Mikangano ya Ogawana nawo ku Netherlands: Kodi Mungasankhe Bwanji?

Mikangano ya eni masheya nthawi zambiri imayamba ndi mkangano waukulu. Imayamba ndi njira - zisankho zopangidwa popanda kufunsana, kuletsa mwayi wopeza zambiri zachuma, kapena eni masheya ambiri akuwononga ndalama pang'onopang'ono. Pofika nthawi yomwe wina amafunsira upangiri pa mikangano ya eni masheya, kusweka kwa chidaliro kumakhala kwa miyezi ingapo ndipo njira zodziwika bwino zimakhala zitachepa kale. Kumvetsetsa njira zanu motsatira malamulo amakampani aku Dutch msanga kumapangitsa kusiyana kwakukulu.

Chomwe ndimaona m'machitidwe ndikuti eni masheya amadikira nthawi yayitali asanathetse mikangano ya eni masheya. Osati chifukwa chosasamala, koma chifukwa chakuti mkanganowo poyamba umawoneka wotheka ndipo palibe amene akufuna kukhala woyamba kusewera khadi lalamulo. Ndikumvetsa zimenezo. Koma udindo wa eni masheya ochepa umachepa pamene zisankho zambiri zikupangidwa, nthawi ikupita, ndipo ubale umachepa kwambiri. Uphungu woyambirira nthawi zambiri sumakhala wokwera mtengo; uphungu wochedwa nthawi zambiri ndi wokwera mtengo.

Pansipa ndikufotokoza njira yowonjezerera mikangano ya eni masheya yomwe ndimakumana nayo — kuyambira pa mgwirizano wa eni masheya mpaka ku Bungwe la Enterprise — ndi mfundo zalamulo zomwe zimayamba kugwira ntchito pa gawo lililonse.

Momwe mungathetsere mikangano ya eni masheya — gawo 1: mgwirizano wa eni masheya

Pamaso pa milandu ya eni masheya, mgwirizano wa eni masheya (SHA) uyenera kuwunikidwanso. Osati ngati mwambo, koma ngati poyambira pa njira iliyonse. Magulu nthawi zambiri sadziwa momwe mgwirizano wawo ulili wolimba mpaka wina atauyang'ana mozama - ndipo SHA nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi chitetezo chochulukirapo kuposa momwe eni masheya ochepa amaganizira.

Zigawo zinayi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakakhala mikangano. Chigawo chothetsa mikangano chimatsimikizira ngati magulu akuyenera kuyesa kuyimira pakati kapena kuweruza milandu asanapite kukhothi. Chigawo choletsa mgwirizano chimalamulira zomwe zimachitika mavoti akamafanana ndipo kampaniyo singathenso kugwira ntchito bwino. Zosankha za "Put and call" zimapatsa magulu ufulu wogulitsa kapena kugula pamtengo wokhazikitsidwa kale kapena womwe wakhazikitsidwa ndi gulu lachitatu. Ndipo ufulu wodziwitsa umatsimikiza kuti ndi mwayi wotani womwe eni ake ali nawo wopeza zambiri zoyang'anira, ziwerengero zapakati ndi zikalata zamisonkhano.

Kuphatikiza pa SHA, lamuloli limapereka chitetezo china. Nkhani 2:8 ya Dutch Civil Code (DCC) imafuna kuti eni masheya, owongolera ndi kampani azichitira zinthu mogwirizana ndi kulungama. Muyezo umenewo si wosankha: umapanga ntchito zodziwitsa, kuwunika kupanga zisankho, ndi funso loti ngati eni masheya ambiri angagonjetse ochepa. Zisankho zomwe zimatsutsana ndi muyezo umenewo zitha kuthetsedwa motsatira Nkhani 2:15 DCC - njira yodutsa m'khothi wamba yomwe ingakhale yachangu komanso yotsika mtengo kuposa njira yonse ya Enterprise Chamber.

Kuchokera ku machitidwe

Wogawana nawo magawo ochepa mu kampani yaukadaulo adapeza kuti SHA yake inali ndi chidziwitso chomwe bungweli lakhala likuphwanya kwa miyezi khumi ndi iwiri. Bungweli linakana mwadongosolo kupereka ziwerengero zanthawi ndi zolemba zamisonkhano ya magawo, ponena kuti wogawana nawo magawo "sanagwire ntchito".

Potengera SHA ndi Article 2:8 DCC, yankho linaperekedwa kunja kwa khothi — popanda milandu, ndi mwayi wopeza zolemba zonse za msonkhano wa bungwe zomwe zinali ndi miyezi khumi ndi iwiri yapitayo komanso kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka kugawa phindu. Bungweli silikanalola mwayiwo mwaufulu ngati maziko alamulo sanagwiritsidwe ntchito bwino.

Gawo 2: kuyimira pakati, ngati ubale ungapulumutsidwebe

Ngati magulu atha kugwirabe ntchito limodzi, kuyimira pakati ndiye njira yachangu kwambiri yopezera zotsatira zokhazikika pamikangano ya eni masheya. Mkhalapakati waluso amathandiza kulekanitsa zokonda ndi maudindo - chifukwa zomwe magulu akunena kuti akufuna (kugulidwa, kuchotsedwa ntchito kwa director, kuwonongeka) nthawi zambiri zimasiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe amafunikiradi (kuzindikira, kuwonekera poyera, mtengo woyenera).

Ubwino wa kuyimira pakati pa mikangano ya eni masheya si kungopulumutsa ndalama mwachangu komanso mwachangu. Zotsatira zake zitha kukonzedwa bwino: dongosolo losinthidwa la magawo, dongosolo logula ndi magawo opezera ndalama, njira yatsopano yoyendetsera, kapena mapangano okhudza kupereka chidziwitso chomwe lamulo silikufuna koma omwe magulu angavomereze mwaufulu. Zotsatira zake sizingatheke kukhothi - woweruza amapereka chigamulo, sapanga tsogolo.

Komabe, kuyimira pakati sikugwira ntchito, pamene gulu limodzi likuchita zinthu mopanda chikhulupiriro, ubale wa bizinesi umawonongeka mosalekeza, kapena kulowererapo mwachangu kumafunika kuti phindu lisatayike. Mu mikangano iyi ya eni masheya, kupita mwachindunji ku Bungwe la Makampani ndiye chisankho chabwino - ndipo kuchedwa kumathandiza mbali inayo.

Pamene kuyanjana sikuli njira yosankha

Zizindikiro zosonyeza kuti kuyanjana kulibe chiyembekezo: mbali ina ikukana kupeza zambiri zachuma zomwe ikukakamizidwa mwalamulo kapena mwa mgwirizano kupereka; katundu akutengedwa kapena zisankho zikuchitidwa zomwe zikuwononga mtengo wa kampaniyo; kapena pali chizolowezi cholephera kulemekeza mapangano akale. Pazochitika zimenezo, Bungwe la Enterprise si njira yomaliza koma chida choyamba choyenera.

Gawo 3: Chipinda cha Makampani

The Bungwe la Enterprise (Ondernemingskamer, OK) ndi gawo lapadera la Amsterdam Khoti Loona za Apilo lomwe limasamalira mikangano yamakampani yokha. Pamikangano yayikulu ya eni masheya, limadziwika padziko lonse lapansi ngati limodzi mwa makhoti ogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ku Europe — osati chifukwa nthawi zonse limaweruza mokomera wopemphayo, koma chifukwa limatha kulowererapo mwachangu komanso motsimikiza pazochitika zomwe khoti wamba lingakhale litatsala miyezi ingapo.

Zimene Bungwe la Makampani lingachite mwalamulo

Mphamvu za bungwe la OK ndi zazikulu, komanso zafotokozedwa bwino mu Article 2:356 DCC. Mu dongosolo la kafukufuku (enquêteprocedure) lingatenge zinthu mwachangu ngati pali zifukwa zomveka zokayikira mfundo zoyenera kapena njira yoyenera yogwirira ntchito (Article 2:350 DCC). Izi si njira zina zochepetsera: bungwe la OK likhoza kusankha director wakanthawi kapena membala wa bungwe loyang'anira, kuyimitsa mamembala a bungwe, kapena kusamutsa magawo kwakanthawi kudzera mu kayendetsedwe ka kampani. Chomalizachi ndi njira yanthawi yochepa - osati kusamutsa umwini kwathunthu - cholinga chake ndikukhazikitsa bata la kampaniyo pamene kafukufuku akupitirira.

"Bungwe la Enterprise Chamber limavomereza pempholi pokhapokha ngati zikuwoneka kuti pali zifukwa zomveka zokayikira mfundo zoyenera kapena njira yoyenera yochitira zinthu."

Nkhani 2:350(1) DCC

Kuthetsa zisankho zosaloledwa — mwachitsanzo nkhani ya magawo yomwe imalepheretsa anthu ochepa kapena chigamulo cha magawo chomwe chimaphwanya kuyenerera ndi chilungamo — sichimachitika kudzera mu OK, koma kudzera mu pempho lomwe lidaperekedwa kukhothi wamba motsatira Nkhani 2:15 DCC. Njira ziwirizi sizili zosiyana: njira yofufuzira pamaso pa OK ndi pempho loletsa mlandu lomwe lidaperekedwa kukhothi lachigawo likhoza kuchitika nthawi imodzi.

Bungwe la OK lingathe kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu "mwachangu kwambiri" - nthawi zambiri mkati mwa sabata imodzi kapena ziwiri kuchokera pamene pempholi laperekedwa, ngakhale kuti palibe nthawi yokhazikika yovomerezeka ndi malamulo. Komabe, zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti likhale chida choweruza mwachangu kwambiri pa mikangano yokhudza kayendetsedwe ka makampani.

Malire a zochitika zofufuza

Malinga ndi Article 2:346 DCC, njira zofufuzira zili zotseguka kwa eni masheya omwe pamodzi ali ndi osachepera 10% ya ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa ndipo amaimira osachepera €225,000 mu mtengo wocheperako. Miyezo yosiyanasiyana imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumakampani omwe atchulidwa kapena makampani omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri zomwe zaperekedwa. Ngati malire amenewo sakwaniritsidwa, kulumikizana ndi eni ake ang'onoang'ono nthawi zambiri ndiye yankho. Miyezo yocheperako imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zomwe zaperekedwa nthawi yomweyo: aliyense amene ali ndi chidwi ndi chifukwa chachikulu akhoza kupereka pempho.

Kuchokera ku machitidwe

Kampani yogawana magawo ochepa (35%) mu kampani yopanga zinthu inakumana ndi ambiri omwe adapanga mapangano mwachinsinsi ndi kampani yawoyawo - pazifukwa zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi kampaniyo poyerekeza ndi msika womwe unkaperekedwa. Ochepawa analibe mwayi wopeza utsogoleri wonse ndipo motero sanathe kutsimikizira bwino kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka.

Imeneyo ndi nkhani yomwe bungwe la OK limasonyeza mphamvu zake. Kudzera mu pempho la zinthu zomwe zaperekedwa mwachangu, mkulu wosakhalitsa anasankhidwa mwachangu yemwe nthawi yomweyo anali ndi mwayi wolankhula ndi akuluakulu onse. Njira yofufuzira yomwe inatsatira inavumbulutsa kusayendetsa bwino kwa zinthu. Mlanduwu unatha patatha miyezi isanu ndi inayi ndi mgwirizano wogula ochepa pamtengo wolondola - woposa ndalama zomwe ambiri adapereka poyamba, pomwe ochepawo anali asanadziwe bwino momwe ndalama zilili.

Gawo 4 pa mikangano ya eni masheya: kuchitapo kanthu pamodzi ndi udindo waumwini

Pamene eni masheya angapo ang'onoang'ono ali ndi zofuna zofanana, kulumikizana kungalimbikitse kwambiri malo okambirana. Mkangano wamkati motero umakhala nkhani yokhudza kayendetsedwe ka makampani - yomwe imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri pa OK komanso pazochitika zilizonse zowononga ndalama. Kuphatikiza apo, malire ofufuza a 10% ndi €225,000 nthawi zambiri amakwaniritsidwa pokhapokha ngati eni masheya ang'onoang'ono akuchita zinthu mogwirizana.

Kuphatikiza apo, n'zotheka kuti otsogolera azikhala ndi mlandu payekha. Izi zitha kuchitika mkati mwa Article 2:9 DCC, pomwe wotsogolera wagwira ntchito yake molakwika ndipo akhoza kuimbidwa mlandu waukulu. Kunja kudzera mu Article 6:162 DCC, ngati khalidwe lake likuonedwa ngati mlandu wotsutsana ndi mwiniwake wa magawo kapena munthu wina. Mlingo wake ndi wokwera - si cholakwika chilichonse chomwe chimakhala mlandu waukulu - koma pazochitika zodzipindulitsa, chinyengo kapena kusasamala kwakukulu, udindo wa munthu payekha ndi njira yoopsa yomwe imawonjezera kwambiri kukakamizidwa kuti athetse vutoli.

Chigamulo chaposachedwa cha Khoti Lalikulu chikufotokozanso kuti, pakakhala kusamvana kwa chidwi, si udindo wa wotsogolera wokhudzidwayo kuweruza ngati ali ndi kusamvana kwa chidwi; kuti chigamulocho chili m'manja mwa otsogolera ena (Khoti Lalikulu 2026). Muyezo umenewo umapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuyesa machitidwe a wotsogolera ndikutsutsa ngati pakufunika kutero.

Kodi mumasankha bwanji njira yoyenera pa mikangano ya eni masheya?

Palibe njira yolankhulirana yodziwika bwino yothetsera mikangano ya eni masheya. Njira yoyenera imadalira mfundo zenizeni, ubale, zomwe zili mu SHA, komanso momwe mbali ina ikufunira kugwirizana kuti ipeze yankho. Mafunso anayi omwe nthawi zonse ndimakambirana nawo koyamba ndi awa:

1. Kodi ubale wa bizinesi ungasungidwebe? Inde → kuyambitsa mgwirizano poyamba. Mwachangu, motchipa, mwachinsinsi, ndipo zotsatira zake zitha kukonzedwa. Ayi, kapena kuwonongeka kwambiri → Chipinda cha Makampani kapena njira yogulira.
2. Kodi pali ngozi yaikulu pa kampaniyo? Kuthamangitsidwa kwa katundu, kutsekedwa kwa maakaunti akubanki, kapena kuopsezedwa kuti munthu sangakwanitse kulipira chifukwa cha kusayendetsa bwino ndalama → zinthu zomwe zaperekedwa nthawi yomweyo OK isanakwane. Tsiku lililonse lochedwa limawonjezera kuwonongeka.
3. Kodi gawo la magawo ndi lalikulu bwanji? Zochepera 10% kapena zochepera €225,000 → malire ofunsira omwe sangatheke popanda ogwirizana nawo. Lowani nawo magulu kapena sankhani njira ina.
4. Kodi SHA imati chiyani? Nthawi zonse werengani kaye. SHA ikhoza kukhala ndi gawo lothetsera mikangano lomwe limafuna kuti pakhale mgwirizano kapena kuweruza milandu kukhothi — komanso ufulu womwe umalimbitsa kwambiri udindo wa anthu ochepa.

Nthawi ndi mtengo wa mikangano ya eni masheya

Ndalama ndi nthawi ya mkangano wa eni masheya zimatsimikiziridwa ndi zinthu zitatu: kuuma kwa mfundo, kukana kwa chipani china, ndi mtundu wa zikalata zomwe zilipo. Anthu omwe ali ndi zolemba zabwino - ndi maimelo, mphindi zamisonkhano, SHA ndi kuwunika zachuma - ali pamalo olimba ndipo amakambirana milandu motchipa.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI

Kodi Bungwe la Enterprise Chamber lingachite chiyani?

Mu kafukufukuyu, bungwe la OK lili ndi mphamvu zazikulu: kusankha wotsogolera kwakanthawi kapena membala wa bungwe loyang'anira, kuyimitsa mamembala a bungwe, ndi kusamutsa magawo kwakanthawi kudzera mu kayendetsedwe ka bungwe (Article 2:356 DCC). Izi ndi njira zakanthawi - osati kusamutsa umwini komaliza. Kuthetsa zisankho zosaloledwa sikuchitika kudzera mu bungwe la OK, koma kudzera mu pempho lomwe lidaperekedwa kukhothi wamba motsatira Article 2:15 DCC. Njira zonse ziwiri zitha kuyenda limodzi.

Kodi ufulu wanga monga mwini masheya ochepa ndi wotani?

Mwachidule, muli ndi ufulu wopeza ziwerengero za pachaka ndi zikalata zamisonkhano, komanso ufulu wotsutsa zisankho zomwe zimasemphana ndi kuyenerera komanso chilungamo (Nkhani 2:8 ndi 2:15 DCC). Pazofufuza, Nkhani 2:346 DCC imafuna kuti eni masheya onse akhale ndi osachepera 10% ya ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa komanso osachepera €225,000; malire osiyanasiyana amagwira ntchito kumakampani omwe alembedwa kapena ndalama zazikulu zomwe zaperekedwa. Maufulu ena nthawi zambiri amalembedwa mu SHA ndi zolemba za mgwirizano.

Kodi kusiyana pakati pa kuyimira pakati, kuweruza milandu ndi OK ndi kotani?

Kuthetsa mkangano ndi kodzifunira — onse awiri ayenera kugwirizana pa zotsatira zake. Kuthetsa mkangano kumabweretsa chisankho chomangika ndi woweruza milandu payekha, kunja kwa makhothi. Bungwe la Enterprise Chamber ndi bungwe loweruza milandu lomwe, ngati lipempha — ngakhale popanda mgwirizano wa chipani china — lingatenge njira kwakanthawi ngati pali zifukwa zomveka zokayikira mfundo kapena momwe zinthu zilili.

Kodi ndingathe kuimbidwa mlandu ndi director?

Inde, koma malire ake ndi okwera. Malinga ndi Article 2:9 DCC, udindo wamkati ndi wotheka pamene director sanachite bwino ntchito zake ndipo akhoza kuimbidwa mlandu waukulu. Kunja izi zitha kuchitika kudzera mu Article 6:162 DCC ngati khalidwe lake lili ngati mlandu. Pankhani yodzidalira, chinyengo kapena kukondera makampani ake, iyi ndi njira yofunika kwambiri - komanso ngati njira yokakamiza kuti agwirizane.

Kodi inunso mumachita zinthu m'malo mwa eni masheya akunja?

Inde. Law & More ali ndi chidziwitso chachikulu ndi eni masheya apadziko lonse lapansi komanso owongolera mu Dutch BVs ndi NVs. Timachita zochitika mu Chingerezi ndipo timagwira ntchito limodzi ndi alangizi akunja pazinthu zokhudzana ndi zinthu zodutsa malire.

Ponena za wolemba

Tom Meevis ndi Woyang'anira Mnzanu ku Law & More in Eindhoven ndi AmsterdamAmalangiza makampani aku Dutch ndi apadziko lonse lapansi pa mikangano ya eni masheya, milandu yamakampani ndi zochitika zomwe zikuchitika ku Enterprise Chamber (Ondernemingskamer).

Kodi muli ndi mkangano pakati pa eni masheya, kapena mukuganiza kuti ufulu wanu ukuphwanyidwa? Tidzawunika momwe zinthu zilili, kupereka upangiri wanzeru, ndikukudziwitsani za njira ndi ndalama zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito - mu zokambirana zaulere.

Tom Meevis · +31 40 369 06 80 · info@lawandmore.nl