Ndalama zolipirira lendi, ndalama zothandizira ndi lamulo la Good Landlordship Act ku Netherlands

Pafupifupi munthu aliyense wochokera kumayiko ena amene amabwereka nyumba ku Netherlands amalipira ndalama zolipirira, ndipo ambiri amada nkhawa kumapeto kwa lendi ngati adzazionanso. Kuyambira pamene lamulo la Wet goed verhuurderschap (Good Landlordship Act) linayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Julayi 2023, malamulowa amveka bwino: pali malire pa ndalama zolipirira, nthawi yomaliza yobwezera, komanso udindo wofotokoza mwa kulemba chilichonse chomwe sichinasungidwe. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zomwe lamulo limanena zokhudza ndalama zolipirira, ndalama zolipirira ntchito ndi ndalama zolipirira mabungwe, komanso zomwe mbali iliyonse ingachite pa mkangano.

Ndalama zolipirira: kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe mwini nyumba angafunse

Malinga ndi malamulo onse okhudza khalidwe omwe ali mu nkhani 2 ya Wet goed verhuurderschap, ndi gawo lomwe laikidwa mu nkhani 261b ya Buku 7 la Dutch Civil Code ( Burgerlijk Wetboek ), mwini nyumba sangapemphe ndalama zokwana kawiri kuposa lendi ya bare . "Bare rent" ( kale huur ) ndi lendi ya malo ogona okha, kupatula ndalama zogwirira ntchito, magetsi ndi zina zowonjezera mipando.

Denga linayambitsidwa ndi lamuloli pa 1 Julayi 2023, ndipo ndalama zazikulu zomwe zavomerezedwa pansi pa mapangano akale zimakwaniritsidwabe. Wobwereka pa mgwirizano wotere sayenera kuganiza kuti ndalamazo sizingatsutsidwe. Kale kwambiri denga lisanakhalepo, makhothi ang'onoang'ono anali kuchotsa ndalama zambiri zomwe zinalipo ngati phindu losafunikira motsatira nkhani 264 ya Buku 7 la Dutch Civil Code: Rechtbank Noord-Holland inathetsa ndalama zomwe zinalipo kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pa 5 Ogasiti 2015 (ECLI:NL:RBNHO:2015:6660), ponena kuti ndalama zokwana kawiri kuposa lendi ya pamwezi sizoyenera, ndipo Rechtbank Amsterdam kuchepetsa ndalama zolipirira lendi ya miyezi yoposa inayi kufika pa ziwiri pa 4 Marichi 2019 (ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2019:1490). Zimenezo ndi zisankho zoyamba osati ulamuliro womangirira, ndipo palibe chigamulo chomwe chanenedwa chomwe chikuwoneka kuti chagwiritsa ntchito muyezo wa mwini nyumba pa ndalama zomwe zinavomerezedwa isanafike Julayi 2023. Mzere wakalewo ndi mfundo yofunika kuiganizira.

Ngati mwini nyumba akupempha zambiri, wobwereka sayenera kulipira ndalama zochulukirapo, akhoza kupempha kubweza chilichonse chomwe adalipira mopitirira muyeso, ndipo boma likhoza kukakamiza. Dziwani kuti "ndalama zolipirira miyezi iwiri kuphatikiza lendi ya mwezi umodzi pasadakhale" si ndalama zolipirira miyezi itatu: lendi yolipira pasadakhale ndi lendi, osati chitetezo. "Ndalama zoyendetsera" zomwe sizingabwezedwe pamodzi ndi ndalama zolipirira siziloledwa konse.

Kubweza ndalama zomwe zasungidwa: nthawi ziwiri zomaliza

Lamuloli limakhazikitsa nthawi ziwiri zomaliza, ndipo kusiyana pakati pawo ndi mfundo yomwe nthawi zambiri imamvedwa molakwika.

• Kumene mwini nyumba sachotsa chilichonsendalama zomwe zasungidwa ziyenera kubwezedwa mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi kumapeto kwa lendi.
• Kumene mwini nyumba amachotsera ndalama zinazake, nthawiyo ndi masiku makumi atatu kuyambira kumapeto kwa lendi. Nthawi yayitali imakhalapo kuti mwini nyumba athe kuyang'ana, kuwerengera ndikulemba zomwe zachotsedwa.

Mwininyumba amene amachotsa ndalama ayenera kupatsa wobwerekayo chikalata cholembedwa cha zomwe zasungidwa ndi chifukwa chake, ndi kufotokoza kwathunthu. Kunena kuti "chowonongeka chapezeka" sikukwaniritsa udindowo, ndipo kusakhalapo kwake kokha ndi kuswa lamulo. Nthawi ya masiku makumi atatu si chilolezo chochedwetsa: mwininyumba amene sangagule mtengo wokonzera ayenera kubweza ndalama zomwe sizinatsutsidwe ndikulongosola zomwe zatsala.

Zomwe zingachotsedwe ndi zomwe sizingachotsedwe

Kuchotsera kololedwa kuli kochepa: lendi yosalipidwa, ndalama zolipirira ntchito zosalipidwa, ndalama zolipirira muyeso wogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu womwe wagwirizana, ndi kuwonongeka komwe kwachitika chifukwa cha wobwereka. Kuwonongeka kwanthawi zonse sikuli pamndandanda, ndipo "ndalama zoyendetsera" sizingachotsedwe chifukwa choti mgwirizanowo wanena zimenezo.

Mzere pakati pa kuwonongeka ndi kukalamba ndi komwe mikangano yambiri imakhala. Malinga ndi nkhani 218 ya Buku 7 la Civil Code, wobwereka ali ndi udindo pa kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kulephera kwa wobwereka, ndipo kuwonongekako kumaganiziridwa kuti kwachitika, kupatulapo moto ndi, pa katundu wosamuka womangidwa, kuwonongeka kwa kunja. Lingaliro limenelo ndi lenileni, koma limagwira ntchito limodzi ndi nkhani 224 - ndipo ndi pomwe lipoti lowunikira limakhala lofunika kwambiri.

Lipoti lowunikira, ndi zomwe zimachitika ngati palibe

Nkhani 224 ya Buku 7 la Malamulo a Zachikhalidwe imati pamene magulu awiriwa adalemba kufotokozera kolembedwa kwa katunduyo pachiyambi, wobwereka ayenera kubweza katunduyo momwe adalembedwera, kupatula kusintha kovomerezeka ndi malamulo ndi chilichonse chomwe chawonongeka chifukwa cha ukalamba kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mwachizolowezi. Ngati palibe kufotokozera koteroko komwe kwalembedwa, wobwereka akuganiziridwa kuti walandira katunduyo momwe alili kumapeto kwa lendi , malinga ndi ufulu wa mwini nyumbayo wotsimikizira zosiyana.

Zotsatira zake zimakhala zomveka. Ndi lipoti lolembetsedwa losainidwa ndi zithunzi zakale, mwini nyumba amene wapeza malo ogwirira ntchito oyaka akhoza kuloza lipotilo ndikuwonetsa kusintha. Popanda chimodzi, poyambira ndichakuti nyumbayo inali kale momwe ilili pano, ndipo mwini nyumbayo ayenera kuchotsa lingaliro limenelo ndi umboni wina. Mwini nyumba amene sanayang'ane nthawi zambiri amapeza kuti kuchotsera sikungatheke.

Ndalama zolipirira ntchito ndi malipiro pasadakhale

Ndalama zothandizira ( servicekosten ) zimalipidwa kuwonjezera pa lendi ya katundu ndi ntchito zokhudzana ndi kukhala m'nyumbamo: kuyeretsa malo ogwirira ntchito, wosamalira, magetsi a anthu onse, kukonza munda, kugwiritsa ntchito mipando. Nthawi zambiri amalipiridwa ngati ndalama zolipirira pamwezi ( voorschot ) ndipo amalipidwa malinga ndi ndalama zenizeni.

Malinga ndi nkhani 259 ya Buku 7 la Civil Code, mwini nyumba ayenera kupatsa wobwereka chikalata cha pachaka cha ndalama zenizeni komanso momwe zinawerengedwera, mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera kumapeto kwa chaka cha kalendala - pofika pa 1 Julayi. Ngati lendi itha pakati pa chaka, imaphimba gawo lotha la chaka. Malinga ndi nkhani 261, ndalama zolipirira zitha kuperekedwa pokhapokha ngati katundu kapena ntchito zatsopano zavomerezedwa, kapena pambuyo pa chikalata, ndipo chikalata chilichonse chikuthandizira kukwera kamodzi kokha. Nkhani 260 imalola mbali iliyonse kufunsa Huurcommissie kuti idziwe zomwe ziyenera kulipidwa.

Ndalama zolipirira ntchito ndi njira yopezera ndalama zenizeni, osati malo opezera phindu. Zinthu zina sizingalipidwe ngati ndalama zolipirira ntchito konse: ntchito zosamalira monga chakudya kapena ntchito zochenjeza, ndi ndalama zolipirira mwiniwake osati wokhalamo, monga msonkho wa katundu. Ndalama zolipirira munthu wokhalamo, monga msonkho wa zinyalala, zitha kuperekedwa. Kupereka kutentha kumayendetsedwa padera ndi Warmtewet.

Zipangizo zamagetsi ndi zosiyananso. Ngati nyumbayo ili ndi mita yakeyake, gasi, madzi ndi magetsi nthawi zambiri zimagwiridwa ntchito ndi wobwereka mwachindunji, kapena zimaperekedwa ndi mwini nyumbayo ndipo zimalipidwa pa ndalama zogwiritsidwa ntchito; ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito ( nutsvoorzieningen ), osati ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Lendi ya "zonse" yomwe imaphatikiza chilichonse mu ndalama imodzi ingagawidwe m'zigawo zake ngati ipemphedwa.

Malamulo atsopano kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2027

Wet modernisering servicekosten yayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Januwale 2027 , ndi Besluit servicekosten ndi Regeling servicekosten. Ikusintha njira yotseguka yomwe ilipo pano ndi mndandanda wotsekedwa wa magulu asanu ndi atatu a ndalama zolipiritsa, ikutsimikizira kuti ndalama zenizeni zokha ndi zomwe zingalipidwe ndipo palibe phindu lomwe lingatengedwe, ndipo imafotokoza momwe zimawerengedwera. Chiwerengero cha Besluit servicekosten ndi chokwanira, ndipo chiganizo chomaliza chiyenera kufika kwa wobwereka pofika pa 1 Julayi pambuyo pa chaka chomwe chikukhudzana nacho. Malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi a anthu onse ndi maiwe osambira sali pamndandanda. Mphamvu zowunikira za Huurcommissie zakulitsidwa. Malamulowa amagwira ntchito pa mapangano omwe adachitika kuyambira 1 Januwale 2027, ndipo mwini nyumba angawagwiritse ntchito pa malo obwereka omwe alipo ndi mgwirizano wa wobwereka.

Ndalama zolipirira bungwe ndi kuletsa kulipira kawiri

Lamulo la Wet goed verhuurderschap limaletsa eni nyumba ndi kulola oyimira pakati kuti azilipiritsa ndalama zowirikiza kawiri za bungwe — kutenga ndalama kuchokera kwa mwini nyumba ndi wobwereka pa malonda omwewo. Izi zikugwirizana ndi lamulo lakale lomwe lili m'nkhani 417 ndi 427 za Buku 7 la Civil Code: wothandizira mwini nyumba sakuyenera kulipira ndalama kuchokera kwa wobwereka. Ngati katunduyo ali m'mabuku a wothandizira, wobwereka sayenera kulipira kalikonse.

Ndalama za mgwirizano ndi ndalama zazikulu ( sleutelgeld ) sizingalipidwe kwa wobwereka. Mwininyumba angalipire chinthu chomwe wobwereka amapindula nacho, monga dzina la nyumba pakhomo, ndipo wobwereka angagule zinthu kuchokera kwa wobwereka wotuluka pamtengo womwe mwagwirizana ( overnamekosten ), koma njira yobwezeretsanso ndalama zobwereka si njira yobweretseranso. Wobwereka amalipira bwino ndalama pokhapokha atagwiritsa ntchito wothandizira wofufuza yemwe amagwira ntchito payekha popanda eninyumba ndipo amapeza malo ogona kunja kwa katundu wa wothandizirayo. Ndalama zomwe zimalipidwa mosiyana ndi malamulo awa zitha kubwezedwanso.

The Wet inapita ku verhuurderschap kupitirira dipositi

Lamuloli ndi lalikulu kuposa ndalama. Nkhani yachiwiri imafotokoza malamulo a dziko lonse okhudza mwini nyumba aliyense ndi woyimira pakati pa mwini nyumba. Amafuna kuti mwini nyumbayo:

• pewa tsankho posankha anthu obwereka nyumba, ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yosankhira anthu poyera;
• pewa kuopseza, zomwe zikuphatikizapo kuopseza kuti sadzakonza zinthu, kuletsa ntchito kapena kusunga ndalama zomwe zasungidwa kuti akakamize wobwereka;
• lembani lendi mu mgwirizano wolembedwa;
• auzeni wobwereka mwa kulemba, m'chinenero chimene wobwereka amamvetsetsa, za ufulu ndi maudindo — momwe ndalama zomwe zasungidwa zimagwirira ntchito komanso nthawi yomwe zidzabwezedwe, momwe ndalama zothandizira zimalipidwira, zambiri zolumikizirana ndi mwini nyumba komanso malo operekera malipoti a boma (a ntchito yodziwitsa). Chilankhulochi sichimangofunika kwa anthu osamukira kumayiko ena okha, kotero kwa munthu wobwereka kudziko lina izi zikutanthauza kuti chidziwitsochi chiyenera kuperekedwa mu Chingerezi;
• tsatirani malire a ndalama zomwe zasungidwa ndi malamulo a ndalama zolipirira ntchito, ndipo musalipire ndalama zowirikiza kawiri za bungwe;
• tsatirani malamulo owonjezera pamene wobwereka ndi mlendo wochokera ku EU, kuphatikizapo mgwirizano wa lendi wosiyana ndi pangano la ntchito ndi chidziwitso chofunikira. m'chilankhulo chimene wantchito amamva.

Nkhani 3 imafuna kuti eni nyumba ndi oyimira pakati omwe amabwereketsa nyumba panthawi ya bizinesi akhale ndi njira yolembedwa yopewera tsankho la nyumba, ndikufalitsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito.

Malo ofotokozera malipoti a boma ndi kukakamiza

Kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2024, maboma onse ayenera kugwira ntchito malo ofotokozera (malo ofotokozera) pansi pa nkhani 4: malire otsika, aulere, komanso otseguka kwa malipoti osadziwika okhudza khalidwe losayenera lobwereka. Eindhoven ndi Amsterdam zonse zimagwira ntchito imodzi. Lipoti si pempho la ndalama — wobwereketsa sadzalamula kuti ndalama zomwe mwasungitsa zibwezedwe — koma zimayambitsa udindo woyang'anira wa boma.

Kukakamiza kumawonjezeka. Kuphwanya koyamba nthawi zambiri kumakopa chenjezo, ponena kuti kuphwanya kwina kungayambitse chindapusa ndi kufalitsa tsatanetsatane wa wolakwayo. Kuphwanya mobwerezabwereza kapena kwakukulu kumatha kuchitika ndi lamulo lomwe liyenera kulipidwa chilango ( chomaliza onder dwangsom ) kapena kukakamizidwa ndi akuluakulu, komanso ndi zindapusa. Nkhani 19 ya Wet goed verhuurderschap imayika chindapusa chachikulu cha gulu lachinayi, ndikukwera kufika pa gulu lachisanu kwa mwini nyumba amene waphwanya lamulo lomwelo mkati mwa zaka zinayi. Ndalama zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi gulu lililonse zimakhazikitsidwa mu nkhani 23 ya Dutch Criminal Code (Wetboek van Strafrecht) ndipo zimasinthidwa nthawi ndi nthawi, kotero chiwerengero chapano chiyenera kuwerengedwa pamenepo m'malo motengedwa kuchokera ku nambala yomwe yatchulidwa kwina. Monga njira yomaliza, boma likhoza kutenga kayendetsedwe ka malowo. Pansi pa nkhani 5, ingafunikenso chilolezo chobwereketsa m'malo osankhidwa.

Njira iti yoti mutenge

Obwereka nyumba ndi eni nyumba nthawi zambiri amasankha malo olakwika ndipo amataya miyezi yambiri. Njira zitatuzi zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndipo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi imodzi.

Ngati sichingathe kuthetsedwa, mlandu wa dipositi uyenera kuperekedwa kukhoti lachigawo chaching'ono; zochitika kumeneko sizifuna loya. Mikangano ya milandu yothandiza ndi gawo la Huurcommissie ndipo ndi yotsika mtengo kwambiri: ndalama (leges) ndi ndalama zochepa zokhazikika kwa wobwereka kapena munthu wina wachilengedwe ndipo ndizokwera kwambiri kwa mwininyumba kapena munthu wina walamulo. Mitengo imakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo a nduna ndipo imafalitsidwa ndi Huurcommissie, choncho yang'anani chiwerengero cha panopa musanapemphe. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha Huurcommissie, munthu wosakhutira angapereke chikalata choitanira kukhoti lachigawo chaching'ono mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi itatu ; pamene wapampando wasankha yekha, kutsutsa ( verzet ) kungaperekedwe mkati mwa milungu itatu.

Malire a nthawi

Pa ndalama zolipirira ntchito, nkhani 260 ya Buku 7 la Civil Code imalola pempho ku Huurcommissie lomwe silipitirira miyezi khumi ndi iwiri pa gulu lililonse la mtengo, loperekedwa mkati mwa miyezi makumi awiri mphambu inayi kuchokera pamene nthawi yomwe chikalata cha pachaka chiyenera kuperekedwa yatha. Mukaphonya zenera limenelo ndipo njira ya Huurcommissie imatsekedwa.

Kupempha kubweza ndalama zomwe zasungidwa ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino chofuna kuchita bwino, malinga ndi nthawi yochepera zaka zisanu yomwe ili mu nkhani 307 ya Buku 3 la Civil Code. Zaka zisanu ndi zabwino, koma kuchedwa kumawononga umboni, kotero kufuna kulipira kolembedwa mwachangu; kufuna kumasokonezanso kuchepetsa.

Malangizo othandiza

Kwa obwereka nyumba

• Musanasayine, yang'anani ndalama zomwe zasungidwa pa lendi ya miyezi iwiri ndipo funsani za mgwirizano uliwonse, kayendetsedwe ka nyumba kapena ndalama zolipirira lendi.
• Limbikirani kuti mulandire lipoti lolembetsa (opnamestaat) osainidwa ndi onse awiri, kujambula zithunzi zakale za chipinda chilichonse, ndikulemba mawerengedwe a mita.
• Sungani umboni wa ndalama zomwe mwalipira ndi ndalama zonse zolipirira ntchito, ndipo lembani mwini nyumbayo adilesi yanu yatsopano ndi zambiri za banki mukachoka.
• Lembani tsiku la 1 Julayi kuti mupeze lipoti la ndalama zothandizira chaka chatha, ndipo lembani nthawi ya miyezi makumi awiri mphambu inayi.
• Ngati nthawi yomaliza yatha, tumizani pempho lolembedwa ndi nthawi yochepa komanso yomveka bwino yoti mulipire; ngati zimenezo zalephera, perekani lipoti kwa wotsutsa ndikuganizira zomwe khothi likuchita.

Kwa eni nyumba

• Lembani zikalata zanu: mgwirizano wolembedwa, kuphatikizapo pepala lofotokozera ndalama zomwe mwasungitsa, ndalama zogwirira ntchito, zambiri zanu zolumikizirana ndi ndalama zomwe mwalipira — mu Chingerezi komwe mumabwereketsa kwa anthu ochokera kumayiko ena.
• Musatenge lendi yoposa miyezi iwiri pa lendi yatsopano, ndipo musasinthe ndalama zochulukirapo kukhala ndalama zolipirira.
• Yang'anani koyambirira ndi kumapeto, polemba ndipo makamaka ndi wobwereka nyumbayo.
• Bwezerani mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi ngati simunachotse chilichonse; pamene munachotsa, bwezerani ndalama zomwe sizinatsutsidwe ndikutumiza chidule chonse cholembedwa mkati mwa masiku makumi atatu, ndi ma invoice kumbuyo kwake. Musamalipire chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kapena kukonzanso zinthu mwachizolowezi.
• Tumizani lipoti la pachaka pofika pa 1 Julayi, lolembedwa m'ndandanda komanso kutengera ndalama zenizeni, ndipo konzekerani kuti mndandanda wotsekedwa uyambe kugwira ntchito pa 1 Januwale 2027.