Mu Dutch, magawo enieni a bizinesi yomwe yasweka amagulidwa kuchokera ku chuma ndikupitiriza, nthawi zambiri m'bungwe lovomerezeka lomwe lilipo kapena lomwe langoyamba kumene kulembedwa. Ngongole zimatsalira m'kampani yomwe yasweka, zomwe zimathetsedwa. Kusiyana kumeneku kumafotokoza chifukwa chake kuyambitsanso bizinesi kumakhala kokongola, komanso chifukwa chake kuyenera kuchitidwa mosamala, chifukwa machitidwewa ndi abwino kwambiri kuposa "katundu wolowa, ngongole zotuluka".
Kuyambitsanso bizinesi si chida chovomerezeka chokha; lamulo la ku Dutch siligwiritsa ntchito mawuwa. Pachimake nthawi zambiri ndi malonda a katundu: mgwirizano wogula pakati pa wogula ndi trustee yemwe ali mu bankirapuse ( curator ), womwe umamalizidwa mkati mwa malire omwe amagwira ntchito ku ofesi ya trustee. Kaya malondawo angawonedwenso ngati kuchotsera msonkho ndi ntchito kumadalira zenizeni, makamaka ngati pali kusamutsa kwa bungwe lazachuma lomwe limasunga umunthu wake.
Mukugula chiyani kwenikweni?
Mukugula katundu ndi zochitika, osati ntchito yonse monga bungwe lovomerezeka. Ganizirani za katundu, makina, zida ndi zolumikizira, ufulu waumwini monga dzina la malonda, ubwino ndi makasitomala, malinga ngati izi zitha kusamutsidwa ndipo zimakhala gawo la chuma.
Chomwe simutenga kwenikweni ndi ngongole. Izi zimatsalira mu kampani yomwe yasweka ndipo zimalipidwa kuchokera ku ndalama zomwe zapezeka mu chuma malinga ndi dongosolo lalamulo la zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, kugulitsa katundu kumasiyana kwambiri ndi kugulitsa magawo, komwe mumalandiranso ngongole iliyonse yakale komanso yokhazikika.
Funso la kusamutsa ntchito
N'zosavuta kunena kuti kuyambiranso bizinesi nthawi zonse kumakhala "kungogwirizana" ndi katundu popanda zotsatira zina. Malamulo aku Dutch amaonanso gawo la bizinesi ngati bizinesi, ndipo amanena kuti kusamutsa kumachitika pa "kusamutsa, motsatira mgwirizano, kuphatikizana kapena kulekanitsidwa, kwa bungwe lazachuma lomwe limasunga umunthu wake" ( nkhani 7:662(1) ndi (2) ya Dutch Civil Code ). Kaya kuyambiranso bizinesi inayake kumakopa ziyeneretso zimenezo kumadalira nkhani zenizeni monga kupitiriza ntchito, kutenga makasitomala ndi katundu, komanso ngati antchito ambiri akupitiriza kugwira ntchito. Zimenezi zili ndi zotsatirapo zachindunji ngati kusamutsa ufulu wa antchito kokha, zomwe zafotokozedwa pansipa.
Woyang'anira katundu akhoza kugulitsa zinthu zomwe zili za mwiniwakeyo
Anthu omwe ali ndi ufulu wolonjeza kapena ngongole ya nyumba angalimbikitse ufulu wawo ngati kuti palibe bankirapuse ( nkhani 57 Fw ). Zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti kugulitsa kulikonse kwa trustee sikungatheke, koma udindo ndi udindo wa wobwereketsa wotetezedwa mu ndalama zomwe zapezeka ziyenera kulemekezedwa. Poyambira komweko kumagwiranso ntchito pakusunga umwini: kaya katundu ali kunja kwa chuma kumadalira kuvomerezeka ndi kukula kwa gawoli komanso malo enieni panthawi yomwe bankirapuse inalengezedwa. Izi sizichitika zokha ndipo zimafuna kuti katundu ndi katundu azigwira ntchito.
Ndani amasankha kuyambitsanso?
Woyang'anira katunduyo amayendetsa ndi kugulitsa katunduyo motsogozedwa ndi woweruza milandu ( rechter-commissaris ) ( nkhani 68 Fw ). Woyang'anira katunduyo ali ndi mphamvu zogulitsa katunduyo ( nkhani 101 Fw ), ndipo kugulitsaku kumachitika poyera kapena mwachinsinsi ndi chilolezo cha woweruza milandu ( nkhani 176 Fw ), malinga ndi malamulo oletsa kugulitsa katunduyo.
Lamulo silifuna kuti mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri ulandiridwe. Mu ntchito yoyang'anira ndi kuthetsa chuma, woyang'anira amayesa, pakati pa zinthu zina, ndalama zomwe zapezeka, kuthekera kopereka, chitsimikizo cha kulipira ndi nthawi. Chifukwa chake, mtengo wotsimikizika wopanda chikole cholipirira nthawi zambiri umakondedwa kuposa mtengo wapamwamba wokhala ndi ndalama zosatsimikizika. Kwa wogula wakunja izi ndizofunikira kuziganizira mozama: umboni wa ndalama ndi lamulo loti asayine mkati mwa masiku ochepa zimakhala zolemera kwambiri pano kuposa mtengo waukulu.
Kupanikizika kwa nthawi
Akalengeza kuti bankirapuse yalephera, katundu nthawi zambiri amataya mtengo wake mwachangu antchito akachoka ndipo makasitomala akamapita. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kuyambitsanso malonda nthawi zambiri kumachitika mkati mwa masiku osati milungu ingapo. Kufufuza mwachizolowezi sikukupezeka, ndipo woyang'anira sapereka chitsimikizo chilichonse.
Nthawi yoziziritsa
Woweruza woyang'anira akhoza kulamula nthawi yoziziritsa yomwe siipitirira miyezi iwiri, yomwe ingawonjezedwe kamodzi ndi miyezi ina iwiri, pomwe palibe munthu wachitatu amene angagwiritse ntchito mphamvu zake zotsutsana ndi katundu wa chuma kapena kubweza katunduyo popanda chilolezo cha woweruza ( nkhani 63a(1) Fw ). Izi zimapatsa mwayi woyang'anira kuti akambirane, koma sizimaletsa ufulu wonse wa anthu ena: omwe ali ndi ngongole za chumacho amachotsedwa mwachindunji, ndipo lamuloli silikhudza ufulu wa wolonjezayo kuti agwiritse ntchito kunja kwa nthawi yoziziritsa.
Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani kwa ogwira ntchito?
Kwa inu monga wogula, ichi ndi chinthu chomwe chili ndi chiopsezo chachikulu, ndipo nthawi yomweyo chimakhala ndi kusamvana kwakukulu. Lamulo lalikulu ndilakuti pakusamutsa ufulu ndi maudindo pansi pa mgwirizano wantchito, perekani kwa wogulayo pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo ( nkhani 7:663 ya Civil Code ). Nkhani 7:666 imapanga kusiyana ngati olemba ntchito alengezedwa kuti ndi bankirapuse ndipo bizinesiyo ndi ya chuma.
Kupatula kumeneko si ufulu wololedwa, ndipo ndi pamene kuyambiranso bizinesi kungathetsedwe mwalamulo. Choyamba ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti pali kusamutsa bizinesi; pamenepo pokhapokha ngati kusamutsa bizinesi kukuwonekera. Ngati bungwe lazachuma lokhazikika likupitilizabe kukhalapo pamene likusunga umunthu wake, antchito angasamutsidwebe pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo, ngakhale atatha kulephera kugwira ntchito. Kuwunika kumeneku kumayang'ana zenizeni osati pa chizindikiro cha "kuyambiranso bizinesi", ndipo lamulo la milandu la zaka zaposachedwa likuwonetsa zotsatira zonse ziwiri.
Mwachidule, izi zikutanthauza kuti simungaone ufulu wosankha, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhalapo woyambitsanso ntchito, ngati chinthu chodziwikiratu. Ngati mubweza antchito onse pamlingo woyipa kwambiri pomwe bizinesiyo ikupitilizabe bwino, pali chiopsezo chenicheni chakuti khothi lipeza kusamutsa ntchito, ndi ufulu wonse womwe umabweretsa. Zoletsa za tsankho zikupitilizabe kugwira ntchito mokwanira.
Woyang'anira amathetsa mapangano ogwira ntchito potsatira nthawi yodziwitsa yosapitirira milungu isanu ndi umodzi, yomwe chilolezo cha woweruza woyang'anira chikufunika; kuyambira kulengeza kwa bankirapuse, malipiro ndi zopereka zokhudzana nazo ndi ngongole za chuma ( nkhani 40 Fw ).
Kusamalira udindo wa wantchito mokwanira, ndi lamulo lokhudza kusamutsa ntchito, ndondomeko ya chitsimikizo cha malipiro a UWV, malipiro osinthira ndi udindo pa matenda kapena mimba, zafotokozedwa mu Dutch. Bwana wanu waku Dutch walephera: zomwe zimachitika kuntchito kwanu . Onani kusiyana ndi njira ina yolephera kulipira: pakusamutsa panthawi yoyimitsa malipiro, kupatulapo kwa nkhani ya 7:666 sikugwira ntchito ndipo antchito kwenikweni amasamutsa mwalamulo.
Kupaka paketi: komwe kuli nkhani
Mu phukusi loyambirira, kuyambitsanso bizinesi kumakonzedwa mwakachetechete asanalengeze kuti kampaniyo yalephera kugwira ntchito, motsogozedwa ndi woyang'anira bizinesi ndi woweruza milandu, ndi cholinga chosunga phindu ndi ntchito. Kwa wogula, chidwi chake n'chodziwikiratu: bizinesiyo imataya phindu chifukwa makasitomala ndi antchito samasiyidwa m'mavuto kwa milungu ingapo.
Pachifukwa chimenecho pali kusatsimikizika komwe muyenera kuganizira musanachite malonda. Khoti Lachilungamo la EU linakhazikitsa mu Smallsteps ndi Heiploeg mikhalidwe yomwe kuletsa kulephera kwa chitetezo cha antchito kuli bwino, ndipo chimodzi mwa izo ndichakuti njirayi imakhazikika mu malamulo kapena kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ( CJEU 22 June 2017, C-126/16 ; CJEU 28 Epulo 2022, C-237/20 ). Chofunika chimenecho ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri ku Netherlands. Khoti Lalikulu la ku Netherlands linagamula pa mlandu wa Heiploeg kuti udindo wa woyang'anira woyembekezera ndi woweruza woyembekezerayo suyendetsedwa ndi lamulo, kotero kuti njira yokonzekera yomwe idatsatiridwa sinakwaniritse mikhalidwe imeneyo ( Khoti Lalikulu 6 Okutobala 2023, ECLI:NL:HR:2023:1372 ).
Lamulo lomwe lingapereke maziko a lamuloli, Business Continuity Act I, lili pa 24 Ogasiti 2026 pamaso pa Senate ndipo silinayambe kugwira ntchito. Bola ngati kukhazikikako kulibe, palibe chitsimikizo chakuti kudalira kuchotsera pa kulephera kulipira ngongole kudzakhalapo. Zotsatira zake kwa inu monga wogula ndi zenizeni: mutha kudzipeza muli ndi gulu la ogwira ntchito lomwe lasamutsidwa ndi lamulo, motsatira malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zakale, pomwe pempho lanu lidakhazikitsidwa pa lingaliro losiyana.
Kodi director wakale angayambitsenso bizinesiyo?
Inde. Palibe lamulo loletsa kuyambitsanso bizinesi ndi director kapena shareholder. Trustee adzayang'anitsitsa bwino malonda otere, ndipo zoopsa ziwiri ndizofunika kwambiri.
Mtengo weniweni
Pofuna kupewa tsankho kwa obwereketsa, kuwerengera ndalama paokha komanso njira yowonetsera mtengo yowonekera bwino ndizofunikira kwambiri ngati wobwereketsayo ndi wachibale.
Udindo wa Director
Kugula katundu sikuteteza director kuti asafufuzidwe za kayendetsedwe kosayenera. Pamene kayendetsedwe kosayenera ndi chifukwa chachikulu cha bankirapuse, director aliyense ali ndi udindo wogwirizana komanso wosiyana pa chuma chifukwa cha kusowa ndalama ( nkhani 2:248(1) ya Civil Code ), pamodzi ndi muyezo wa magwiridwe antchito oyenera ( nkhani 2:9 ). Chiwerengero cha udindo wa munthu payekha ndi chachikulu: Khothi Lalikulu posachedwapa lachotsa chigamulo cha khothi la apilo chifukwa silinapereke zifukwa zokwanira chifukwa chake director ayenera kukhudza wobwereketsa wa kampani imodzi yamagulu polipira ngongole za kampani ina yamagulu, yosiyana ( Supreme Court 12 June 2026, ECLI:NL:HR:2026:912 ). Chifukwa chake, umunthu wosiyana walamulo ndi maudindo osiyana a ngongole za makampani amagulu ziyenera kulemekezedwa, ndipo udindo wa director mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji suyenera kuganiziridwa mosavuta.
Muzochitika zina, lamulo loletsa kuyenerera lingaperekedwenso, pakati pa zinthu zina, pa mitundu ina yokhudza kuwononga chuma, pazochitika zothetsedwa motsatira malamulo achinyengo okonda, kapena kuphwanya kwakukulu ntchito zodziwitsa ndikugwirizana ndi trustee ( nkhani 106a Fw ).
Kuopsa kwa kuthetsedwa kwa lamulo: kukonda mwachinyengo
Malonda omwe asanachitike bankirapuse angaukiridwe ndi trustee pansi pa Dutch pauliana :
- Nkhani 42 Fw: zochita zalamulo zodzifunira zomwe zinachitika asanabwereke ngongole kuti obwereketsa omwe ali ndi ngongole akhoza kuthetsedwa ngati wobwereketsayo akudziwa kapena ayenera kudziwa izi. Ngati lamuloli silili lopanda phindu, monga kugulitsa, ndikofunikiranso kuti wobwereketsayo adziwe kapena ayenera kudziwa (nkhani 42 Fw).
- Nkhani 47 Fw: kulipira ngongole zomwe zatsala kale kungathetsedwe pokhapokha ngati wolandirayo akudziwa kuti bankirapuse yapemphedwa kale, kapena pamene panali upangiri wofuna kukondera wobwereketsayo kuposa ena (nkhani 47 Fw).
Pali "chidziwitso cha tsankho" mkati mwa tanthauzo la nkhani 42 Fw pomwe, panthawi ya lamuloli, bankirapuse ndi kusowa ndalama zinali zodziwikiratu ndi mwayi wokwanira kwa wobwereketsa komanso mnzake. Pamene malamulo amilandu amalumikizana, mwachitsanzo mndandanda wa zochitika zomwe zimakonzekera kuyambiranso, Khoti Lalikulu latsimikizira posachedwapa kuti chidziwitsochi chimayesedwa monsemo: ndikokwanira kuti panthawi ina panthawi yogwira ntchito imodzi mwazochita zomwe zili mu seti imeneyo, chidziwitso chofunikira chinakwaniritsidwa. Woyang'anira akhoza kuthetsa zochitika zonse, osati lamulo la munthu payekha lomwe chidziwitsocho chinalipo ( Khoti Lalikulu 20 June 2025, ECLI:NL:HR:2025:975 ). Izi zimawonjezera chiopsezo chachinyengo cha kuyambiranso komwe kumachitika pang'onopang'ono pokonzekera bankirapuse.
Mapangano, lendi ndi zilolezo
Kulephera kugwira ntchito kwa bankirapuse sikuthetsa mapangano okha, ndipo pa mgwirizano wa katundu sayenera kuperekedwa kwa wogula mwakufuna kwawo. Kupereka mgwirizano kumafuna chikalata pakati pa chipani choyambirira chomwe chinagwira ntchito ndi chipani chachitatu, pamodzi ndi mgwirizano wa mnzake ( nkhani 6:159 ya Civil Code ). Chifukwa chake, wogula ayenera kuyang'ana mgwirizano ndi mnzake ngati n'zotheka kusamutsa katundu komanso ngati chilolezo cha mnzakeyo chikufunika.
Ndondomeko yapadera yolephera kulipira ngongole imagwira ntchito pa lendi: woyang'anira nyumba ndi mwini nyumba akhoza kuithetsa msanga, ndi nthawi yodziwitsa yosapitirira miyezi itatu, ndipo kuchokera pamene lendi yalengezedwa kuti yalephera kulipira ngongole ( nkhani 39 Fw ). Wogula satenga lendi yakale yokha ndipo nthawi zambiri amayenera kukambirana za lendi yatsopano ndi mwini nyumbayo, kapena kukonza mgwirizano wosiyana.
Zilolezo za boma nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi munthu kapena bungwe ndipo nthawi zambiri zimayenera kupemphedwanso; ngati kusamutsa kungatheke kumadalira malamulo a boma omwe amalamulira chilolezocho.
MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI
Kodi kuyambitsanso kompyuta kumatanthauza chiyani?
Kupitiliza magawo opindulitsa a bizinesi, nthawi zambiri kudzera mu kugula katundu kuchokera ku chuma chomwe chasweka ndi bungwe lalamulo lomwe lilipo kapena latsopano. "Kuyambitsanso" si chida chovomerezeka chokha motsatira malamulo aku Dutch.
Kodi ngongolezo zimatsalira?
Kwenikweni inde: ngongole zimakhalabe m'bungwe lomwe lalephera kulipira ngongole ndipo zimayendetsedwa ndi woyang'anira malinga ndi dongosolo lalamulo loyang'anira zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Komabe, ufulu wachitetezo monga chikole ndi kusunga umwini, umagwirizanitsidwa ndi katundu winawake ndipo uyenera kufufuzidwa mlandu uliwonse; sizimagwera kunja kwa chuma chokha komanso popanda kufufuza.
Kodi antchito amasamutsidwa okha?
Osati zokha, koma osati konse. Nkhani 7:666 ya Civil Code ili ndi kuchotsera kwa bankirapuse ku lamulo lalikulu la kusamutsa mwachindunji, koma kuchotsera kumeneko kumagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati zinthu zinazake zakwaniritsidwa, makamaka ngati njirayo ikuyang'anadi pakutha kwa bizinesi osati kupitiliza bizinesiyo. Makamaka mu phukusi loyambirira popanda maziko alamulo izi sizikudziwika pakadali pano, monga momwe lamulo la Smallsteps ndi Heiploeg likusonyezera. Chifukwa chake wogula sangangodalira ufulu wonse wosankha.
Mukuganiza zoyambitsanso bizinesi, kapena ndinu wogulitsa kapena mwini nyumba amene mukukumana ndi vuto? Maloya athu okhudza kulephera kulipira ngongole amawunika momwe zinthu zilili komanso zoopsa zake musanapereke ma bid. Onani tsamba lathu lonena za kulephera kulipira ngongole , komanso mitengo yathu ya ola limodzi pa ndalama zolipirira maloya ku Netherlands.
Nkhaniyi ikupereka chithunzithunzi cha malamulo aku Dutch ndi milandu yaku Europe monga momwe zilili pa 24 Ogasiti 2026 ndipo si upangiri wa zamalamulo pazochitika zinazake.
