M'mbuyomu tidalemba a blog pazomwe zingalembetsedwe ngati bankirapuse komanso momwe njirayi imagwirira ntchito. Kuphatikiza pa bankirapuse (yoyendetsedwa pamutu I), Bankruptcy Act (mu Dutch the Faillissementswet, yomwe pano ikutchedwa 'Fw') ili ndi njira zina ziwiri. Momwemonso: kusungidwa (mutu wachiwiri) ndi dongosolo lokonzanso ngongole zachilengedwe (Mutu III, wotchedwanso Debt Rescheduling Natural Persons Act kapena ku Dutch the Wet Schuldsanering Natuurlijke Anthu 'WSNP'). Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa njirazi? M'nkhaniyi tifotokoza izi.
bankirapuse
Choyambirira komanso chachikulu, Fw imayang'anira njira za bankirapuse. Zochitikazi zikuphatikiza kuphatikiza kwathunthu kwa onse omwe ali ndi ngongole kuti athandize omwe amabweza. Zimakhudza kukonzanso pamodzi. Ngakhale kuthekera kumakhalapo nthawi zonse kwa omwe amabweza ngongole kufunafuna kukonzanso kwawo kunja kwa bankirapuse potengera zomwe Code of Civil Procedure (mu Dutch Wetboek van Burgerlijke Kukonzanso kapena 'Rv'), iyi si nthawi zonse yomwe ili yabwino kwa anthu.
Ngati njira yolumikizirana pamodzi ikhazikitsidwa, imapulumutsa njira zambiri zosiyana zopezera mutu wovomerezeka ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwake. Kuonjezera apo, katundu wa wobwereketsayo amagawidwa mwachilungamo pakati pa omwe ali ndi ngongole, mosiyana ndi njira ya munthu payekha, pamene palibe dongosolo lotsogolera.
The chilamulo ikuphatikiza zinthu zingapo zokhuza ndondomekoyi. Ngati bankirapuse idalamulidwa, wobwereketsa amataya kutaya ndi kasamalidwe ka katundu (malo) omwe ali otseguka kuti abwezeretsedwe motsatira Article 23 Fw. Kuphatikiza apo, sikungathekenso kwa omwe ali ndi ngongole kuti apeze chiwongola dzanja payekhapayekha, ndipo zonse zomwe zidapangidwa kuti bankirapuse isanathedwe (Article 33 Fw).
Kuthekera kokha kwa omwe ali ndi ngongole mu bankirapuse kuti alipire zonena zawo ndikutumiza zonenazi kuti zitsimikizidwe (Ndime 26 Fw). Woyang'anira bankirapuse amasankhidwa yemwe amasankha kutsimikizira ndikuyang'anira ndikukhazikitsa malowo kuti apindule nawo omwe ali ndi ngongole (Ndime 68 Fw).
Kuyimitsidwa kolipira
Kachiwiri, FW imapereka njira ina: kuyimitsidwa kwa zolipira. Njirayi sikuti igawire ndalama za amene amabweza ngongole monga bankirapuse, koma kuti zisungidwe. Ngati nkuthekabe kutuluka mumdimawo ndikupeweratu bankirapuse, izi ndizotheka kwa wobwereketsa ngati amasungabe chuma chake. Wobweza ngongole atha kufunsa zakusokonekera ngati sali m'malo omwe asiya kulipira ngongole zake, koma ngati zamtsogolo kuti adzakumana ndi zotere mtsogolomo (Article 214 Fw).
Ngati pempho lachiwongola dzanja laperekedwa, wobwereketsa sangakakamizidwe kuti alipire zomwe zaperekedwa ndi kuimitsidwa, kutsekedwa kumayimitsidwa, ndipo zomangira zonse (zosamala ndi zovomerezeka) zimachotsedwa. Lingaliro kumbuyo kwa izi ndikuti pochotsa kukakamizidwa, pali mwayi wokonzanso.
Komabe, nthawi zambiri izi sizikuyenda bwino, chifukwa ndizothekabe kukakamiza zonena zomwe zimayikidwa patsogolo (mwachitsanzo, ngati muli ndi ufulu wosunga kapena kulonjeza kapena kubwereketsa nyumba). Kupempha kuti kuimitsidwe kungayambitse mabelu odzidzimutsa kwa omwe angongolewa motero kuwalimbikitsa kuumirira kulipira. Kuonjezera apo, ndi pamlingo wochepa chabe zotheka kuti wobwereketsa akonzenso antchito ake.
Kukonzanso ngongole kwa anthu achilengedwe
Njira yachitatu mu Fw, kukonzanso ngongole kwa anthu achilengedwe, ikufanana ndi njira ya bankirapuse. Chifukwa makampani amasungunuka pothetsa njira za bankirapuse, omwe amabwereketsa ndalama alibe ngongole ndipo sangapeze ndalama zawo. Izi sizomwe zili choncho kwa munthu wachilengedwe, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ena omwe ali ndi ngongole amatha kutsatiridwa ndi omwe amakhala ndi ngongole kwa moyo wawo wonse. Ndiye chifukwa chake, pambuyo pomaliza bwino, wobwereketsa atha kuyamba ndi dongosolo loyambiranso ngongole.
Tsamba loyera limatanthauza kuti ngongole zomwe sanalandire omwe ali ndi ngongole zimasinthidwa kukhala zofunikira zachilengedwe (Article 358 Fw). Izi sizikakamizidwa ndi lamulo, chifukwa chake zitha kuwonedwa ngati zofunika kuchita. Kuti tipeze mbiri yoyera iyi, ndikofunikira kuti wobwereketsa akuyesetsa momwe angathere pakukonzekera ndalama zochuluka momwe angathere. Gawo lalikulu lazinthuzi limachotsedwa, monganso momwe zimakhalira bankirapuse.
Pempho lokonzanso ngongole lidzaperekedwa kokha ngati wobwerekayo achita mokhulupirika zaka zisanu zapitazo pempholo. Zinthu zambiri zimaganiziridwa pakuwunikaku, kuphatikiza ngati ngongole kapena kulephera kulipira ndizolakwika komanso kuyesa kulipira ngongolezi. Chikhulupiriro chofunikanso chimafunikira nthawi yochitira izi komanso pambuyo pake. Ngati pangakhale kusowa chikhulupiriro pazochitikazo, milandu ikhoza kuthetsedwa (Article 350 ndime 3 Fw). Chikhulupiliro chabwino kumapeto komanso pambuyo pa milandu ndiyofunikiranso popereka ndikusunga mawuwo.
M'nkhaniyi tapereka kufotokozera mwachidule za njira zosiyanasiyana mu Fw. Kumbali imodzi pali njira zochotsera: njira yobweza ngongole ndi ndondomeko yokonzanso ngongole zomwe zimagwira ntchito kwa anthu achilengedwe. Pazochitikazi katundu wangongole amachotsedwa pamodzi kuti apindule ndi omwe amabwereketsa.
Kumbali ina, pali kuyimitsidwa kwa njira zolipirira zomwe, 'pakuimitsa' udindo wolipira kwa ongongole osatetezedwa, zitha kupangitsa wobwereketsayo kuti akonze zinthu zake ndikupewa kubweza kotheka. Kodi muli ndi mafunso aliwonse okhudza Fw ndi njira zomwe amapereka? Kenako lemberani Law & More. Maloya athu ndi akatswiri pamalamulo okhoza kubweza ngongole ndipo adzasangalala kukuthandizani!
