Milandu yokhudza kugonana ku Netherlands: ndondomeko kuyambira lipotilo kupita mtsogolo

Pa 1 Julayi 2024, Wet seksuele misdrijven (Sexual Offences Act) inalowa m'malo mwa Mutu XIV wonse wa Dutch Criminal Code. Lamulo la milandu yokhudza kugonana ku Dutch tsopano lamangidwa motsatira mgwirizano osati kukakamiza, ndipo lili ndi milandu yomwe sinalipo kale. Zinthu zambiri za Chingerezi zimafotokozabe lamulo lakale. Tsambali likufotokoza momwe zinthu zilili panopa komanso zomwe zimachitika pamlandu.

Zomwe zinasintha pa 1 Julayi 2024

Tsiku limenelo lisanafike, kugwiriridwa ndi kugwiriridwa kumafuna umboni wokakamiza: kukakamiza, kuopseza mwamphamvu, kapena kuchita china chilichonse chokakamiza. Wodandaula amene anaima, sanakane, kapena anali ndi mantha kwambiri kapena ataledzera kwambiri moti sanatsutse nthawi zambiri ankalephera kutsutsa tanthauzo lake, komabe n’zoonekeratu kuti kukhudzanako sikunali kofunikira.

Lamuloli linasintha poyambira. Chomwe chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa si chakuti wodandaulayo anakakamizidwa, koma kuti sankafuna kulankhulana ndi munthu winayo ndipo munthu winayo ankadziwa izi kapena anali ndi chifukwa chokayikira. Kukakamiza tsopano kumawonjezera chilango chachikulu m'malo moyambitsa mlandu. Mlandu uliwonse waukulu uliponso mwadala komanso wokhoza kuimbidwa mlandu, ndipo mitundu iwiri ya machitidwe idavomerezedwa koyamba: kugonana ndi ana pa intaneti (sexchatting) ndi kuzunzidwa pogonana pagulu.

Lamuloli silinakhudze momwe zinthu zilili: khalidwe lisanafike pa 1 Julayi 2024 limaweruzidwa motsatira lamulo monga momwe linalili panthawiyo, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pamilandu yomwe yanenedwa patatha zaka zambiri.

Magulu akuluakulu a milandu pansi pa Mutu XIV watsopano

Nkhani 254 ya Sr imawonjezera kwambiri pazochitika zoipitsitsa, kuphatikizapo zolakwa zomwe anthu angapo amachita, ndi mkulu wa boma amene wagwiritsa ntchito molakwika udindo wake, kapena kuvulaza kwambiri.

Kodi kuvomerezana kumatanthauza chiyani mu dongosolo latsopanoli?

Lamuloli silifuna mgwirizano wovomerezeka kapena wolankhulidwa. Limafunsa ngati chifuniro cha munthu winayo chochita nawo zochitikazo chinalipo, komanso zomwe wotsutsidwayo ankadziwa kapena ayenera kumvetsetsa. Chilolezo chingawonekere m'mawu kapena m'machitidwe, koma chiyenera kukhalapo panthawiyo ndikuphimba zomwe zinachitikadi.

Nkhani 244 ya Sr imanena za zinthu zomwe chifunirocho sichilipo: kusazindikira, kuchepa kwa chidziwitso, kulephera kupirira, ndi matenda amisala, vuto la maganizo kapena kulemala kwamaganizo kotero kuti munthuyo sangathe kupanga kapena kufotokoza chifuniro chake bwino pa zochitazo, kapena kuzikana. Munthu amene wagona, wosazindikira chifukwa cha kumwa mowa kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kapena amene sangathe kusankha chifukwa cha kulemala, sangakhale wovomereza mwalamulo.

Zomwe sizikutanthauza kuti ndi chilolezo

• Chete kapena kungokhala chete. Kusanena kuti ayi sikutanthauza kuti inde.
• Kuzizira. Kusayenda ndi yankho lolembedwa pa nkhanza zogonana. Malinga ndi lamulo lakale nthawi zambiri limagonjetsa mlandu; silisonyezanso kuvomereza.
• Kuvomerezana ndi chinthu china. Kuvomerezana pa chinthu chimodzi sikukhudza china; chochitika china sichikunena chilichonse chokhudza ichi.
• Chilolezo chachotsedwa. Chifunirocho chiyenera kukhalapo nthawi yonse; kupitiriza pambuyo poti winayo wanena momveka bwino kuti akufuna kusiya ndi mlandu.
• Ubale womwe ulipo kale. Ukwati, kukhala limodzi ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi m'banja komanso mbiri ya kugonana sizipereka chilolezo chokhazikika.
• Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika udindo. Ngati wodandaula amadalira wotsutsidwayo, mgwirizano wooneka ngati waufulu sungakhale waufulu.

Mitundu yodziwika bwino komanso chifukwa chake ili yofunika

Uwu ndiye kusintha kwakukulu kwambiri kwa lamuloli, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumamvedwa molakwika. Milandu yochita dala mu zaluso. 241 ndi 243 Sr imafuna chidziwitso: woimbidwa mlandu ankadziwa kuti chifuniro cha winayo sichinalipo, kapena anavomereza mwayi waukulu wa zimenezo. Milandu yoti munthu aike mlandu mu zaluso. 240 ndi 242 Sr imafuna zochepa kwambiri - chifukwa chachikulu chokayikira kuti winayo sakufuna zochitazo, ndikupitirizabe. Lamulo limafuna kuti munthu azindikire ndikuyankha zizindikiro zoonekeratu kwa munthu woganiza bwino, ndikuwona komwe zili zosamveka bwino.

Chifukwa chake mlandu sulephera chifukwa chakuti woimbidwa mlanduyo akunena kuti ankakhulupirira kuti munthuyo anali kufuna kulankhulana naye; funso ndi lakuti kodi chikhulupiriro chimenecho chinali chomwe anali nacho choyenera kukhala nacho. Mofananamo, kulakwitsa kwenikweni sikulinso yankho lokha la mlanduwo, ndipo kusiyana pakati pa kumasulidwa, mlandu wolakwa ndi mlandu wofuna dala kungayambitse tsatanetsatane wochepa: zomwe zinanenedwa, zomwe zinkaoneka, kuchuluka kwa zomwe zinamwa. Kusiyanaku kumawonekeranso m'zilango. Kuyambira pa 1 Julayi 2024 kugwiririra mosayenera motsatira malamulo. 240 Sr ali ndi zaka ziwiri zokha kundende kapena chindapusa cha gulu lachinayi, ndi kugwiririra mosayenera motsatira malamulo. 242 Sr zaka zinayi kapena chindapusa cha gulu lachinayi. Kugwiririra mwadala motsatira malamulo. 243 Sr ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi kapena chindapusa cha gulu lachisanu, chomwe chimakwera kufika zaka khumi ndi ziwiri mu mawonekedwe ake oyenerera. Zaka khumi nthawi zina zimatchulidwabe m'malamulo. 242 Sr ndi ya m'nkhaniyi monga momwe inaliri isanafike 1 Julayi 2024 ndipo sikugwiranso ntchito.

Milandu yokhudzana ndi zaka

Kugonana ndi mwana wosakwana zaka 16 ndi mlandu mosasamala kanthu za zomwe mwanayo wanena kapena zomwe zikuwoneka kuti akufuna, zomwe zimayesedwa malinga ndi msinkhu wake ndipo zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri kuposa mwana wamng'ono. Kwa ana azaka 16 ndi 17, kugonana si mlandu wokha, koma ndi mlandu. Malamulo 245 ndi 246 amagwira ntchito ngati pali vuto lina: ubale wa banja kapena chisamaliro, ulamuliro, kufooka kwina, kudalira, chinyengo, mphatso kapena ndalama, kapena uhule.

Nkhani 251 Sr ikufotokoza za njira yolowerera yogonana ya mwana wosakwana zaka 16, kaya yolankhulidwa kapena yolembedwa, ndipo ikuphatikizapo kukambirana za kugonana: kutumizirana mauthenga okhudza kugonana ndi mwana pa intaneti. Ikufotokozanso za kuwonetsa mwana zinthu zogonana ndi kupempha kuti akumane.

Kufotokozera: choyamba chomwe chimachitika

Kukambirana kophunzitsa

Apolisi nthawi zambiri samayamba ndi lipoti lovomerezeka koma ndi kukambirana kophunzitsa (informatief gesprek), komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi apolisi awiri, osachepera m'modzi wodziwa bwino ntchito yofufuza milandu yokhudza kugonana, komanso mawu ojambulidwa ndi kulembedwa.

Apolisi amafotokoza momwe lipoti lovomerezeka limakhudzira, momwe kafukufuku angawonekere, ndi zomwe zingachitike ndi zomwe sizingakwaniritse. Amaganiziranso kaye: zomwe zinachitika, nthawi ndi kuti, ndani wina angadziwe, komanso ngati pali kuvulala, mauthenga kapena zithunzi. Munthuyo amauzidwa kuti kupereka lipoti labodza mwadala ndi mlandu; izi zimanenedwa kwa aliyense ndipo si umboni wosakhulupirira. Kukambiranako si lipoti lokha, ndipo kungalembedwe ngati kusakaniza.

Simuyenera kunena nthawi yomweyo

Palibe amene akukakamizidwa kunena chilichonse, kapena kusankha tsikulo. Apolisi ndi Public Prosecution Service amagwira ntchito motsatira ndondomeko ya zokambirana zophunzitsa ( informatief gesprek ), pambuyo pake wodandaula amakhala ndi nthawi yoganizira ( bedenktijd ) lipotilo lisanatsatidwe mwalamulo; monga lamulo, nthawi imeneyo ndi masiku khumi ndi anayi.

Pali zinthu ziwiri zofunika apa. Lipoti likangoperekedwa, silingachotsedwe: kaya kufufuza ndi kutsutsa ndi la Public Prosecution Service. Kunena kuti simukufunanso kutenga nawo mbali kuli ndi tanthauzo koma sikuthetsa mlanduwo. Ndipo ngati pali chiopsezo chachikulu chopitirira kapena ubale wolimba wodalirana, apolisi angapitirize popanda lipoti.

Kuyankhulana ndi akatswiri

Lipotilo lovomerezeka limatengedwa ndi ofufuza milandu yokhudza kugonana ku polisi, ndipo limatenga nthawi; maola angapo ndi achizolowezi, nthawi zina pamisonkhano yoposa umodzi. Apolisi amafunsa za zochitika mwatsatanetsatane komanso motsatizana, ndipo amafunsa mafunso omwe angawoneke ngati olowerera kapena okayikira. Zimenezo zikusonyeza zomwe khoti lidzafune pambuyo pake, osati chigamulo chokhudza nkhaniyi.

Wodandaula angabweretse munthu womuthandiza, angapemphe nthawi yopuma, angafunse chifukwa chake funso likufunsidwa, ndipo ali ndi ufulu womasulira. Mafunso ndi ana ndi odandaula omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu amachitidwa ndi akuluakulu ophunzitsidwa bwino, nthawi zambiri m'studio yomangidwa bwino ndikujambulidwa pa kanema, kotero nkhaniyo siyenera kubwerezedwanso popanda chifukwa.

Kufufuza kwa Forensic ndi Centrum Seksueel Geweld

Centrum Seksueel Geweld ndi netiweki yadziko lonse ya madokotala, anamwino, akatswiri a zamaganizo, akuluakulu a milandu yokhudza kugonana ndi oyang'anira milandu, omwe angathe kupezeka usana ndi usiku pa 0800-0188, kwaulere komanso mosadziwika.

Nthawi ndi yofunika. Malo ochitira kafukufukuyu akupempha anthu kuti alumikizane ndi wodwalayo mkati mwa masiku asanu ndi awiri ndipo makamaka mkati mwa maola 72: pamenepo ndiye nthawi yomwe zizindikiro zamoyo zimatha kubwezeretsedwanso komanso momwe mankhwala oletsa kutenga mimba ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana, kuphatikizapo kupewa HIV, amagwirira ntchito. Patatha masiku pafupifupi asanu ndi awiri, kufufuza sikudzawonetsa zizindikiro m'thupi, ngakhale kuti zovala, zofunda, mauthenga ndi zithunzi zimakhalabe zothandiza kwa nthawi yayitali.

Kufufuza sikukakamiza aliyense kuti anene: zinthuzo zitha kutetezedwa ndikusungidwa kotero kuti mwayiwo ukhale wotseguka, ndipo palibe chomwe chingachitike motsutsana ndi zomwe munthu amene walankhulana naye akufuna. Kubwera pambuyo pake, ngakhale patatha zaka zambiri, sikupangitsa kuti mlandu ukhale wopanda chiyembekezo; milandu yambiri imapambana popanda zinthu zofufuzira milandu.

Kafukufuku, ndi chifukwa chake milandu iyi imayambitsa mawu

Apolisi akangopereka lipoti, amafufuza motsogozedwa ndi woimira boma: mawu atsatanetsatane ochokera kwa wodandaula, kuyankhulana ndi wokayikirayo, mawu ochokera kwa aliyense amene anauzidwa panthawiyo, kufufuza mafoni ndi mauthenga, komanso komwe kuli kofunikira zolemba zachipatala, zithunzi za kamera ndi zambiri za komwe kuli.

Chomwe nthawi zambiri sichipezeka ndi mboni yodziyimira payokha ya mchitidwewo. Milandu yokhudza kugonana imachitika mwachinsinsi, ndipo umboni wamilandu, komwe ulipo, umasonyeza kuti kulumikizanako kunachitika osati ngati panali chifuniro chochitapo kanthu. Chifukwa chake milandu iyi imayang'ana kuwunika kwa nkhani: kugwirizana kwawo ndi mgwirizano, kugwirizana kwawo ndi umboni wozungulira, ndi zomwe zinanenedwa ndi kuchitidwa pambuyo pake.

Lamulo la umboni la ku Dutch limapereka chiletso chenicheni apa. Malinga ndi gawo la 342 Sv khothi silingathe kutsimikizira chigamulo pa mawu a mboni imodzi yokha; nkhani ya wodandaulayo iyenera kupeza chithandizo kwina. Chithandizo chimenecho sichiyenera kukhala mboni yowona kapena kupeza kwa akatswiri azamalamulo - uthenga wanthawi yomweyo, kuulula koyambirira, kuvulala, kapena nkhani ya wotsutsidwayo ingapereke. Zambiri zazing'ono zomwe zalembedwa pa kuyankhulana koyamba ndizofunikira pambuyo pake, ndipo zinthu za digito ziyenera kusungidwa.

Chisankho chokhudza mlandu kapena ayi

Kafukufuku akatha, woimira boma amasankha. Mlanduwu ukhoza kuweruzidwa, kuthetsedwa popanda khoti, kapena kuimitsidwa — chifukwa umboniwo ukuonedwa kuti ndi wosakwanira kuti munthu apezeke ndi mlandu kapena chifukwa cha mfundo za boma. Wodandaula ali ndi ufulu wouzidwa chigamulocho ndi zifukwa zake, ndipo angapemphe kuti akambirane ndi woimira boma.

Si mawu omaliza amenewo. Malinga ndi gawo 12 Sv munthu amene ali ndi chidwi mwachindunji, kuphatikizapo wodandaula, akhoza kudandaula ku khoti la apilo la chigawo chomwe mlanduwo unachitikira. Ngati wokayikira wadziwika ndikudziwitsidwa mwalamulo za kuletsa, dandaulo liyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa miyezi itatu; apo ayi palibe nthawi yokhazikika yomwe ikuchitika, ngakhale kuchedwa sikungakhale koyenera.

Khoti limafufuza fayiloyo, limamvera loya wamkulu, ndipo likhoza kumvetsera mlanduwo mobisa. Limasankha osati mlandu koma kokha ngati mlanduwo uyenera kutsutsidwa. Ngati madandaulowo apambana, limalamula kuti mlanduwo upitirire kapena kufufuzidwa; ngati walephera, chigamulocho chilipo.

Udindo wa woimbidwa mlandu

Munthu amene wapezeka ndi mlandu wokhudza kugonana nthawi zambiri amaitanidwa kapena kumangidwa kuti akafunsidwe mafunso. Pamaso pa mlanduwu pali ufulu wofunsa loya ndi kukhala ndi mmodzi panthawi yofunsidwa mafunso, ufulu wokhala chete, ufulu wouzidwa zomwe akukayikira, komanso ufulu wokhala ndi womasulira. Loya amene ali m'manja mwa apolisi amasankhidwa mwachisawawa; loya amene munthu angasankhe yekha angaphunzitsidwe, ndipo thandizo la loya lilipo.

Izi ndi milandu yomwe imapezeka poika munthu m'ndende asanazengedwe mlandu . Kuika munthu m'ndende (inverzekeringstelling) kungatenge masiku atatu ndikuwonjezeredwa kamodzi ndi atatu; woweruza wofufuzayo akhoza kulamula kuti munthu akhale m'ndende kwa masiku khumi ndi anayi; ndipo khotilo likhoza kulamula kuti munthu apitirize kukhala m'ndende kwa masiku makumi asanu ndi anayi - mpaka masiku 110 onse mlandu usanapite kukhothi. Kuika munthu m'ndende kungaimitsidwe malinga ndi zifukwa zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndikutsutsidwa pagawo lililonse.

Palinso mfundo ina yomwe lamulo silikuilamulira. Mlandu wamtunduwu ungakhudze ntchito, kulembetsa ntchito, ma fomu okhala, makonzedwe a banja ndi mbiri yakale khothi lisanamve umboni uliwonse, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale mlanduwo utathetsedwa pambuyo pake kapena kutha ndi kumasulidwa. Aliyense amene ali paudindowu ayenera kulandira upangiri msanga, kutsatira malamulo aliwonse omwe aperekedwa, osalankhulana ndi wodandaulayo kapena kukambirana ndi mboni za mlanduwo; kuchita zimenezo kumawononga udindo wawo ndipo kungakhale mlandu.

Wodandaula pa mlanduwo

Wodandaula sali mbali ya mlandu waupandu; boma limamutsutsa. Ali ndi ufulu wodziwika bwino: kuyang'ana fayilo, kuwonjezera zikalata, kutsagana naye, ndikudziwitsidwa za kupita patsogolo ndi zotsatira zake.

Malinga ndi gawo la 51e Sv pali ufulu wolankhula (spreekrecht) pamlandu wokhudza milandu yokhudza milandu ikuluikulu, kuphatikizapo yomwe ikukambidwa pano. Ndi ya wozunzidwayo ndipo, m'mikhalidwe yodziwika bwino, ya achibale ndi oimira mwana. Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamasom'pamaso, polemba kudzera mu mawu a wozunzidwayo, kapena ndi woimira wovomerezeka monga loya kapena wogwira ntchito ku Slachtofferhulp Nederland. Mawuwo amaperekedwa kukhothi osati kwa wotsutsidwayo.

Malipiro angaperekedwe mkati mwa mlanduwu mwa kulowa nawo ngati munthu wovulala motsatira chigawo cha 51f Sv, chomwe chimaphimba kutayika kwa ndalama monga ndalama zothandizira ndi ndalama zotayika, komanso kuvulala kosafunikira kwenikweni. Chikalatacho sichiyenera kuyika katundu wochuluka pamilandu; chovuta chingasiyidwe pang'ono m'makhothi a anthu wamba. Pamene malipiro aperekedwa, khothi nthawi zambiri limaperekanso njira yolipirira, yomwe boma limasonkhanitsa ndalamazo kuchokera kwa munthu wolakwayo. Payokha, Schadefonds Geweldsmisdrijven imatha kulipira ozunzidwa ndi milandu yayikulu yachiwawa komanso yogonana, popanda kuweruzidwa kuti akhale ndi mlandu.

Nthawi zoletsa mu ndondomeko

Malinga ndi Article. 70 Sr, ufulu woweruza milandu umatha pambuyo pa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, khumi ndi ziwiri kapena makumi awiri, kutengera ndi chilango chachikulu. Pa milandu yokhudza kugonana yokhudza mwana wakhanda , simatha konse: chiwerewere ndi ana chimapitirira kutsutsidwa popanda malire a nthawi. Ngati wozunzidwayo anali wamkulu, nthawi yocheperako ya zaka khumi ndi ziwiri mpaka makumi awiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito, kutengera ndi chilango chachikulu chomwe mlanduwo umapereka. Malinga ndi Article. 71 Sr, pamene nthawi imagwira ntchito pa mlandu wokhudza kugonana ndi mwana, imayamba kuyambira tsiku lomwe wozunzidwayo wakwanitsa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu m'malo moyambira tsiku lomwe mlanduwo unachitikira.

Milandu yakale yokhudza ana ikhoza kutsutsidwabe patatha zaka makumi ambiri, pomwe kwa munthu wamkulu wodandaula udindo wake umadalira mlandu womwe waimbidwa mlandu komanso lamulo lomwe likugwira ntchito panthawiyo, kotero liyenera kufufuzidwa m'malo mongoganizira. Milandu yokhudza zinthu zochitira nkhanza za ana yasunthidwa pamodzi ndi Mutu XIV wonse: kuyambira pa 1 Julayi 2024 ili mu art. 252 Sr, ndi art yakale. 240b Sr palibenso. Nthawi yocheperako imatsatira chilango chachikulu cha mlanduwo.

Kumene thandizo likupezeka

• Centrum Seksueel Geweld — chisamaliro chamankhwala, kufufuza milandu ndi chithandizo cha maganizo, usana ndi usiku, pa 0800-0188.
• Slachtofferhulp Nederland — chithandizo chaulere, chamaganizo komanso chalamulo kwa ozunzidwa ndi achibale, kuphatikizapo ufulu wolankhula ndi zopempha za chipukuta misozi.
• Loya wa wozunzidwayo — pa milandu yoopsa, loya wodziwa bwino ntchito angapatsidwe udindo kwa wodandaula, nthawi zambiri popanda kulipira, kuti apereke uphungu pa nkhani yokhudza kupereka malipoti, kupeza mafayilo, ufulu wolankhula ndi zomwe akufuna.
• A loya woteteza — kwa aliyense amene wafunsidwa ngati wokayikiridwa, kuyambira kuyankhulana koyamba kupita mtsogolo, ndi thandizo la zamalamulo lomwe limadalira ndalama.
• Dokotala wamkulu ndi Veilig Thuis — pa chisamaliro chamankhwala komanso pazochitika zapakhomo kapena zodalira munthu.

Law & More malamulo okhudza odandaula ndi oimbidwa mlandu mu Eindhoven, Amsterdam ndi kwina kulikonse ku Netherlands, ndipo amalangiza mu Chingerezi. Popeza lamuloli limagwira ntchito pokhapokha pa 1 Julayi 2024 kapena pambuyo pake, tsiku la zochitikazo ndi limodzi mwa zinthu zoyamba kudziwika.