Kuthetsa mgwirizano: kodi mungathe kuithetsa liti ndipo ndi chidziwitso chiti chomwe chikugwira ntchito?

Kaya mungatuluke mu mgwirizano zimadalira nthawi yake. Pangano la nthawi yokhazikika nthawi zambiri silingathe kutha msanga pokhapokha ngati mgwirizanowo ukulola kapena chipani chinacho chalephera kugwira ntchito. Pangano la nthawi yosatha nthawi zambiri limatha kuthetsedwa, koma malinga ndi malamulo a milandu aku Dutch, kumveka bwino komanso chilungamo kungafunike nthawi yodziwitsa, chifukwa chachikulu kapena chipukuta misozi, makamaka ngati chipani chinacho chayika ndalama zambiri muubwenziwo.

Pansipa tikufotokoza tanthauzo la mgwirizano wopitilira (duuroveeenkomst), momwe mapangano a nthawi yokhazikika ndi otseguka amasiyanirana, komanso momwe tingadziwitsire molondola.

Kodi mgwirizano wopitilira ndi chiyani?

Ndi mgwirizano umene magulu awiriwa amachita zinthu mosalekeza kapena mobwerezabwereza kwa nthawi yayitali. Mapangano obwereka, kupereka, ntchito, ndi ntchito ndi zitsanzo zodziwika bwino; mgwirizano wogula kamodzi kokha si choncho, chifukwa kuchita bwino kumachitika kamodzi kokha.

Mapangano a ntchito ndi mapangano a lendi ali ndi malamulo awoawo odziwitsira omwe ali mu Dutch Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek, BW). Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza malamulo onse a mapangano amalonda ndi ena opitilira.

Kodi mungathe kuthetsa mgwirizano wa nthawi yokhazikika msanga?

Monga lamulo, ayi. Pangano la nthawi yokhazikika lili ndi tsiku lomveka bwino loyambira ndi lotha ndipo siliyenera kutha popanda mgwirizano uliwonse tsiku limenelo lisanafike, pokhapokha ngati panganolo lili ndi gawo lothetsera.

Ngati mbali ina yalephera kuchita bwino, mutha kuthetsa mgwirizano (ontbinding) m'malo mwake. Nthawi zambiri muyenera choyamba kupatsa mbali ina chidziwitso cholembedwa cha kusachita bwino (ingebrekestelling) ndi nthawi yokwanira yoti ipitirize kuchita bwino.

Kodi zinthu zosayembekezereka zingathetse mgwirizano wa nthawi yokhazikika?

Kudzera m'khothi kokha. Malinga ndi Nkhani 6:258 BW, khothi likhoza kusintha kapena kuthetsa pangano ngati pakhala zinthu zosayembekezereka zomwe maguluwo sanaziganizire, ndipo zinthu zimenezo ndi zazikulu kwambiri kotero kuti mbali inayo singayembekezere kuti panganolo lipitirirebe kusintha.

Makhothi amagwiritsa ntchito lamuloli mopanda malire. Muyenera kupereka chikalata kukhothi; kungodziwitsa munthu winayo kuti pangano latha chifukwa zinthu zasintha sizikugwira ntchito mwalamulo.

Kodi mungathe kuthetsa mgwirizano kwa nthawi yosatha?

Inde, kwenikweni. Pangano lopitilira la ntchito kwa nthawi yosatha lingathe kuthetsedwa popereka chidziwitso, ngakhale panganolo silikunena chilichonse chokhudza kuthetsedwa.

Pachigamulo chake pa 28 October 2011 ku De Ronde Venen/Stedin ( ECLI:NL:HR:2011:BQ9854 ), Khoti Lalikulu la Dutch (Hoge Raad) linakhazikitsa mfundo zazikuluzikulu:

• Ngati lamulo kapena mgwirizano sizikulamulira kuthetsa mgwirizano, panganoli lingathe kuthetsedwa;
• Kulingalira bwino ndi chilungamo kungatanthauze kuti kuthetsa mlandu kungatheke pokhapokha ngati pali chifukwa chokwanira;
• miyezo yomweyi ingafune nthawi inayake yodziwitsira, kapena kupereka chipukuta misozi pamodzi ndi chidziwitsocho.

Choyenera chimadalira zenizeni: nthawi yomwe ubalewo wakhalapo, momwe winayo amadalirana nawo, komanso ndalama zomwe adayika zomwe sangathe kuzibweza.

Kodi mungayang'ane bwanji ngati mungathe kuletsa mgwirizano?

Yambani ndi mgwirizano ndi malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zilizonse zomwe zimagwira ntchito pa mgwirizanowu. Gawo lomaliza ntchito, nthawi yodziwitsa ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira a chidziwitso nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'mawu onse osati m'pangano lalikulu.

BW ili ndi malamulo ochepa okhudza kuthetsa mapangano amalonda, kotero ngati mungathe kuthetsa, komanso pazifukwa ziti, makamaka zimadalira zomwe magulu awiriwa agwirizana. Ngati panganolo silinatchulidwe, mfundo za Khoti Lalikulu pamwambazi zimagwira ntchito.

Kodi mungathe kuthetsa pangano mwa kulemba kalata kapena imelo?

Kawirikawiri zonse ziwiri, pokhapokha ngati pangano likufuna fomu inayake monga kalata yolembetsedwa. Pamene fomu yolembedwa ikufunika, Article 6:227a BW ikunena kuti uthenga wamagetsi ukhoza kukwaniritsa zomwezo ngati zinthu zina zakwaniritsidwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri imelo imalandiridwa ngati chidziwitso cholembedwa.

Nkhani yeniyeni ndi umboni. Malinga ndi lamulo la ku Dutch, chidziwitso chimayamba kugwira ntchito pokhapokha chikafika kwa winayo; kutumiza sikokwanira. Kalata yolembetsedwa imakupatsirani umboni woti mwatumiza ndi kutumiza. Ngati mugwiritsa ntchito imelo, pemphani chitsimikizo cha risiti ndipo sungani kopi ya yankho lililonse.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati mukufuna kuthetsa pangano?

Mikangano yambiri yokhudza kuthetsa ukwati imayamba ndi kuphonya mwambo. Onani mfundo izi musanatumize chidziwitso:

• Kaya panganoli likugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yokhazikika kapena yosatha, komanso tsiku lotha ntchito.
• Gawo lomaliza ntchito ndi nthawi yodziwitsa zomwe zili mu mgwirizanowu komanso malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zonse.
• Fomu yofunikira yodziwitsira: yolembedwa, kalata yolembetsedwa kapena imelo.
• Ubwenziwo wakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji komanso zomwe winayo waika, chifukwa izi zitha kuwonjezera nthawi yodziwitsa kapena kubweretsa chipukuta misozi.
• Momwe mungatsimikizire kuti chidziwitsocho chinafika kwa winayo, komanso tsiku liti.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati mwalandira chidziwitso chothetsa ntchito?

Chidziwitso chomwe sichikulemekeza mgwirizano kapena kumveka bwino komanso chilungamo chingatsutsidwe. Yang'anani mfundo izi mwachangu:

• Kaya panganolo limalola kuthetsedwa konse, kapena likugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yokhazikika.
• Kaya nthawi yodziwitsira mu mgwirizano kapena mawu onse yatsatiridwa.
• Kaya, poganizira nthawi ya ubale wanu komanso kudalira kwanu, nthawi yayitali yodziwitsira kapena kubwezera ikuyenera kuperekedwa.
• Ndi ndalama ziti zomwe mudapanga pa mgwirizanowu ndipo simunabwezeretsebe.
• Tsiku limene chidziwitso chinakufikirani, chifukwa tsiku limenelo limayamba nthawi ya chidziwitso.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani pothetsa pangano?

Tikulangiza onse awiri kuti apereke chidziwitso ndi chipani kuti alandire; kuti mudziwe mapangano a ntchito, onani tsamba lathu la loya wochotsa ntchito.

• Timawunikanso mgwirizano ndi malamulo onse ndipo timakuuzani ngati ungathetsedwe komanso nthawi yake.
• Timafufuza ngati kulingalira bwino ndi chilungamo kumafuna nthawi yayitali yodziwitsa kapena kulipidwa.
• Timalemba chidziwitso chothetsa ntchito kapena chidziwitso cholephera kuchitapo kanthu ndipo timachitumiza m'njira yomwe ingatsimikizidwe.
• Timayankha m'malo mwanu ku chidziwitso chomwe mwalandira ndipo timakambirana za nthawi yosinthira kapena chipukuta misozi.
• Timayambitsa kapena kuteteza milandu kukhothi, kuphatikizapo mlandu womwe uli pansi pa Nkhani 6:258 BW.

Chidule

• Pangano la nthawi yokhazikika nthawi zambiri silingathe kutha msanga pokhapokha ngati panganolo likulola, mbali ina ikulephera kugwira ntchito, kapena khoti likulowererapo motsatira Article 6:258 BW.
• Pangano lopitilira la magwiridwe antchito kwa nthawi yosatha kwenikweni limatha popereka chidziwitso.
• Kuganiza bwino komanso chilungamo kungafune chifukwa chachikulu, nthawi yodziwitsa kapena chipukuta misozi (ECLI:NL:HR:2011:BQ9854).
• Yang'anani kaye mgwirizano ndi malamulo onse: nthawi zambiri amasankha ngati mungathe kuthetsa mgwirizano ndi momwe mungathetsere.
• Chidziwitso chimayamba kugwira ntchito chikangofika kwa munthu wina, choncho onetsetsani kuti mwalandira.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI