampaniyo ndi za wabizinesi waku Russia VS Lisin. Lisin ndiyenso mwiniwake wa madoko odutsa ku St. Petersburg ndi Tuapse.
Lisin ali ndi udindo wapamwamba ku kampani yaku Russia ya United Shipbuilding Corporation komanso ali ndi chidwi ndi kampani yaku Russia ya Freight One, yomwe ndi kampani yanjanji. Kutengera ndi Pangano la Purchase Agreement, lomwe limaphatikizapo njira zothanirana, mbali zonse ziwiri zagwirizana zogula ndi kugulitsa magawo a NLMK a Lisin ku NLMK.
Pambuyo pa mkangano ndi malipiro mochedwa wa mtengo wogula m'malo mwa NLKM, Lisin akuganiza zobweretsa nkhaniyi pamaso pa International Commercial Arbitration Court ku Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation ndipo amafuna malipiro a mtengo wogula magawo, omwe ali molingana ndi iye, 14,7 biliyoni rubles. NLMK ikunena podziteteza kuti Lisin adalandira kale ndalama zogulira zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mtengo wogulira wasintha kukhala ma ruble 5,9 biliyoni.
Marichi 2011 njira yachifwamba idayambika motsutsana ndi Lisin pakuwaganizira zachinyengo ngati gawo logawana nawo ntchito ndi NLMK komanso chifukwa chokayikira kuti yasokeretsa khothi la Arbitration pa mlandu wotsutsana ndi NLMK. Komabe, madandaulowo sanachititse kuti mlandu wabodza upitirire.
Khothi la Arbitration, pomwe mlandu wapakati pa Lisin ndi NLMK wazengedwa mlandu, adagamula kuti NLMK ilipire mtengo wotsala wa ma ruble a 8,9 ndikukana zonena za onse awiri. Mtengo wogulira pambuyo pake umawerengedwa kutengera theka la mtengo wogulira ndi Lisin (ma ruble 22,1 biliyoni) ndi mtengo wowerengedwa ndi NLMK (1,4 biliyoni rubles). Pankhani ya malipiro apamwamba khoti linagamula kuti NLMK ilipire ma ruble 8,9 biliyoni.
Chigamulo chotsutsana ndi chigamulo cha khothi la Arbitration sichingatheke ndipo NLMK inati, kutengera zomwe adakayikira kale zachinyengo zomwe a Lisin anachita, kuti awononge chigamulo chotsutsana ndi Khothi la Arbitrazh mumzinda wa Moscow. Chidziwitso chimenecho chaperekedwa ndipo mphotho ya arbitration idzawonongedwa.
Lisin sangayime ndipo akufuna kutsatira lamulo losunga magawo omwe NLMK ali nawo mu likulu lake la NLMK International BV mu Amsterdam. Kuwonongeka kwa chigamulochi kwapangitsa kuti zikhale zosatheka kutsatira lamulo loteteza ku Russia. Chifukwa chake, Lisin apempha kuti avomerezedwe ndikutsatiridwa ndi mphotho yotsutsana. Pempho lake lakanidwa.
Kutengera ndi msonkhano wa New York ndizofala kwa olamulira omwe ali ndi mphamvu m'dziko lomwe chiwongola dzanja chotsutsana chimakhazikitsidwa (panthawiyi makhothi wamba aku Russia) kuti asankhe pakati pa dzikolo. chilamulo, pakuwonongeka kwa mphotho za Arbitration. M'malo mwake, khothi lamilandu sililoledwa kuwunika mphotho za Arbitration izi. Khoti Loyang'anira Milandu Yotsutsana likuwona kuti mphotho ya arbitration singathe kuperekedwa, chifukwa kulibenso.
Lisin adachita apilo motsutsana ndi chigamulochi pa Amsterdam Bwalo la Apilo. Khotilo likuwona kuti mphotho yothetsa mikangano yomwe yawonongeka nthawi zambiri sikhala ikuganiziridwa pakuzindikiridwa ndi kutsatiridwa kulikonse pokhapokha ngati ndi nkhani yapadera. Pali vuto lapadera ngati pali zisonyezero zamphamvu zosonyeza kuti chiweruzo cha makhoti a ku Russia chilibe zolakwika zofunika, kotero kuti izi sizingaganizidwe ngati mlandu wachilungamo. The Amsterdam Khoti Loona za Apilo siliona kuti mlanduwu ndi wosiyana.
Lisin adachita apilo mlanduwo mopempha izi. Malinga ndi a Lisin khothi lidalephera kuyamikiranso mphamvu zoyeseleredwa ku khothi potengera nkhani V (1) (e) yomwe imawunika ngati chiwonongeko chakunja chitha kupititsa patsogolo njira zoyendetsera mphotho yaku Netherlands. Bungwe Lalikulu linayerekezera zolemba zenizeni za Chingerezi ndi Chifalansa zomwe zalembedwa pamsonkhano. Mabaibulo onsewa akuwoneka kuti ali ndi matanthauzidwe osiyana okhudza mphamvu yakusankha yomwe idaperekedwa ku khothi. Mtundu wachingerezi wa nkhani V (1) (e) akuti:
- Kuzindikiridwa ndikulimbikitsa kulandira mphothoyo kukanidwa, pokhapokha chipani chomwe chikupemphedwa, pokhapokha chipani chikaperekedwa kwa woyenerera komwe kuvomerezedwa ndi kukhazikikitsidwa kumafunidwa, chitsimikizo kuti:
(...)
- e) Mphothoyo sinakhale yomangiriza maphwando, kapena yayimitsidwa kapena kuyimitsidwa ndi akuluakulu adziko lomwe, kapena pansi pa chilamulo zomwe, mphothoyo idapangidwa. ”
Mtundu waku French nkhani V (1) (e) akuti:
"1. La reconnaissance et l'exécution de la chiganizo ndi ma sega akukambirana, Kufunikirako gawo lokhazikika, anthu omwe ali ndi chilolezo chofuna kupereka malipirowa ayenera kulipira:
(...)
- e) Chilango chokhazikitsira ufulu wothandizila anthu kuti azitsatira zipani kapena a annééé ou suspendue par une autorité compétente du pay dans lequel, ou d'après la loi duquel, ndipo chigamulochi chiyenera kuperekedwa. "
Mphamvu zakusankha za Chingerezi ('atha kukanidwa') zikuwoneka zokulirapo kuposa Chifalansa ('ne seront refusées que si'). A High Council adapeza matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana pazinthu zina zakugwiritsa ntchito msonkhanowu moyenera.
Bungwe Lalikulu liyesa kumveketsa kumasulira kosiyanako powonjezera matanthauzidwe ake. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu yakusankha ikhoza kuikidwa pokhapokha ngati pali chifukwa chokana malinga ndi Mgwirizanowu. Pankhaniyi zinali za chifukwa chokana kutanthauzira kuti 'kuwonongedwa kwa mphotho ya Arbitration'. Ndizotheka ku Lisin kutsimikizira zochokera pazowona ndi zochitika zomwe nthaka yokana yopanda maziko.
A High Council amagawana kwathunthu malingaliro a Khothi Lalikulu. Pangakhale mlandu wapadera malinga ndi Khothi Lalikulu pomwe kuwonongedwa kwa mphotho yaumbuyo kutengera zifukwa zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi kukana kwa nkhani V (1). Ngakhale khothi lachi Dutch lipatsidwa mphamvu zodziyimira palokha ngati lingavomerezedwe ndikukakamizidwa, silikugwiritsanso ntchito chiweruzo pankhaniyi. Zotsutsa zopangidwa ndi Lisin sizikhala ndi mwayi wopambana.
Chigamulo ichi cha High Council chimapereka kumasulira komveka momwe nkhani V (1) yamsonkhano waku New York iyenera kutanthauzidwira potengera mphamvu yakusankha yomwe idaperekedwa ku khothi pakuvomerezedwa ndikuwongolera chigamulo chachiwonongeko. Izi zikutanthauza, mwachidule, kuti pazochitika zina zokha chiwonongeko cha chiwonongeko chitha kupitilizidwa.
