Ndalama zothandizira pansi pa lamulo la Dutch administrative: mphoto, maudindo, kusintha, kuchotsa ndi kubwezeretsa

Ndalama za ku Netherlands ndi EU zimafika kumakampani, mayunivesite ndi mabungwe osapindula m'maina ambiri — ndalama zothandizira, zopereka, ndalama zothandizira, ndalama zothandizira, ngongole zatsopano. Zambiri mwa izo, mwalamulo, ndi chinthu chimodzi: ndalama zothandizira . Kugawa kumeneku kumabweretsa dongosolo lovomerezeka lomwe limalola bungwe lolipira kuchepetsa ndalamazo patatha zaka zambiri ndikubweza zomwe lasamutsa.

Chimene chimawerengedwa ngati ndalama zothandizira palamulo

Art. 4:21 Awb (Algemene wet bestuursrecht, General Administrative Law Act ) imatanthauzira ndalama zothandizira ngati ufulu wopeza ndalama, woperekedwa ndi bungwe loyang'anira lomwe likuyang'ana zochita zina za wopemphayo, kupatula kulipira katundu kapena ntchito zomwe zimaperekedwa ku bungwe limenelo. Zinthu zinayi zimagwira ntchito: ufulu wopeza ndalama; woperekedwa ndi bungwe loyang'anira - unduna, RVO, chigawo, boma, bungwe lofufuza, kapena bungwe lachinsinsi lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wa boma; logwirizana ndi ntchito zomwe wolandirayo ayenera kuchita; osati kulipira zomwe bungwelo likugula lokha. Chinthu chomaliza chimenecho ndi mzere pakati pa ndalama zothandizira ndi kugula.

Nkhani yomweyi imaika misonkho ndi zopereka zina zachitetezo cha anthu kunja kwa mutuwo, ndipo sikuphatikiza ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa motsatira lamulo lopereka kwa anthu ovomerezeka ndi malamulo aboma okha. Imagwiritsa ntchito mutuwo mofanana ndi ndalama zothandizira maphunziro ndi kafukufuku, ndichifukwa chake mayunivesite ndi mabungwe ofufuza ali mkati mwa dongosololi ngakhale pomwe njira zawo zopezera ndalama zimatchedwa china chake.

Chifukwa chiyani chizindikiro chomwe chili pamapepala sichimasankha

Kugawika kumeneku ndi kopanda tsankho, kotero Mutu 4.2 Awb umagwira ntchito pa chisankho chomwe chili ndi mutu wakuti "bijdrage", "vergoeding" kapena "grant agreement" kaya dongosololo likunena choncho kapena ayi. Zotsatira ziwiri zimatsatira. Ubale si wa pangano: chigamulocho ndi chisankho cha munthu mmodzi, chomwe chingatsutsidwe kokha ndi kutsutsa ndi apilo, ndipo sichingakambiranenso. Ndipo "pangano" losainidwa pamodzi ndi mgwirizanowu ndi mgwirizano wokwaniritsa malinga ndi Article 4:36 Awb, womwe umachita chisankhocho m'malo mochisintha.

Zofunikira pamaziko alamulo, ndi zosiyana zake

Art. 4:23 Awb imafuna kuti ndalama zothandizira zikhale pa lamulo lonena za ntchito zomwe zingapatsidwe. Zopatulapo ndi zochepa: mphoto yomwe ikuyembekezeredwa kuvomerezedwa kwa lamulo lotere, imodzi yozikidwa mwachindunji pa pulogalamu ya EU, imodzi kwa wolandira ndi ndalama zomwe zatchulidwa mu bajeti, ndi mphotho yongoyembekezera kwa olandira ochepa. Ngati pali chosiyana, chitetezo cha kapangidwe kake - denga lofalitsidwa, njira yogawa, nthawi yofunsira - sichingakhalepo.

Chikalata cha ndondomekoyi ndi komwe milandu imachitikira: AWB imakhazikitsa chimango, ndondomekoyi imakhazikitsa ndalama zoyenera, nthawi yomaliza, ntchito zofotokozera komanso tanthauzo la ntchitoyo. Unduna uliwonse uli ndi malamulo akeake, kotero lamulo la kholo ndilofunika kwambiri.

Denga, malo osankhika ndi dongosolo lofanana ndi la tende

Art. 4:22 Awb imafotokoza malire a ndalama zothandizira ngati malire apamwamba omwe alipo pansi pa lamulo munthawi inayake. Art. 4:25 Awb imafuna kuti ikhazikitsidwe ndi kapena pansi pa lamulo ndipo imakakamiza bungwe kukana pempho mpaka kufika poti lingapitirire - udindo, osati kusankha. Art. 4:26 Awb imafuna kuti njira yogawa itchulidwe pamene malire akhazikitsidwa. Njira zitatu ndizolamulira:

• Dongosolo la risiti. Tsiku la wathunthu Kugwiritsa ntchito kumalandiridwa ndi zowongolera, kotero pempho la zambiri motsatira Art. 4:5 Awb lingakuwonongereni malo.
• Kuyika pamlingo wa khalidwe. Mafomu ofunsira amapatsidwa mavoti motsatira mfundo zofalitsidwa ndipo amathandizidwa mpaka malire atafika — ngati ofooka koma dzina lokha, ndipo amaweruzidwa moyenerera: mfundo ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga momwe zalembedwera, ndipo zofooka sizingakonzedwe pambuyo pa tsiku lomaliza. Fomu yofunsira ndi yoona; chilichonse chomwe thupi lingathe kulemera chiyenera kukhala chili mmenemo pofika nthawiyo.
• Kujambula ndi maere. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene ntchito zili zofanana kapena nthawi imodzi. N'zovomerezeka, ndipo n'zosatheka kutsutsa pa ubwino wake.

Kapangidwe ka magawo awiri komwe kamakopa pafupifupi aliyense

Ndalama zambiri zothandizira ku Netherlands za kukula kulikonse zimabwera m'masankho awiri. Ndalama zothandizira (mphoto) motsatira Art. 4:29 Awb ndi kutsatira zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi ufulu wokhazikika, zimafotokoza zochitika (Art. 4:30 Awb) ndipo zimanena kuchuluka kapena kuchuluka kwake (Art. 4:31 Awb). Ndalama zothandizira (kutsimikiza) motsatira Art. 4:42 Awb ndi kutsatira zimakhazikitsa ndalama zomaliza ndikupanga ufulu wolipira. Chomwe chimakopa olandira ndi kusiyana: ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa pambuyo pa mphotho ndi ndalama zomwe sizinakhazikitsidwe. Sizinapezeke, ndipo zitha kubwezedwanso.

Art. 4:44 Awb imalamulira pempho loti lipereke chigamulo ndi nthawi yake; pamene dongosolo kapena chigamulocho sichimaika nthawi, nthawi yokhazikika ndi milungu 22 pambuyo poti ntchitozo zatha. Ziphonye ndipo bungweli lingasankhe thandizo la chisankho chake motsatira Art. 4:47 Awb, malinga ndi umboni womwe lili nawo.

Zoyenera kuchita pa chithandizo cha ndalama

Art. 4:37 Awb imalemba maudindo omwe bungwe lingapereke popanda maziko ena alamulo: mtundu ndi kukula kwa ntchito, kayendetsedwe ka ndalama ndi ndalama, chidziwitso chisanaperekedwe, chitetezo cha ndalama zolipirira, kuwerengera ndalama, ndi kuwerengera ndalama ndi wowerengera ndalama. Art. 4:38 Awb imalola maudindo ena otumikira cholinga cha thandizo; Art. 4:39 Awb imalola omwe satero, pokhapokha ngati lamulo likupereka. Art. 4:41 Awb ingafune kulipira pamene katundu wothandizira akugulitsidwa. Zitatu zimayambitsa mavuto ambiri:

• Kuchita ntchitoyo monga momwe tafotokozera. Pulojekiti yomwe imalephera kugwira ntchito — mnzanuyo amachoka, phukusi la ntchito limasiyidwa, zosintha zomwe zingachitike — si ntchito yothandizidwanso, ndipo kusiyana kwake kumachotsedwa.
• Kuyang'anira ndi kusunga zolemba. Mapulani amafuna kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti komwe ntchito, maola ndi ndalama zimatha kutsimikiziridwa nthawi iliyonse, ndikusungidwa kwa nthawi yoikika pambuyo poti yatsimikiziridwa. Udindo wake ndi wanthawi imodzi; kukonzanso komwe kwapangidwa pambuyo pake sikulipidwa moyenerera.
• Kudziwitsa anthu za kusintha kwa zinthu. Pafupifupi ndondomeko iliyonse imafuna malipoti mwachangu a chilichonse chomwe chikukhudza chigamulocho: kuchedwa, kusintha kwa mgwirizano, ndalama zochepa, ndalama zina zogulira zomwezo, kulephera kulipira ngongole. Kulephera kupereka lipoti palokha ndi kuswa malamulo. Udindowu sutsatira mwachindunji kuchokera ku Awb, womwe supereka udindo wamba wodziwitsa: umapangidwa ndi ndondomeko yeniyeni kapena lamulo la chimango, kapena wolumikizidwa ku chigamulocho ngati udindo motsatira art. 4:37 Awb.

Art. 5:20 Awb padera imakakamiza aliyense kugwirizana ndi woyang'anira yemwe akuchita zomwe angathe. Kukana mwayi wopeza ntchito panthawi yowunikira ndi vuto lalikulu, osati udindo wokambirana.

Nthawi zosankha zochita, ndi zomwe mungachite ngati zaphonyedwa

Ndondomekoyi nthawi zambiri imakhazikitsa nthawi yoti munthu asankhe; pamene sichoncho, art. 4:13 Awb imafuna chisankho mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera. art. 4:14 Awb imakakamiza bungweli kudziwitsa kuchedwa ndikupereka tsiku latsopano; art. 4:15 Awb imayimitsa wotchi pamene chidziwitso chikuyembekezeredwa. Ngati nthawiyo ikadutsa, perekani chidziwitso cholembedwa cha kusachita bwino: art. 4:17 Awb amatha kupangitsa bungweli kukhala ndi mlandu wolipira chilango, ndipo art. 6:2 ndi art. 6:12 Awb imatsegula apilo yotsutsa kulephera kusankha. Mwachizolowezi, chidziwitsochi chimathetsa kuchedwa kwambiri.

Kusintha, kuchotsa ndi chigamulo chocheperako

Awb imapereka zida zingapo zosiyana, ndipo ndikofunikira kuti ndi iti yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, chifukwa malo ndi malire a nthawi zimasiyana.

Onani kusiyana kwa mgwirizano. Musanayambe kutsimikiza, thupi likhoza kuchepetsa pa luso lililonse. 4:46 Awb ground, kuphatikizapo kuti ndalama zoyenera zinali zochepa. Pambuyo pake udindowo ndi wokhazikika kwambiri, chifukwa luso. 4:49 Awb ndi yopapatiza komanso nthawi yochepa. Kufikira kutsimikiza koyera ndi chinthu chamtengo wapatali kwambiri chomwe wolandirayo angachite.

Kubweza ndalama zomwe zalipidwa kale

Kuchepetsa kokha sikubweretsa kubweza. Art. 4:57 Awb imalola bungwe kubweza ndalama zothandizira ndi ndalama zothandizira zomwe zidaperekedwa popanda chifukwa, ndi chisankho chosiyana chobweza, ndipo imapatsa zaka zisanu kuti zichite zimenezo. Nthawi imeneyo imayambira tsiku lomwe thandizo linatsimikiziridwa kapena, pamene chifukwa chake ndi kuswa udindo womwe unachitika pambuyo pa chigamulocho, kuyambira tsiku la lamulolo. Kupeza mochedwa kulipira kochulukirapo sikungoyambitsenso kokha, ndichifukwa chake chigamulo choyera chili chofunika kwambiri. Mutu 4.4 Awb pa ngongole zandalama zoyang'anira ndiye zimatenga malo, ndipo ndi njira yeniyeni yokakamiza:

• Udindo wolipira umakhazikitsidwa ndi chisankho (art. 4:85 mpaka art. 4:96 Awb), ndi nthawi yolipira kuyambira pomwe adadziwitsidwa. Chiwongola dzanja chovomerezeka chimawonjezeka chokha ngati wobwereketsayo walephera (art. 4:97 mpaka art. 4:103 Awb); palibe chifukwa chosiyana chomwe chikufunika.
• Pambuyo pa chikumbutso (art. 4:112 ndi art. 4:113 Awb) bungweli likhoza kupereka chikalata chotsimikizira kuti mlandu watha ndipo ligwiritse ntchito popanda kupita kukhoti (art. 4:114 ndi art. 4:124 Awb). Malire a ngongoleyo akugwera pansi pa art. 4:104 ndi art. 4:111 Awb, ndi art. 4:125 Awb imagwirizanitsa chiwongola dzanja, ndalama ndi malipiro ku chitsutso chotsutsana ndi chisankho chachikulu.

Mikangano yambiri imayang'ana umboni, osati lamulo

Ndemanga zimapambana ndipo sizimatheka pa kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti. Zifukwa zalamulo sizimatsutsidwa kawirikawiri; chomwe chimatsutsidwa ndichakuti ngati maola ndi ndalama zomwe zikunenedwa zitha kutsimikiziridwa. Zolepherazo ndizofala: maola olembedwa sabata iliyonse m'manambala ozungulira; maola omwewo omwe amalengezedwa pamapulojekiti awiri; nthawi zomwezo zopanda pulojekiti ndi ntchito yotchulidwa; kuchuluka kwa malipiro komwe sikungapezeke pa malipiro; ndalama zomwe zasungidwa kunja kwa nthawi yoyenera.

Mu ABRvS 3 February 2021, ECLI:NL:RVS:2021:215 , wolandira ndalama zothandizira ERDF adalengeza maola omwewo pa ntchito zingapo; Dipatimenti Yoyang'anira Malamulo idatsimikizira chigamulo chocheperako pansi pa art. 4:46 Awb ndi kusintha kwa chigamulo choyambirira pansi pa art. 4:49 Awb, ndi kubweza. Lamulo logwira ntchito: ngati munthu wakunja sangathe kutsatira euro yomwe ikufunidwa kuchokera ku ledger kubwerera kwa munthu, tsiku, ntchito ndi ntchito yothandizidwa, yembekezerani kuti isaloledwe.

Mapulogalamu a EU ndi mapulojekiti othandizidwa ndi ndalama

Pamene ndalamazo zimachokera ku pulogalamu ya EU, gawo lachiwiri limakhala pamwamba pa la Dutch. Pansi pa kayendetsedwe kogawana - ndalama zoyendetsera ndi zachigawo - bungwe loyang'anira la Dutch limagwiritsa ntchito malamulo a EU pankhani yoyenerera, kusakhazikika ndi kukonza zachuma pamodzi ndi Mutu 4.2 Awb, ndi mayankho ku Commission pa zomwe amalipira. Pansi pa kayendetsedwe kachindunji, mapangano opindula ndi Commission kapena bungwe, ndi Awb sangagwire ntchito pa ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa, ngakhale kuti zidzagwiranso ntchito pa ndalama zothandizira.

• Bungwe la dziko likhoza kukakamizidwa kuti libwezeretse, osati kungokhala ndi ufulu wochita zimenezo. In Mlandu C-599/13 Somvao, chiweruzo cha 18 December 2014, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2419Khoti Lachilungamo linagamula, potengera umboni wochokera ku Dipatimenti Yoyang'anira Malamulo, kuti malamulo azachuma a EU okha ndi omwe angapereke maziko alamulo kuti boma la dziko lichepetse ndikubweza ndalama zothandizira ngati pali kusatsatira malamulo, ngakhale popanda maziko a malamulo a dziko. Chifukwa chake, kuti Awb salola kuti ndalama zothandizira zibwezeretsedwe si yankho lokwanira ngati ndalama za EU zikukhudzidwa.
• Gawo lowonjezera la kafukufuku. Mapulojekiti amathanso kuunikidwa ndi bungwe loona za kafukufuku, Khoti Loona za Owerengera ku Ulaya, Komiti ndi OLAF, ndipo milandu yoopsa ingafike ku Ofesi ya Otsutsa Boma ku Ulaya — patapita nthawi yayitali kuchokera pamene yatsimikiziridwa.
• Malamulo osiyanasiyana oletsa. Art. 4:49 ndi art. 4:57 Awb amapereka nthawi ya zaka zisanu ku Netherlands, kuyambira pomwe lamuloli latha kapena kuchokera pa kutsimikiza kwa thandizo. Pamene ndalamazo zathandizidwa ndi ndalama za ku Europe, Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 2988/95 imagwiranso ntchito limodzi ndi izi, ndi nthawi ya zaka zinayi kuchokera pamene lamuloli lachitika, losokonezedwa ndi kafukufuku aliyense wochitidwa ndi akuluakulu oyenerera. Awiriwa sakugwirizana, ndipo Lamuloli silisintha nthawi za dziko: art. 3 ya Lamuloli imateteza momveka bwino kuti Mayiko Omwe Ali M'mamembala agwiritse ntchito nthawi yayitali kuposa zaka zinayi, kotero nthawi ya zaka zisanu ku Netherlands ikhoza kugwira ntchito pamwamba. Chomwe Lamuloli likuwonjezera ndi lamulo losokoneza - kafukufuku aliyense kapena zochitika zomwe zadziwitsidwa kwa munthu wokhudzidwayo zimayambiranso zaka zinayi - malinga ndi malire akunja kawiri kuposa nthawi yomwe palibe chilango chomwe chaperekedwa. Pa nthawi yomwe pulogalamuyo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, malamulo ozungulira ndi Regulation (EU) 2021/1060, malamulo ogwirizana a 2021 mpaka 2027, ndi Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2024/2509, Regulation ya Zachuma yosinthidwa yomwe ikugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 30 Seputembala 2024 m'malo mwa Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2018/1046.

Thandizo la boma, ndi chifukwa chake chikhulupiriro chabwino sichikupulumutsani

Thandizo ku bungwe likhoza kukhala thandizo la boma mkati mwa nkhani. 107 TFEU. Ngati ndi choncho, ndipo silinachotsedwe kapena kudziwitsidwa ndi kuvomerezedwa, nkhani. 108 TFEU imapangitsa kuti chigamulocho chikhale chosaloledwa chifukwa chinaperekedwa chisanaperekedwe chilolezo. Zotsatira zake zimakhala kunja kwa ulamuliro wa wolandirayo: thandizo losaloledwa liyenera kubwezedwa, ndi chiwongola dzanja kuyambira tsiku lomwe linaperekedwa kwa wolandirayo, ndipo chikhulupiriro chabwino sichiteteza. Mu Mlandu C-24/95 Land Rheinland-Pfalz v Alcan Deutschland, chigamulo cha pa 20 Marichi 1997, ECLI:EU:C:1997:163 , Khotilo linagamula kuti akuluakulu adziko omwe akukumana ndi chigamulo chobweza chokhudza thandizo losaloledwa la boma sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zadziko zotsimikizika mwalamulo kapena ziyembekezo zovomerezeka pomwe thandizolo silinadziwitsidwe ku European Commission, ndipo malamulo adziko okhudza nthawi yochotsera yomwe yatha sangagwiritsidwe ntchito kotero kuti kubwezeretsako kukhale kosatheka.

Izi zikukwaniritsa ulamuliro wa Dutch pa mfundo ziwiri. Art. 4:35 Awb ikuphatikizapo chifukwa chokana thandizo lomwe lingatsutsane ndi malamulo othandizira boma la EU. Ndipo Netherlands ili ndi lamulo lodzipereka pa kubwezeretsa thandizo la boma, Wet terugvordering staatssteun, lomwe likugwira ntchito kuyambira 1 Julayi 2018. Limaika kubwezeretsa m'manja mwa "het bestuursorgaan dat het aangaat" - makamaka bungwe lomwe lidapereka thandizo kapena lomwe lili ndi udindo pa izi, monga momwe tafotokozera mu Art. 1 - lomwe limabwezeretsedwa ndi chigamulo cholipira choperekedwa kwa wopindula (art. 3, ndi art. 7 pomwe palibe chigamulo cha Commission). Pa chiwongola dzanja lamuloli limapita ku Europe: pomwe chisankho cha Commission sichikukonza, chiwongola dzanja chomwe chimapanga gawo la chithandizo chomwe chikuyenera kubwezedwa chimawerengedwa motsatira Art. 16 ndi art. 33 ya malamulo a procedural, Regulation (EU) 2015/1589. Chifukwa chake, vuto la thandizo la boma likhoza kutsegulanso ndalama zothandizira pambuyo poti zawoneka ngati zatsekedwa, ndipo nthawi ya ku Netherlands sikukutetezani: nthawi ya zaka khumi ya EU ikugwira ntchito. Chitetezo chili patsogolo - kutsimikizira kuti dongosololi likuyenda motsatira General Block Exemption Regulation kapena de minimis regulation, ndikusunga umboni wa cheke chimenecho.

Kutsutsa, apilo, mpumulo wa kanthawi ndi malire a nthawi

Gawo lililonse - kukana, kupereka mphoto, kutsimikiza mtima, kusiya, kuchira - ndi chisankho chosiyana, ndipo chilichonse chiyenera kutsutsidwa chokha.

• Kutsutsa. Art. 7:1 Awb imafuna kutsutsa bungwe lokha lisanapereke apilo, mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera pamene ladziwitsidwa (art. 6:7 Awb). Kutsutsa kochedwa nthawi zambiri sikuloledwa.
• Apilo. Art. 8:1 Awb akupereka chikoka kwa khoti la oyang'aniraKumene apilo ina ikupita kumadalira dongosolo: art. 8:6 Awb ndi ndondomeko ya ulamuliro imatumiza mapulojekiti azachuma ku Khoti Loona za Apilo la Zamalonda ndi Makampani ndi ena ambiri ku Dipatimenti Yoyang'anira Malamulo ya Bungwe la StateNdi ndani mwa awiriwa amene akumvetsera mlandu wanu osati nkhani yongoganizira chabe: yang'anani ndondomekoyi pogwiritsa ntchito mutu wake wolembedwa mu Bevoegdheidsregeling bestuursrechtspraak, ndondomeko yolumikizidwa ku Awb, ndipo yang'anani mogwirizana ndi gawo lothandizira lomwe lili pansi pa chisankhocho milungu isanu ndi umodzi isanathe.
• Mpumulo wa kanthawi. Art. 8:81 Awb imalola pempho kwa woweruza woyambirira pamodzi ndi chitsutso kapena apilo yomwe ikuyembekezeredwa — njira yokhayo yoletsera kuchira panthawiyi, popeza chitsutsocho sichimayimitsa (art. 6:16 Awb).
• Kuchepetsa. Nthawi zitatu zimayenda motsatizana: art. 4:49 Awb, art. 4:57 Awb, ndi malire a ngongole pansi pa Mutu 4.4 Awb. Pamene ndalama za EU kapena thandizo la boma likukhudzidwa, nthawi za EU zitha kukhala zazitali.

Malangizo othandiza

Kuyang'anira ntchito ndi polojekiti

• Werengani kaye ndondomekoyi ndi lamulo lake loyamba, ndipo konzekerani bajeti molingana ndi magulu a ndalama omwe amazindikira.
• Fotokozani zomwe zachitikazo pamlingo wa tsatanetsatane womwe mungatsimikizire pambuyo pake, ndipo palibe chabwino kuposa pamenepo. Chilichonse chomwe chili chofunikira chimakhala chovomerezeka.
• Fayilo yamalizidwa ndipo mwamsanga pamene kugawa kuli koyenera; onani kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa ndikulemba maziko a chithandizo cha boma.
• Konzani kayendetsedwe ka polojekiti tsiku loyamba, mogwirizana ndi magulu a ndalama za pulogalamuyo, osati malipoti amkati.
• Lembani maola tsiku lililonse, pa munthu aliyense, pa projekiti iliyonse ndi pa ntchito iliyonse, ndipo gwirizanitsani malipiro pamwezi ndi malipiro anu.
• Nenani za kusintha komwe kumachitika, polemba, ndipo lembani tsiku lomaliza loti musankhe.

Kuyankha ku ndemanga kapena ma audit

• Khazikitsani maziko ndi kukula kwa kuwunikaku, ndi amene akutsogolera — bungwe la dziko, bungwe loyang'anira maakaunti kapena bungwe la EU.
• Gwirizanani, koma yankhani funso lofunsidwa; zinthu zodzipereka zomwe sizikupezeka m'gululi zimakulitsa vutoli.
• Lembani zomwe zinaperekedwa ndi nthawi yomwe zinaperekedwa, perekani ndemanga pa zomwe zapezeka, ndipo tsatirani upangiri musanasainire mgwirizano uliwonse kapena kubweza.