Mapangano anzeru: kodi ndi ofunikira kutsatira malamulo aku Dutch?

Pangano lanzeru limagwira ntchito motsatira malamulo aku Dutch ngati likukwaniritsa zofunikira za pangano: kupereka ndi kuvomereza motsatira Article 6:217 ya Dutch Civil Code (BW), cholinga chokakamizidwa mwalamulo, ndi mawu otsimikizika mokwanira. Khothi lokha silimaphwanya lamulo lokakamiza: khothi la ku Dutch limatanthauzirabe mgwirizanowo ndipo limatha kuchotsa zotsatira zomwe sizingavomerezedwe ndi miyezo yoyenera komanso yachilungamo, ndipo zochitika zomwe zimafuna chikalata cha notarial sizingachitike ndi code yokha.

Lamulo la mgwirizano wa ku Netherlands siligwirizana ndi ukadaulo. Palibe lamulo la ku Dutch lokhudza mapangano anzeru, kotero malamulo onse a Buku 6 BW amagwira ntchito. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe malamulowo amagwirira ntchito pa mapangano ozikidwa pa malamulo , komwe kuli zoopsa zalamulo, komanso momwe mungakhazikitsire mgwirizano wanzeru womwe ungagwire ntchito kukhothi.

Kodi contract yanzeru ndi chiyani?

Pangano lanzeru ndi pulogalamu ya pakompyuta pa blockchain yomwe imachita zinthu zomwe zavomerezedwa zokha pamene zinthu zomwe zakhazikitsidwa zakwaniritsidwa. Mwachitsanzo: malipiro akangofika mu tokeni, umwini wa katundu wa digito umapita kwa wogula, popanda wothandizira wa escrow.

Khodi nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito pa maukonde a blockchain monga Ethereum. Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito, imakhala yovuta kapena yosatheka kusintha, imagwira ntchito popanda kulowererapo kwa anthu, ndipo pa unyolo wa anthu onse aliyense amatha kuwona khodiyo ndi zochitikazo. Oracles imapereka deta yakunja mu mgwirizano, monga mitengo yosinthira kapena kutsimikizira kutumiza.

Mwalamulo, malamulowa ndi njira yochitira zinthu zomwe munthu ayenera kuchita, osati gulu lina lalamulo. Malinga ndi Nkhani 6:217 BW, funso ndilakuti ngati maguluwa adagwirizana ndipo ndi malamulo ati; momwe magwiridwe antchito amachitikira okha ndiye chinthu chachiwiri.

Kodi mgwirizano wanzeru umakhala mgwirizano womangika liti?

Pangano lanzeru limamanga maguluwo ngati pali chopereka, kuvomereza kofanana komanso cholinga chomangidwa mwalamulo. Malinga ndi Article 6:217 BW palibe fomu yeniyeni yofunikira pamapangano ambiri, kotero mgwirizano womwe wafotokozedwa mu code ukhoza kuyenerera.

Mwachidule, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ndi mawu ofalitsidwa kungakhale chopereka, ndipo kutumiza malonda omwe amayambitsa malamulo kungakhale kuvomereza. Khothi limayesa cholinga chake mopanda tsankho: kodi mbali ina ingaganize chiyani kuchokera ku zomwe mwanena ndi zomwe mwachita? Maguluwo ayeneranso kukhala ndi mphamvu zovomerezeka, ndipo zomwe zili mkati mwake ziyenera kukhala zovomerezeka.

Ndi zochitika ziti zomwe sizingachitike ndi code yokha?

Mapangano ena amafuna chikalata chovomerezeka ndi notarial. Kusamutsa malo kumafuna chikalata chovomerezeka ndi kulembetsa motsatira Article 3:89 BW, ndipo magawo mu kampani yachinsinsi (BV) amasamutsidwa ndi chikalatacho pamaso pa notarial wa boma la Dutch motsatira Article 2:196 BW. Chizindikiro chomwe "chikuyimira" magawo a nyumba kapena BV sichimasamutsa katunduyo.

Pamene lamulo limafuna kulemba kokha, Nkhani 6:227a BW imavomereza pangano lamagetsi ngati lingafunsidwe ndi magulu, kutsimikizika kwake kumatsimikizika mokwanira, ndipo nthawi yomaliza ndi kudziwika kwa magulu zitha kutsimikiziridwa mokwanira. Ma adilesi abodza a chikwama amapangitsa kuti zofunikira za chizindikiritso zikhale zovuta kukwaniritsa.

Kodi siginecha ya blockchain ndi siginecha yovomerezeka yamagetsi?

Kawirikawiri siginecha yachinsinsi imakhala siginecha yamagetsi yosavuta, osati yapamwamba. Motsatira malamulo a eIDAS (Regulation (EU) No 910/2014), siginecha yapamwamba iyenera kulumikizidwa mwapadera ndi kuzindikira wosayinayo, ndipo adilesi ya chikwama imazindikira kiyi, osati munthu.

Zimenezo sizili vuto lalikulu monga momwe zimamvekera. Malinga ndi Article 3:15a BW, siginecha yamagetsi imakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi yolembedwa pamanja ngati njirayo inali yodalirika mokwanira pa cholinga chake komanso momwe zinthu zilili. Lamulo la eIDAS limaletsanso makhothi kukana kugwiritsa ntchito siginecha yamagetsi chifukwa ndi yamagetsi. Onani nkhani yathu yokhudza siginecha yamagetsi.

Kodi khoti la ku Netherlands limatanthauzira bwanji mgwirizano wanzeru?

Khoti la ku Netherlands silivomereza kuti “malamulo ndi lamulo”. Limagwiritsa ntchito muyezo wa Haviltex wa Khoti Lalikulu la ku Netherlands (ECLI:NL:HR:1981:AG4158): zomwe maguluwo angamvetse bwino kuchokera ku zomwe wina ndi mnzake akunena komanso zomwe akuchita pazochitikazo.

Khoti limayang'ana malamulowo, komanso tsamba lawebusayiti, mapepala oyera, mauthenga ochezera ndi mawu aliwonse olembedwa. Ngati malamulowo achita chinthu chomwe magulu awiriwa sanagwirizane, mgwirizanowo umakhala wamphamvu kuposa kukwaniritsidwa kwake, ndipo gulu lomwe linapindula liyenera kubweza zomwe linalandira.

Kodi khoti lingakonze zomwe malamulowo achita kale?

Inde. Malinga ndi Nkhani 6:248(2) BW, lamulo la mgwirizano siligwira ntchito pamene zimenezo sizingavomerezedwe ndi miyezo yoyenera komanso yachilungamo, ndipo malinga ndi Nkhani 6:258 BW khothi likhoza kusintha kapena kuthetsa mgwirizano chifukwa cha zinthu zosayembekezereka.

Pangano lomwe lachitika molakwika lingathe kuthetsedwa motsatira Nkhani 6:228 BW, ndipo ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa popanda chifukwa chovomerezeka zitha kubwezedwanso ngati malipiro osayenera motsatira Nkhani 6:203 BW. Chifukwa chake, kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu si chitetezo: ngati malondawo sangasinthidwe pa unyolo, khothi likhoza kulamula kuti kubwezeredwa kapena kuwonongeka kuchitike m'malo mwake.

Kufooka kwa ma code komwe kumawononga ndalama sikumasula mbali iliyonse ku maudindo ake. Amene akuyenera kutayika amadalira mgwirizano ndi lamulo la milandu (Article 6:162 BW), choncho perekani chiopsezocho mwachindunji polemba.

Ndi lamulo liti ndipo ndi khoti liti lomwe limagwira ntchito?

Pa mapangano odutsa malire, lamulo la Rome I (Regulation (EC) No 593/2008) limagwira ntchito pa chisankho cha magulu, motsatira malamulo oteteza ogula komanso malamulo okakamiza. Kusankha lamulo la Dutch mu mgwirizano wanzeru wa bizinesi ndi bizinesi nthawi zambiri kumalemekezedwa, monga momwe zilili mu mgwirizano wina uliwonse.

Popanda kusankha, blockchain imapereka zinthu zochepa zolumikizirana: buku la ndalama limagwira ntchito pa ma node m'maiko ambiri, ndipo maguluwo angadziwike kokha ndi ma adilesi a chikwama. Khothi la ku Dutch kenako limayang'ana zinthu zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse, monga komwe maguluwo adakhazikitsidwa komanso komwe magwiridwe antchito amachitikira. Kupereka pempho kwa mwini chikwama wosadziwika nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosatheka.

Ikani kusankha malamulo ndi malo olankhulirana mu mgwirizano wa chilankhulo chachilengedwe womwe umatchula malamulo. Mabizinesi ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira yosakanikirana: mgwirizano wolembedwa, malamulo ogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi gawo lomwe limafotokoza zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati pakhala kusamvana. Onaninso nkhani yathu yokhudza ulamuliro ndi nkhani zokakamiza.

Kodi kuweruza milandu ndi njira yabwino?

Kuweruza milandu kumakupatsani mwayi wosankha oweruza milandu omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chaukadaulo ndipo kumasunga chinsinsi cha milandu. Malinga ndi Msonkhano wa New York wa 1958, mphotho za arbitral zitha kuzindikirika ndikutsatiridwa m'maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Mphoto iyenera kutsatiridwa pa katundu, ndipo zinthu zabodza zomwe zili m'gulu la milandu n'zovuta kuzipeza. Gwirizanani ndi gawo la chigamulo mu mgwirizano wolembedwa, tchulani bungwe ndi mpando, ndipo tchulani chilankhulo cha zomwe zachitika.

Ndi malamulo ati oyendetsera ntchito omwe amagwira ntchito?

Pangano lanzeru lomwe limangopanga mgwirizano wamba wamalonda silimayang'aniridwa ndi ndalama. Zimenezo zimasintha likasunga ndalama za crypto kwa ena, likapereka ma tokeni kwa anthu onse, kapena likapereka ntchito ya crypto-asset.

Pansi pa Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA, Regulation (EU) 2023/1114), opereka chithandizo cha crypto-asset ku Netherlands akhala akufunika chilolezo kuchokera ku Dutch Authority for the Financial Markets (AFM) kuyambira pa 30 Disembala 2024, kapena chilolezo chochokera kwa woyang'anira wina wa EU. Kulembetsa koyambirira ndi De Nederlandsche Bank (DNB) sikukwanira, ndipo nthawi yosinthira ya Dutch kwa makampani olembetsedwa yatha. Werengani zambiri mu nkhani yathu yokhudza MiCA Regulation.

Ndi malamulo ati a ogula omwe amagwira ntchito?

Ngati mupangana mgwirizano ndi ogula pa intaneti, Article 6:230m BW imafuna kuti mupereke chidziwitso chomveka bwino musanamangiriridwe ndi kasitomala, ndipo code yokha siyikwaniritsa udindowo. Malinga ndi Article 6:230o BW, kasitomala nthawi zambiri amatha kuchotsa mgwirizano wakutali mkati mwa masiku 14.

Chifukwa chake, dongosolo lanu liyenera kuloleza kubweza ndalama kapena kubweza, ngakhale pa netiweki yomwe imatchedwa yosasinthika. Malamulo osalungama m'mawu ndi mikhalidwe yonse akhoza kuthetsedwa, kaya alembedwa mu chikalata kapena amangidwa mu code.

Kodi GDPR imakhudza bwanji zolemba za blockchain?

GDPR imapatsa anthu ufulu wokonza ndi kufufuta deta yawo, pomwe zolemba za blockchain za anthu onse sizingasinthidwe. Bungwe la Dutch Data Protection Authority (Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens) limayang'anira kutsatira malamulo.

Sungani zambiri zanu pa intaneti, sungani ma hash kapena maina olembedwa pa intaneti, ndipo sankhani pasadakhale amene amachita ngati wolamulira. Mu netiweki yogawa anthu, funso limenelo ndi lovuta, koma silichotsa udindo wanu. Onani nkhani yathu yokhudza zofunikira za GDPR.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati chipani chomwe chikugwiritsa ntchito pangano lanzeru?

• Pangano lolembedwa lomwe limafotokoza zomwe malamulowa amachita komanso zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati pakhala kusamvana.
• Kusankha lamulo la ku Netherlands ndi gawo la khothi kapena chigamulo cha milandu mu mgwirizano wolembedwawo.
• Kuwunika ma code paokha musanagwiritse ntchito, ndi zolemba za zomwe zapezeka.
• Chotsani chiopsezo cha zolakwika, ma hacks ndi kulephera kwa oracle.
• Kaya ntchitoyo ikufuna chilolezo cha MiCA kuchokera ku AFM.
• Kwa ogula: zambiri zomwe zaperekedwa pasadakhale komanso njira yogwirira ntchito yochotsera ndalama kwa masiku 14.

Kodi muyenera kutsimikizira chiyani ngati mnzanu?

• Kodi gulu lotumiza anthu ndi ndani, dzina lake lovomerezeka ndi KVK kulembetsa kapena chofanana ndi chakunja.
• Kaya mawu olembedwa alipo ndipo akugwirizana ndi zomwe code imachitadi.
• Kaya pali njira yoyimitsa, kuyimitsa kapena kukonza pangano, komanso amene akulilamulira.
• Ndi lamulo liti komanso khoti liti kapena bungwe loweruza milandu lomwe limagwira ntchito pa mikangano.
• Kaya woperekayo ali ndi chilolezo chofunikira ngati akuyang'anira zinthu zanu za crypto.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi mapangano anzeru?

Maloya athu a IT amalangiza mabizinesi pankhani ya malamulo okhudza mapangano ozikidwa pa blockchain.

• Timalemba mgwirizano wolembedwa womwe uli pafupi ndi malamulo anu, kuphatikizapo kusankha malamulo ndi kuthetsa mikangano.
• Timawunikanso ngati tokeni kapena ntchito yanu ili pansi pa MiCA ndipo ikufunika laisensi ya AFM.
• Timafufuza zambiri za ogula, ufulu wochotsa ndalama ndi mawu onse okhudzana ndi mapulogalamu omwe amaperekedwa ndi ogula.
• Timayesa kukhazikitsidwa kwa GDPR kwa pulogalamu yanu ya blockchain.
• Timathandiza pa mikangano yokhudza kulephera kwa ntchito, kuphatikizapo zopempha kubweza kapena kuwonongeka kwa katundu.

Chidule

• Pangano lanzeru limagwira ntchito ngati pali chopereka, kuvomereza ndi cholinga chomangika (Nkhani 6:217 BW).
• Makhothi amatanthauzira mgwirizanowu pogwiritsa ntchito muyezo wa Haviltex, osati kokha ndi zomwe malamulowo akuchita.
• Kulingalira bwino ndi chilungamo (Nkhani 6:248 BW), kulakwitsa ndi kulipira kosayenera kungakonze zotsatira zomwe zachitika.
• Magawo a nyumba ndi BV akufunikirabe chikalata cha notarial; code singathe kuisintha.
• Ntchito za crypto-asset zimafuna chilolezo cha MiCA kuchokera ku AFM, ndipo malamulo a ogula ndi GDPR amagwira ntchito mokwanira.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI