Ufulu wa obwereka ku Netherlands: chitsogozo cha mayiko ena

Lamulo la lendi la ku Netherlands ndi limodzi mwa malamulo abwino kwambiri kwa anthu obwereka nyumba ku Europe, ndipo anthu ambiri ochokera kumayiko ena omwe amabwereka nyumba kuno sadziwa kuti ali ndi chitetezo chotani. Malamulowa ali m'buku la 7 la Dutch Civil Code ( Burgerlijk Wetboek , BW), ndipo ambiri sangapatsidwe chilolezo. Bukuli likufotokoza mwachidule za mgwirizano womwe muli nawo, nthawi yomwe mwini nyumba angathetse vutoli, zomwe mungalipire, komanso komwe mungapite ngati china chake chalakwika.

Chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kudziwa: malamulo ambiri ndi ofunikira

Lamulo la ku Netherlands lokhala ndi malo okhala nthawi zambiri limakhala la semi-dwingend recht — lamulo lokakamiza pang'ono. Lamuloli limakhazikitsa mfundo: magulu awiriwa angagwirizane bwino ndi wobwereka, koma gawo lopatsa wobwereka ndalama zochepa kuposa zomwe lamulo limapereka nthawi zambiri limakhala lopanda ntchito. Sizikukhudza kuti mwasaina kapena mwawerenga.

Art. 7:242 BW imateteza malamulo okhudza zolakwika, kukonza ndi kuchepetsa lendi; Art. 7:265 BW omwe ali pa lendi ndi ndalama zina. Chifukwa chake, zigawo izi nthawi zambiri sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito:

• "Wobwereka amasiya chitetezo cha lendi" kapena "adzachoka tsiku lomaliza".
• "Wobwereka sangapereke fomu yopempha thandizo ku Huurcommissie. "
• "Kukonza ndi kukonza zonse ndi kwa munthu wobwereka."
• "Mwini nyumbayo akhoza kulowa m'nyumbamo nthawi iliyonse."
• "Wobwereka nyumba ayenera kupereka chidziwitso cha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi."

Chiganizo chopanda ntchito sichimathetsa mgwirizano wonse: zina zonse zimagwira ntchito ndipo lamulo lalamulo limalowa m'malo mwake. Musangonyalanyaza chiganizo chomwe mukukhulupirira kuti ndi chosagwira ntchito, komabe chiyang'anireni, chifukwa malire amasiyana malinga ndi chiganizo ndi mtundu wa lendi.

Mitundu ya malo okhalamo

Chitetezo chanu chimadalira pangano lomwe muli nalo. Popeza Wet vaste huurcontracten idayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Julayi 2024, pangano losatha ( onbepaalde tijd ) ndiye lokhazikika; mapangano a nthawi yokhazikika, akakhala kuti ndi osagwira ntchito pamsika wachinsinsi, amaloledwa m'magulu odziwika okha.

Pangano losatha limapereka chitetezo chokwanira cha lendi. Munthu amene ali mgulu lovomerezeka la nthawi yokhazikika amatha pa tsiku lake, ndipo chitetezo chanu chimakhala chochepa. Chofunika kwambiri, pangano lokhazikika lomwe siligwera pansi pa chilolezo chololedwa nthawi zambiri limaonedwa ngati losatha, ndi chitetezo chokwanira - kuyesa kuchepetsa nthawiyo kumalephera. Zopatula zomwe zaloledwa zimadalira pa art. 7:271 BW ndipo zalembedwa mokwanira mu Besluit vaste huurcontracten, yomwe imakhudza lendi kwa ophunzira ndi magulu omwe afotokozedwa; gulu lomwe silili pamndandandawu sililipo.

Mu nyumba yogawana, kusiyana kumodzi kumasankha chilichonse: kaya mumabwereka kwa mwini nyumba kapena kwa wobwereka wina. Pangano lanu ndi mwini nyumba limakupangitsani kukhala wobwereka wamba; chipinda chobwereka kwa wobwereka wamkulu chimakupangitsani kukhala wobwereka, yemwe udindo wake umadalira nthawi yomwe nyumbayo idzakhalapo. Zolemba monga "kukhala kwakanthawi" kapena "pangano la alendo" sizili ndi mphamvu yalamulo.

Chitetezo ndi kutha kwa lendi

Izi zimadabwitsa pafupifupi wobwereka aliyense wakunja. Mwininyumba sangathetse lendi ya malo okhala mwa kungodziwitsa yekha: zimapitirira ndi lamulo mpaka mutavomerezana mwa kulemba kapena khoti litathetsa (art. 7:272 BW). Ngati simukugwirizana mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, mwininyumbayo ayenera kupita ku khoti lachigawo.

Chidziwitsocho chiyenera kuperekedwa ndi kalata ya bailiff kapena kalata yolembetsedwa, fotokozani chifukwa chake, ndikufunsani ngati mukuvomereza (art. 7:271 BW); chidziwitso cholephera izi ndi cholakwika. Nthawi yodziwitsira ya mwini nyumba ndi miyezi itatu, yowonjezeredwa ndi mwezi umodzi pachaka womwe mwakhala kumeneko, mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.

Zifukwa zomwe khothi lingathetsere mlanduwu ndi zochepa ndipo zalembedwa mu art. 7:274 BW. Mwachidule:

• Wobwereka sanachite zinthu ngati wobwereka wabwino — vuto lalikulu, kusalipira, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika.
• Mwininyumbayo akufunikira mwachangu malowo kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito payekha, kuphatikizapo kukonzanso kosatheka chifukwa lendi ikupitirira. Khothi limayang'ana zonse ziwiri ndipo likhoza kulamula kuti munthu alandire ndalama zosamutsira malowo.
• Wobwereka nyumbayo wakana mgwirizano watsopano womveka bwino — chifukwa chomwe sichingamupangitse kukweza lendi.
• Ndondomeko yovomerezeka yokonzera malo (dongosolo labwino kwambiri) ikuyenera kukhazikitsidwa.
• Malo enieni okhala ophunzira ndi magulu a anthu omwe akufuna kukhala, komanso komwe mwini nyumba amakhala mnyumbamo.

“Ndikufuna kugulitsa”, “wina adzalipira zambiri” ndipo “pangano lanu limati zaka ziwiri” si chifukwa. Komanso mkangano wa lendi siwo: mwini nyumba sangathetse chifukwa choti mwatsutsa lendi.

Nthawi yanu yodziwitsira

Udindo wanu ndi wopepuka kwambiri. Nthawi yanu yodziwitsira ndi yofanana ndi nthawi yomwe mumalipira lendi - pamwezi uliwonse, mwezi umodzi - ndi ndalama zosachepera mwezi umodzi ndi zitatu (art. 7:271 BW). Chigamulo chokhazikitsa nthawi yayitali sichigwira ntchito, ndipo simuyenera kupereka chifukwa. Perekani chidziwitso kudzera mu kalata yolembetsedwa. Mu mgwirizano weniweni wa nthawi yokhazikika nthawi zambiri mutha kuchoka msanga, pomwe mwininyumba amakakamizidwa tsiku lomaliza.

Magawo olamulidwa ndi apakati pamsika

Lendi ya malo okhala si yaulere. Nyumba iliyonse imayesedwa motsatira dongosolo la mtengo wa nyumba ( winingwaardersstelsel , WWS), lomwe limapatsa mapointi a malo ozungulira, chizindikiro cha mphamvu, malo aukhondo, malo akunja ndi mtengo wa WOZ, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti lendi ikhale yovomerezeka kwambiri.

Lamulo la Wet betaalbare ( Affordable Rent Act ), lomwe likugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 1 Julayi 2024, linakulitsa malamulowo kupita mmwamba. Tsopano pali magawo atatu: gawo lotsika lolamulidwa, gawo lapakati pamsika ( middenhuur ) mpaka kuphatikiza mapointi 186, ndi gawo laulere pamwambapa. Maboma akhazikitsa izi kuyambira pa 1 Januware 2025. Mzere wogawa pakati pa lendi yoyambira yolamulidwa ndi yosalamulirika ndi lendi yolingana ndi mapointi 186, kotero kuti gawo laulere limayamba pa mapointi 187 (art. 2 Besluit huurprijzen woonruimte). Kuwunika kumeneku kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa lendi: nyumba yomwe lendi yake inali pamwamba pa malire pamene lendi inayamba siyamba kulamulidwa pambuyo pake chifukwa mapointi a WOZ pambuyo pake amatsika. Denga la lendi lolingana ndi malire amenewo limalembedwa chaka chilichonse ndi Nduna yoyang'anira nyumba ndikufalitsidwa mu Staatscourant, kotero gwiritsani ntchito chiwerengero chomwe chikugwira ntchito pa tsiku lomwe lendi yanu inayamba m'malo mwa lomwe lilipo lero.

Malire a lendi ( huurtoeslag ) ndi nkhani yosiyana ndi malire a gawo. Lendi yayikulu yomwe ndalama zomwe munthu angapemphedwe ndi yotsika kwa wobwereka wosakwana zaka makumi awiri ndi chimodzi kuposa wa zaka makumi awiri ndi chimodzi kapena kuposerapo, malinga ndi malamulo omwe amaperekedwa kwa obwereka achichepere omwe ali ndi chilema (art. 13 Wet op de huurtoeslag). Pansi pa denga limenelo, malire a kuchotsera khalidwe ( kwaliteitskortingsgrens ) ndi malire awiri okhazikika ( aftoppingsgrenzen ), omwe amadalira kukula kwa banja, amasankha kuchuluka kwa lendi komwe kubwezeredwa. Ndalama zonsezi zimalembedwa kuyambira pa 1 Januwale chaka chilichonse ndipo zimafalitsidwa ndi Belastingdienst; gwiritsani ntchito ziwerengero zomwe zikugwira ntchito chaka chomwe chikukambidwa.

Wobwereka watsopano angapemphe Huurcommissie kuti ayesere lendi yoyambira mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera pamene lendi inayamba (art. 7:249 BW) — imodzi mwa ufulu wamtengo wapatali kwambiri womwe wobwereka wapadziko lonse ali nawo, ndipo womwe nthawi zambiri sunapezeke.

Lendi imawonjezeka

Kukweza kuyenera kuperekedwa polemba miyezi iwiri isanayambe kugwira ntchito, ponena za lendi yomwe ikugwira ntchito panopa, kusintha, lendi yatsopano ndi tsiku loyambira kugwira ntchito (art. 7:252 BW). M'magawo olamulidwa ndi apakati, kuwonjezekako kumachepetsedwa chaka chilichonse; m'gawo laulere, pangano limalamulira, mkati mwa malire apamwamba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamenepo. Maperesenti apamwamba amasiyana pa gawo lililonse, amakhazikitsidwa chaka chilichonse ndi Nduna yoyang'anira nyumba pa fomula ya malipiro ndi kukwera kwa mitengo mu Besluit huurprijzen woonruimte, ndipo amafalitsidwa mu Staatscourant asanayambe kugwira ntchito; maulendo a anthu ndi apakati a msika nawonso amayambira masiku osiyanasiyana pachaka. M'gawo lolamulidwa, mwini nyumba angagwiritse ntchito kukweza ndalama zokhazikika ku lendi yotsika, kachiwiri pa ndalama zomwe zakhazikitsidwa chaka chimenecho. Ngati mukuganiza kuti kukwezako n'kosaloledwa, tsutsani polemba tsiku loyambira ntchito m'malo moletsa kulipira.

Ndalama zolipirira ndi ntchito

Motsatira lamulo la Wet goed verhuurderschap (Good Landlordship Act), lomwe likugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 1 Julayi 2023, ndalama zolipirira nyumba sizingapitirire kawiri kuposa lendi ya mwezi uliwonse — lendi yogwiritsira ntchito nyumbayo, popanda ndalama zothandizira — ndipo ziyenera kubwezedwa mkati mwa masiku 14 kuchokera pamene lendi yatha (art. 7:261b BW). Ngati mwini nyumba apereka lendi yosalipidwa, ndalama zothandizira zosalipidwa kapena kuwonongeka, ndalama zotsalazo ziyenera kulipidwa mkati mwa masiku 30, ndipo kuchotsera kulikonse kumafuna chidziwitso cholembedwa.

Ndalama zolipirira ntchito ( servicekosten ) ziyenera kusonyeza ndalama zenizeni. Mwininyumba ayenera kupereka chikalata cha pachaka cholembedwa mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera kumapeto kwa chaka chowerengera ndalama (art. 7:259 BW), ndipo mutha kuyang'ana zikalata zomwe zili mkati mwake. Vuto la lendi "yonse" yophatikiza lendi, magetsi ndi ntchito ndi la mwininyumba, osati lanu: Huurcommissie ikhoza kugawaniza.

Kukonza, zolakwika ndi kuchepetsa lendi

Mwachidule, mwini nyumbayo ndiye amene ali ndi udindo woonetsetsa kuti nyumbayo ikhale yoyenera kukhalamo komanso kukonza zolakwika; wobwereka nyumbayo ndiye amene amakonza zinthu zazing'ono tsiku ndi tsiku.

Chilema ( chilema ) ndi vuto lililonse lomwe limakulepheretsani kusangalala komwe munali ndi ufulu woyembekezera, lomwe lafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu art. 7:204 BW — chinyezi ndi nkhungu, boiler yolephera, denga lotuluka madzi. Mukadziwitsidwa, mwini nyumba ayenera kukonza (art. 7:206 BW). Ngati sichoncho, mutha kupempha khothi kuti lilole ntchitoyo pamtengo wa mwini nyumbayo, kupempha kuchepetsedwa kwa lendi kwa nthawi yomwe cholakwikacho chinapitirira (art. 7:207 BW), kapena kupempha kuwonongeka komwe mwini nyumbayo ali nako (art. 7:208 BW). Udindo wanu umaphimba kukonza pang'ono (art. 7:217 BW), komwe kwatchulidwa mu Besluit kleine herstellen : mababu amagetsi, kutsegula ngalande zotsekera, kusamalira pang'ono munda. Chigamulo chosinthira kukonza kwa nyumbayo pa inu sichigwira ntchito.

Lembani zolakwika polemba: pempho lochepetsa lendi limadalira tsiku lodziwitsa. M'magawo olamulidwa ndi apakati, Huurcommissie ikhoza kulamula kuchepetsedwa kwakanthawi kwa zolakwika zazikulu, mwachangu komanso motsika mtengo kuposa khothi. Musamaletse lendi mwaufulu - zomwe zimapatsa mwininyumba malo oti athetsere lendi.

Kulowa, chinsinsi ndi ufulu wa mwini nyumba kulowa

Muli ndi ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito malowo mwapadera. Mwininyumba alibe ufulu wolowera, ndipo chiganizo chonena kuti chikukupatsani mwayi sichikuphimba ufulu wanu wosangalala mosasamala: osalola kulowa mkati pamene muli panja, palibe makamera ophimba pakhomo panu. Muyenera kulola kuti pakhale ntchito zachangu komanso kukonza kofunikira komanso kuyang'aniridwa, panthawi yoyenera komanso pazidziwitso zoyenera (art. 7:220 BW). Lamulo ndi nthawi yokumana, osati zodabwitsa. Kupita mobwerezabwereza mosayembekezereka kapena kukakamizidwa kuti muchoke kungakhale ngati kuopseza, koletsedwa pansi pa lamulo la Wet goed verhuurderschap ndipo kungaperekedwe kwa boma.

Kukonzanso ndi lingaliro loyenera

Mwininyumba amene akufuna kukonzanso nyumba ayenera kulemba pempho lolembedwa, ndipo muyenera kugwirizana ngati n'koyenera (Chithunzi 7:220 BW). Kulingalira bwino kumakhudza zofuna za mbali zonse ziwiri: kufunika kwa ntchitoyo, kusokonezeka, malipiro operekedwa, zotsatira za lendi ndi kukonzanso nyumba kwakanthawi. Kukonzanso sikuthetsa lendi yanu - kumapitirira mpaka ntchitoyo itatha. Ngati mukuona kuti pempholo ndi losamveka, nenani zimenezo polemba ndi zifukwa. Ngati ambiri mwa obwereka nyumba m'nyumbamo avomereza, amaonedwa kuti ndi omveka ndipo muyenera kupita kukhoti mwachangu.

Tsankho pamsika wobwereka

Tsankho pazifukwa monga dziko, fuko, chipembedzo, kugonana, chilakolako chogonana, ndi chilema n'zosaloledwa ndi lamulo la kuchitira anthu mofanana. Bungwe la Wet goed verhuurderschap linalongosola izi polemba lendi: mwini nyumba kapena wothandizira ayenera kuyendetsa njira yosankhira moonekera bwino, kugwiritsa ntchito ndikulemba zofunikira zenizeni, ndikufotokozera munthu wokanidwa chifukwa chake wopempha wina anasankhidwa.

Izi ndizothandiza mwachindunji kwa anthu ochokera kumayiko ena, omwe akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi "anthu aku Dutch okha", "osapita kumayiko ena", kapena kukanidwa kosadziwika bwino mutawona. Funsani mwa kulemba zofunikira ndi chifukwa chosankha, ndipo fotokozani ku malo ofotokozera za boma, omwe angalipire ndalama ndipo, ngati chilolezo chikugwira ntchito, achotse ufulu wobwereka.

Kubwereketsa ndi Airbnb

Lamulo lalikulu ndilakuti simungapereke kwa munthu wina kugwiritsa ntchito malowo popanda chilolezo (Chithunzi 7:244 BW). Wobwereka wokhala m'nyumba yokhazikika akhoza kubwereka gawo lina la nyumbayo - chipinda - koma kubwereka nyumba yonse, kapena kuiyika papulatifomu yobwereka pang'ono, ndi njira imodzi yomveka bwino yotayira lendi: makhothi nthawi zambiri amaona kubwereka kosaloledwa ngati kulephera kuchita ngati wobwereka wabwino, ndipo phindu likhoza kubwezeredwa. Maboma ambiri amalamuliranso kubwereka tchuthi padera, ndi zofunikira za chilolezo ndi zilango zawo. Monga wobwereka nyumba, udindo wanu umachokera ku lendi yayikulu: ngati zimenezo zitatha, ndiye kuti, kwenikweni, yanunso.

Ngati nyumbayo yagulitsidwa: kugulitsa sikuphwanya mgwirizano wa lendi

Koop breekt geen huur — kugulitsa sikuswa lendi (art. 7:226 BW). Ngati mwini nyumba wanu agulitsa, wogula amalowa m'malo mwa mwini nyumbayo pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo, ndipo lendi yanu, lendi yanu ndi chitetezo chanu zimapitirirabe. Simuyenera kusaina chilichonse chatsopano, ndipo muyenera kusamala ndi "pangano latsopano" lomwe liperekedwa ngati chigwirizano cha kugulitsa, chomwe chingachepetse ufulu wanu mwakachetechete.

Muyenera kuvomereza kuti nyumbayo iwoneke bwino, koma kugulitsa si malo othetsera mavuto. Ndipo chikhumbo cha mwini nyumba watsopano sichikutha nthawi yomweyo: mwini nyumba amene walowa m'malo mwake sangapambane pa malo ofunikira kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mwachangu mpaka zaka zitatu zitadutsa kuchokera pamene wobwereka nyumbayo adauzidwa m'malemba kuti ali ndi mwini nyumba watsopano (art. 7:274 BW).

Kulembetsa mu BRP

Ngati mukukhala ku Netherlands muyenera kulembetsa pa adilesi yanu mu Personal Records Database ( Basisregistratie Personen , BRP). Kulembetsa ndi udindo walamulo, osati chifundo kuchokera kwa mwini nyumba, ndipo mukufunikira kuti mukhale ndi BSN, akaunti ya banki ndi inshuwalansi yazaumoyo.

Mwininyumba amene akukana kulembetsa nyumba ndi chizindikiro chochenjeza, nthawi zambiri chifukwa kubwereketsa nyumbayo kumaphwanya ngongole ya nyumba, malamulo a inshuwaransi kapena nyumba za boma, chifukwa nyumbayo imabwerekedwa popanda chilolezo chofunikira, kapena chifukwa ndalama zomwe mumapeza sizikudziwika. Palibe chilichonse mwa izi chomwe chili vuto lanu mwalamulo, koma zonsezi zikutanthauza kuti lendi yanu ili pamalo osakhazikika. Onani kuti "simungathe kulembetsa pano" ngati chifukwa chochoka.

Komwe mungapite ngati china chake chalakwika

Pali njira zitatu, ndipo kusankha bwino kumapulumutsa nthawi.

• Malo ofotokozera malipoti a boma (malo ofotokozera) — pa khalidwe la eni nyumba: kusankhana mitundu, kuopseza, kukana kupereka pangano lolembedwa kapena chidziwitso chofunikira, ndalama zosaloledwa, ndi lendi yokwera kwambiri m'magulu olamulidwa ndi apakatikati. Boma lililonse lakhala ndi lendi kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2024. Ndi yaulere, koma imagwira ntchito mokomera anthu onse m'malo mokupatsani ndalama.
• The Huurcommissie (Rent Tribunal) — pa lendi yoyambira, kukwera kwa chaka, kulipira ndalama zothandizira, lendi yonse ndi kuchepetsa lendi ya zolakwika, m'magulu olamulidwa ndi apakatikati. Yachangu, yotsika mtengo komanso yomangika, koma siyisamalira ndalama zosungitsa, kuchotsedwa kapena kuwonongeka.
• Khoti la chigawo chaching'ono (kantonrechter) — pa china chilichonse: kutha ntchito ndi kuchotsedwa, kubweza ndalama zomwe zasungidwa, kuwonongeka kwa ndalama, kuswa mgwirizano ndi mikangano ya gawo lodziyimira pawokha. Palibe loya wofunikira, koma mbali inayo nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi loya.

Nthawi yomaliza ingapo ndi yochepa - miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yoyambira lendi, tsiku loyambira kutsutsa kukwezedwa kwa lendi, milungu isanu ndi umodzi yoti ayankhe chidziwitso chothetsa lendi - ndipo kuphonya kungayambitse nkhani yolimba.

Mndandanda wothandiza

Musanasaine

• Khazikitsani mtundu wa mgwirizano ndipo, ngati ndi nthawi yokhazikika, ndi gulu liti lololedwa lomwe limagwira ntchito.
• Muwerenge mfundo zonse musanapereke ndalama zolipirira lendi.
• Chongani kuti ndalama zomwe zasungidwa sizipitirira lendi ya miyezi iwiri.
• Ndalama zolipirira ntchito zogulira cheke zafotokozedwa, osati zophatikizidwa mu chiŵerengero cha "zonse".
• Tsimikizirani mwa kulemba kuti mutha kulembetsa mu BRP kumeneko.
• Funsani ngati wothandizira akukulipiritsani ndalama — kulipiritsa wobwereka pomwe wothandizirayo amachitanso ntchito m'malo mwa mwini nyumba nthawi zambiri sikuloledwa.
• Chithunzi cha mkhalidwe womwe unaperekedwa, cholembedwa ndi tsiku.

Ngati chinachake chalakwika

• Lembani positi; gwiritsani ntchito positi yolembetsedwa ngati mwathetsa ntchito kapena ngati mwalephera.
• Pitirizani kulipira lendi pokhapokha ngati bungwe loyenerera lachepetsa.
• Ikani nthawi yomaliza kuti mwini nyumba achitepo kanthu, ndipo nenani zomwe zikutsatira.
• Dziwani njira yoyenera, ndipo onani nthawi yomaliza musanachite china chilichonse.
• Landirani uphungu msanga ngati chidziwitso chaperekedwa kapena ngati mwakakamizidwa kusaina kapena kuchoka.