Kuyimitsidwa kwa malipiro ku Netherlands: zomwe surseance van betaling imachita, ndi zomwe sichita

Kuyimitsa malipiro ( surseance van betaling ) ndi malo opumira omwe khoti limalamula kwa kampani yomwe singathenso kulipira ngongole zake zikafika nthawi yoti zibwezedwe koma sizikutanthauza kuti sizingasungidwe. Zimaperekedwa mwachangu komanso kwakanthawi malinga ndi pempho la kampaniyo, ndipo woyang'anira amasankhidwa pamodzi ndi bungwe: kuyambira nthawi imeneyo bungwe silingapange chisankho chilichonse popanda mgwirizano ndi woyang'anira.

Chitetezo chake ndi chocheperapo kuposa momwe anthu ambiri amayembekezera. Kuyimitsidwa kwa ngongole kumagwira ntchito kwa obwereketsa wamba osatetezedwa. Obwereketsa otetezedwa - banki yokhala ndi lonjezo kapena ngongole ya nyumba, wogulitsa yemwe ali ndi umwini wosungidwa - angapitirize kukakamiza, komanso akuluakulu amisonkho ndi thumba la penshoni pankhani ya zopempha zina. Popeza nthawi zambiri amenewo ndi omwe ali ndi ngongole omwe ndi ofunika, kuyimitsidwa kwa ngongole nthawi zambiri kumakhala bankirapuse mkati mwa milungu ingapo; khothi likhoza kulengeza kusinthako kwa chisankho chake pomwe zikuwonekeratu kuti kampaniyo singapulumutsidwe.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake chidachi chakhala chikusinthidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kusintha kwenikweni. Kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2021, WHOA imalola kampani kukakamiza obwereketsa ake ndi omwe ali ndi magawo ake kuti asinthe popanda njira yoti alepheretse kubweza ngongole, pomwe bungweli limakhalabe ndi ulamuliro wonse komanso nthawi yoziziritsa yomwe ilipo kuti ilepheretse kukakamiza malamulo. Kuyimitsa malipiro kumapitilizabe kugwira ntchito makamaka pamene vuto la ndalama kwakanthawi kochepa liyenera kuthetsedwa ndipo pomwe obwereketsa omwe ali ndi chitetezo ali othandizira.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe kuyimitsidwa kwa malipiro kumagwiritsidwira ntchito, udindo wa woyang'anira, omwe ali ndi ngongole ndi omwe sakuchedwa, momwe kapangidwe ka zinthu kangaperekedwere mkati mwake, momwe kamathera, ndi momwe kamafananira ndi WHOA komanso ndi bankirapuse.

Momwe kuyimitsidwa kwa malipiro kumagwirira ntchito

Kuyimitsa malipiro kumayendetsedwa ndi Mutu Wachiwiri wa Dutch Bankruptcy Act ( Faillissementswet , Fw). Malinga ndi nkhani 214 Fw, wobwereketsa angapemphe ngati akuona kuti sangathe kupitiriza kulipira ngongole zake. Zinthu zitatu zomwe zili m'mawu amenewo ndi zofunika.

Kampaniyo imadzikakamiza yokha. Wobwereketsa sangakakamize kuyimitsa kulipira kwa wobwereketsa; wobwereketsayo angangopempha kuti bankirapuse. Chida ichi ndi cha mabizinesi, osati anthu payekha, omwe ali pansi pa ndondomeko yokonzanso ngongole za anthu wamba. Ndipo loya waku Dutch amafunika, chifukwa pempholi limakhala ngati pempho kukhothi, lothandizidwa ndi chikalata cha katundu ndi ngongole.

Ngati pempholi latha, khothi nthawi zambiri limalola kuyimitsidwa kwakanthawi nthawi yomweyo, ndikusankha woyang'anira ( bewindvoerder ) ndi woweruza woyang'anira ( rechter-commissaris ). Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo oyang'anira kampaniyo sangathenso kuchita okha: kuyang'anira ndi kutaya katundu kumafuna mgwirizano wa woyang'anira.

Msonkhano wa obwereketsa umatsatira mkati mwa miyezi ingapo, pomwe kuyimitsidwa komaliza kumavotedwa. Malinga ndi nkhani 218, khothi liyenera kukana ngati obwereketsa omwe akuyimira zoposa kotala la zomwe akuyimira pamsonkhanowo avota motsutsana, kapena ngati oposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a obwereketsa omwe akuvota avota motsutsana, kapena ngati pali mantha omveka bwino kuti obwereketsa adzakhala ndi tsankho kapena palibe chiyembekezo chenicheni choti pamapeto pake adzalipidwa. Miyezo yovota imeneyo imagwira ntchito kwa obwereketsa wamba osatetezedwa okha.

Ngati kuyimitsidwa komaliza kwaperekedwa, khothi limakhazikitsa nthawi yake yosapitirira miyezi khumi ndi isanu ndi itatu. Kampaniyo ikhoza kupempha kuti nthawiyo ichedwetsedwe isanathe, nthawi iliyonse osapitirira miyezi khumi ndi isanu ndi itatu.

Ndi obwereketsa ati omwe ali ndi udindo, ndi omwe sali ndi udindo

Iyi ndiye nkhani yaikulu. Kuyimitsa malipiro kumachitika makamaka kwa obwereketsa wamba osatetezedwa: omwe alibe udindo wapamwamba komanso opanda ufulu wapadera wobwezera. Kulipira ngongole zoyimitsa kale kwa obwereketsawo kumatha kuperekedwa kwa onse pamodzi komanso molingana ndi zomwe akufuna (nkhani 233 Fw).

Udindo wa obwereketsa ena ndi wosiyana kwambiri.

• Obwereketsa omwe ali ndi ngongole zapadera, makamaka akuluakulu amisonkho aku Netherlands ndi bungwe la inshuwaransi ya antchito la UWV, sali omangidwa mofanana ndi obwereketsa wamba (nkhani 232 Fw). Zimene angachite panthawi yoyimitsidwa zimadalira mtundu wa zomwe akufuna, pazowonjezera zilizonse zomwe zaperekedwa kale, komanso ngati nthawi yoziziritsa yalamulidwa.
• Obwereketsa omwe ali ndi ufulu wolonjeza kapena ngongole ya nyumba akhoza kulimbitsa chitetezo chawo ngati kuti palibe kuyimitsidwa komwe kulipo (nkhani 232 Fw). Sayenera kudikira mgwirizano ndi obwereketsa wamba, pokhapokha ngati nthawi yoziziritsa iwaletsa kwakanthawi.
• Kusunga umwini si ufulu wachitetezo m'lingaliro ili. Wogulitsa amene wavomereza bwino kusunga umwini akhoza kubweza katundu woperekedwa, bola ngati gawolo lavomerezedwa bwino ndipo katunduyo akhoza kuzindikirika mokwanira.

Mawu osonyeza kuti akuluakulu amisonkho ndi UWV akhoza kungopitiriza kusonkhanitsa ndi kubweza ndalama zomwe zatsala, kapena kuti zopempha zonse za banki "zingagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi yomweyo", ndi osakwanira. Udindo wolondola umadalira mtundu wa ufuluwo, nthawi iliyonse yopuma, komanso malamulo apadera omwe amagwira ntchito.

Kwa makampani ambiri, kupanikizika kwakukulu kumadalira akuluakulu amisonkho ndi banki. Ngati zili choncho, kuyimitsa kulipira sikungathetse vutoli.

Nthawi yoziziritsa

Ngati munthu amene akufuna kapena akufuna yekha, khothi kapena woweruza woyang'anira akhoza kulamula kuti nthawi yoziziritsa mpaka miyezi iwiri, yomwe ingawonjezedwe kamodzi ndi miyezi ina iwiri (nkhani 241a Fw). Munthawi imeneyo anthu ena, kuphatikizapo obwereketsa omwe ali ndi chitetezo komanso omwe ali ndi mwayi wosankha, sangagwiritse ntchito ufulu wawo wobwezera chuma cha chumacho popanda chilolezo cha woweruza woyang'anira. Obwereketsa chumacho sakhudzidwa.

Nthawi yoziziritsa mtima cholinga chake ndi kupatsa woyang'anira nthawi yoti ayang'ane momwe bizinesiyo ilili ndi katundu wake. Si njira yolowera m'malo mwa yankho, ndipo kampani yomwe ikufunika yankho kuti ipulumuke iyenera kukhala yokonzeka mkati mwa miyezi inayi imeneyo.

Antchito, lendi ndi ogulitsa

Kuyimitsa malipiro sikumasula kampaniyo ku maudindo atsopano.

• Malipiro: kuyambira pachiyambi cha kuyimitsidwa, malipiro ndi zopereka zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha anthu ndi ngongole za chuma (nkhani 239(3) Fw) ndipo ziyenera kulipidwa patsogolo.
• Kuthetsa mapangano a ntchito: mogwirizana ndi woyang'anira kampaniyo, kampaniyo ikhoza kuthetsa mapangano a ntchito potsatira nthawi yodziwitsidwa yomwe yavomerezedwa kapena yovomerezeka, podziwa kuti milungu isanu ndi umodzi idzakwanira, kupatulapo ngati nthawi yovomerezeka yomwe ili pansi pa nkhani 7:672(2) ya Dutch Civil Code ikupitirira milungu isanu ndi umodzi, pomwe nthawi yayitaliyo imagwiranso ntchito (nkhani 239 Fw). Nkhani 239 Fw imayang'anira kutalika kwa nthawi yodziwitsidwa yokha. Kaya chilolezo cha UWV kapena pempho la khothi likufunikanso limachokera ku lamulo wamba lochotsa ntchito; mosiyana ndi bankirapuse, palibe kupatulapo kwalamulo konse kwa kuyimitsidwa kwa malipiro (yerekezerani ndi nkhani 7:666 ya Civil Code).
• Ndondomeko ya chitsimikizo cha malipiro yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi UWV imagwiranso ntchito panthawi yoyimitsa malipiro (nkhani 61 ya Unemployment Insurance Act). Komabe, malipiro omwe amalipidwa panthawi yodziwitsa amabwezedwa mpaka nthawi yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito motsatira nkhani 40 Fw, yomwe imanenedwa kuti "mkati ndi kunja kwa bankirapuse" (nkhani 64(1)(b)). Chifukwa kuyimitsa malipiro kungapangitse kuti nthawi yayitali yadziwitsidwe ndi lamulo, gawo lina la malipiro omwe ali ndi ngongole likhoza kugwera kunja kwa kubweza kumeneko ndipo lingatengedwe ndi chumacho.
• Lendi: kuyambira pachiyambi cha kuyimitsidwa kwa lendi, lendi ndi ngongole ya chuma (nkhani 238 Fw). Wobwereketsa akhoza kuthetsa lendi msanga pa tsiku lokhazikika, ndipo chidziwitso cha miyezi itatu nthawi zonse chimakhala chokwanira. Wobwereketsa yekha monga wobwereketsa ndi amene angagwiritse ntchito ufulu wapaderawu wothetsa lendi; mosiyana ndi bankirapuse, mwininyumba sangatero.
• Ndalama zina zoyendetsera ntchito ndi zinthu zatsopano: mphamvu, inshuwaransi ndi ngongole zina zomwe zilipo ziyenera kulipidwa panthawi yake, koma mfundo yakuti udindo umachitika panthawi yoyimitsa sikuti imangopangitsa kuti ikhale ngongole ya katunduyo. Ogulitsa atsopano akulangizidwa kuti avomereze zolipira, kusunga umwini, malire a ngongole ndi ufulu woyimitsa katunduyo polemba asanapereke.

Kuyimitsa malipiro kapena WHOA?

Kuyimitsa malipiro kukugwirizana ndi vuto la kanthawi kochepa la ndalama zomwe bizinesiyo ingapeze ndalama zokwanira pakanthawi kochepa kuti ikwaniritse maudindo ake. Kuyambira pomwe lamulo la Dutch Act on Court Confirmation of Extrajudicial Restructuring Plans (WHOA) linayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Januware 2021, kuyimitsaku kwasintha kwambiri chifukwa cha kusintha kwenikweni.

Kusiyana kwake n'kofunikira. Pa nthawi yoyimitsidwa, mufunika mgwirizano wa omwe akubwereketsani, ndipo akuluakulu amisonkho ndi omwe akubwereketsa omwe ali ndi chitetezo amakhala kunja kwa mgwirizanowu. Pansi pa WHOA, dongosolo likhoza kuperekedwa kwa omwe akubwereketsa omwe akutsutsa, ndipo magulu omwewo akhoza kulowetsedwa mkati mwake. Udindo wa msonkho uyenera kuganiziridwa mosiyana: akuluakulu amisonkho aku Netherlands amayesa chilichonse chomwe chaperekedwa motsatira mfundo zawo asanavote.

Kusankha pakati pa ziwirizi kumadalira chifukwa ndi nthawi yomwe vuto la ndalama likuyembekezeka, kukula kwa zomwe zili mu ngongole zomwe zilipo, ndalama zomwe zilipo pakati pa ngongole wamba, zosankhidwa, ndi zotetezedwa, ndalama zomwe zilipo panthawi ya ndondomekoyi, kuthekera kwa kupanga zinthu, komanso ngati bizinesiyo ikugwira ntchito bwino pambuyo pokonzanso.

Ngati kuyimitsidwa kwa ntchito kumatha ndi bankirapuse ndipo kuyambitsanso ntchito kumawonekera, malo a antchito amasintha kwambiri: kupatula bankirapuse mu nkhani 7:666 ya Civil Code kumagwira ntchito mu bankirapuse osati panthawi yoyimitsa malipiro. Zomwe zikutanthauza pa malondawa zafotokozedwa mu Kuyambitsanso bizinesi kuchokera ku bankirapuse ya ku Dutch , ndipo tanthauzo lake kwa antchito mu Bwana wanu waku Dutch ndi bankirapuse.

Kodi kuyimitsidwa kwa ndalama zolipirira ndi chiyani?

Ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa ndi ndalama za khothi, ndalama za milandu ndi malipiro a woyang'anira. Malipiro amenewo amakhazikitsidwa ndi khothi ndipo amawerengedwa ngati ngongole ya chuma, patsogolo pa obwereketsa wamba. Ngati ndalama zili zochepa, ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa pasadakhale ngati pali njira zokwanira zopititsira patsogolo bizinesiyo panthawi ya ndondomekoyi.

Musanapemphe fomu, muyenera kukhala ndi lingaliro la ndalama zomwe zimafunika panthawi ya ndondomekoyi, ndalama zomwe zikuyembekezeka ndi ndalama zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito, kufunitsitsa kwa opereka ndalama ndi ogulitsa kuti agwirizane, udindo wa akuluakulu amisonkho ndi ena omwe ali ndi ngongole zapadera, komanso ngati njira yopangira kapena WHOA ingathandizidwe. Fomu yofunsira popanda kuneneratu zenizeni za ndalama zomwe kampani ikupereka ikhoza kufooketsa udindo wa kampaniyo m'malo moichepetsa. Mitengo yathu ya ola lililonse imayikidwa pa ndalama za loya ku Netherlands.

Ngati kasitomala wanu apempha kuti malipiro ayimitsidwe

Choyamba dziwani ngati zomwe mukufunazo ndi zachilendo, zapadera kapena zotsimikizika, komanso ngati zinayamba musanayambe kapena mutasiya kuyimitsidwa. Kusankhidwa kumeneku kumakhudza kwambiri ufulu wanu wosankha komanso ufulu wanu wovota.

• Ndi chitetezo (chikole, ngongole ya nyumba): mumasunga udindo wanu, pokhapokha ngati nthawi yoziziritsa mtima ikulepheretsani kwakanthawi.
• Ngati muli ndi umwini wosungidwa: mutha kubweza katunduyo malinga ndi zomwe zili mu chikalatacho, bola ngati gawolo lavomerezedwa bwino ndipo katunduyo akudziwika mokwanira.
• Popanda chitetezo: simungathe kukakamiza aliyense payekha. Perekani pempho lanu kwa woyang'anira nthawi yoyenera ndipo kuvota pamsonkhano wa obwereketsa.
• Pazinthu zatsopano panthawi yoyimitsidwa: vomerezani malipiro, malire a ngongole, kusunga umwini ndi ufulu woyimitsa kutumiza kwina kolembedwa pasadakhale. Izi zimachepetsa chiopsezo koma sizipereka chitsimikizo chokwanira.

Potseka

Kuyimitsa malipiro si njira yoletsa kusonkhanitsa ndalama kapena njira yothandiza yokha. Kungakhale kothandiza pamene vuto la ndalama ndi lakanthawi kochepa ndipo pali chiyembekezo chenicheni choti zinthu zibwererenso. Sikoyenera kwenikweni pamene bizinesiyo ikutaya ndalama, kapena pamene obwereketsa ambiri ali ndi chitetezo kapena osankhidwa.

Kodi mukuganiza zopempha kuti malipiro ayimitsidwe, kapena mukukumana ndi vuto la kuyimitsidwa kwa kasitomala waku Dutch? Maloya athu okhudza kulephera kulipira adzawunikanso udindo wanu ndikusankha nanu ngati kuyimitsidwa, WHOA kapena njira ina yopezera mwayi wabwino kwambiri. Onani tsamba lathu lonena za kulephera kulipira.

Nkhaniyi ikupereka chithunzithunzi cha malamulo aku Dutch monga momwe zilili pa 24 Ogasiti 2026 ndipo si upangiri wa zamalamulo pa nkhani inayake.