Njira ya CBR pambuyo pa mayeso a mowa: njira ndi kutsutsa

Pambuyo poyesedwa kuti muli ndi mowa, Ofesi Yaikulu Yoyesera Oyendetsa Magalimoto (Central Bureau Rijvaardigheidsbewijzen, CBR) imayamba njira yake yoyendetsera kuti iwone ngati mudakali oyenerera kuyendetsa galimoto. Njira imeneyi imagwira ntchito mosiyana ndi mlandu uliwonse waupandu ndipo ingayambitse maphunziro, kufufuza za kuyenerera kwanu kuyendetsa galimoto, kuyimitsidwa kwa chilolezo chanu kapena kulengeza kuti chilolezo chanu ndi chosavomerezeka. Mutha kutsutsa chigamulo chilichonse cha CBR mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, ndipo pambuyo pake mutha kukadandaula kukhothi loyang'anira, kachiwiri mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi.

Munkhaniyi tikutsatira njira yoyendetsera ntchito kuyambira pa chidziwitso cha apolisi mpaka chigamulo chomaliza, ndipo tikuwonetsa komwe muli ndi malo odzitetezera. Sitikuphimba mlandu waupandu womwe wabweretsedwa ndi Public Prosecution Service (Openbaar Ministerie) kapena kulanda laisensi yanu pamsewu. Nkhani zimenezo zafotokozedwa m'nkhani zathu zokhudza mowa ndi laisensi yanu yoyendetsera galimoto komanso pa apilo yolanda laisensi yanu yoyendetsera galimoto.

Kodi njira ya CBR ndi yosiyana ndi mlandu waupandu?

Inde. Kuyesa mowa kamodzi kungayambitse njira ziwiri nthawi imodzi, ndipo palibe amene amayembekezera china. Unduna wa Zachigamulo za Anthu umasankha ngati ukukutsutsani chifukwa choyendetsa galimoto mutamwa mowa motsatira nkhani 8 ya Road Traffic Act 1994 (Wegenverkeerswet 1994, WVW 1994). Khothi la milandu likhoza kupereka chindapusa, lamulo lothandiza anthu ammudzi kapena kuletsa kuyendetsa galimoto. CBR ili ndi ntchito yosiyana. Ndi bungwe loyang'anira lomwe limayang'anira chitetezo cha pamsewu, ndipo limafunsa ngati mukukwaniritsa zofunikira za luso loyendetsa galimoto komanso kukhala ndi thanzi labwino kuti muyendetse galimoto. Kaya muli ndi mlandu si funso lake.

Kumasulidwa pamlandu waupandu sikuchotsa lamulo la CBR, chisankho chosakutsutsani sichikubwezerani chilolezo chanu, ndipo chindapusa cholipiridwa sichikutsutsana ndi CBR. Si chilango chachiwiri: lamulo loyang'anira pansi pa WVW 1994 limateteza chitetezo cha pamsewu ndipo si chilango chaupandu.

Kodi CBR imagwiritsa ntchito malamulo ati potengera mphamvu zake?

CBR imatenga mphamvu zake kuchokera ku Road Traffic Act 1994 komanso kuchokera ku Regulation on measures for driver ability and fitness 2011 (Regeling maatregelen rijvaardigheid en geschiktheid 2011). Lamulo limenelo limagwirizanitsa kuwerenga mowa ndi miyezo inayake. Malamulo anayi a Act ndi omwe amapanga maziko a ndondomekoyi.

• Nkhani 130 Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse ya 1994 – apolisi amadziwitsa CBR ngati mfundo kapena zochitika zikusonyeza kuti simukukwaniritsa zofunikira pa luso loyendetsa galimoto kapena kukhala ndi thanzi labwino. Mungafunike kupereka laisensi yanu yoyendetsa galimoto.
• Nkhani 131 Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse ya 1994 - kutengera chidziwitso chimenecho, CBR imaika muyeso wophunzitsa kapena imalamula kuti pafufuzidwe luso lanu loyendetsa galimoto kapena thanzi lanu. Ikhoza kuyimitsa chilolezo chanu pamene njira ikugwira ntchito.
• Nkhani 132 Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse ya 1994 - muyenera kugwirizana ndi muyeso womwe waperekedwa ndikulipira ndalama zake. Ngati simutero, chilolezo chanu chidzakhala chosagwira ntchito.
• Nkhani 134 Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse ya 1994 – pambuyo pa kafukufuku, CBR imapanga chisankho. Iyenera kulengeza kuti chilolezo chanu ndi chosavomerezeka ngati simukukwaniritsa zofunikira pa thanzi lanu.

Nkhani 164 WVW 1994 ili pafupi ndi dongosololi. Imalola apolisi kukufunsani kuti mupereke chilolezo chanu pamsewu ngati kuletsedwa kuyendetsa galimoto kuli kotheka kwambiri. Kulandidwa kumeneko ndi kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mlandu, ngakhale kuti chochitika chomwecho chimapangitsa kuti CBR idziwitse.

Kodi njira zoyambira kudziwitsa apolisi mpaka chisankho cha CBR ndi ziti?

Ndondomekoyi ikutsatira njira zisanu: kudziwitsa, kuwunika, kuyeza, kuchita ndi kusankha. Gawo lililonse lili ndi nthawi yake yomaliza komanso chisankho chake chomwe mungachitsutse.

Gawo 1: Kodi apolisi amadziwitsa liti CBR?

Apolisi amadziwitsa CBR akamaliza kuyezetsa mpweya kapena magazi opitirira malire ovomerezeka. Amalemba lipoti lovomerezeka ndikutumiza chidziwitso motsatira nkhani 130 WVW 1994. Malire ovomerezeka ndi 0.5 pa mille, kapena ma microgram 220 a mowa pa lita imodzi ya mpweya wotuluka. Kwa oyendetsa atsopano, malire ndi 0.2 pa mille, kapena ma microgram 88. Ndinu dalaivala watsopano m'zaka zisanu zoyambirira mutalandira laisensi yanu, kapena m'zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zoyambirira ngati mudaipeza muli ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri. Chidziwitsocho ndi gawo loyang'anira. Apolisi amatumiza ngakhale Public Prosecution Service isankha kuimbidwa mlandu kapena ayi.

Gawo 2: Kodi CBR imayesa bwanji chidziwitsocho?

CBR imafufuza, kutengera lipoti lovomerezeka, ngati pali kukayikiridwa koyenera kuti simuli bwino kapena simungathe kuyendetsa bwino galimoto. Pakadali pano sifufuza zenizeni ndipo simakumverani kaye. Zotsatira zake ndi chisankho cholembedwa chomwe chimafotokoza muyeso womwe chimapereka. Chisankho chimenecho ndi nthawi yomwe nthawi yanu yotsutsa ya milungu isanu ndi umodzi imayambira.

Gawo 3: ndi njira iti yomwe ikutsatira, ndipo kodi chilolezo chanu chayimitsidwa?

Malinga ndi nkhani 131 WVW 1994, CBR imaika muyeso wophunzitsa kapena kulamula kuti pakhale kafukufuku. Ngati ilamula kuti pakhale kafukufuku wokhudza thanzi lanu, nthawi zambiri imayimitsanso chilolezo chanu nthawi yomweyo. Kuyambira nthawi yomwe chisankhocho chikufikirani, simuloledwa kuyendetsa galimoto. Kuyendetsa galimoto mutayimitsidwa ndi mlandu wina wokhala ndi zotsatira zake.

Gawo 4: Kodi muyenera kuchita chiyani kuti mukwaniritse muyesowu?

Muyenera kulembetsa mkati mwa nthawi yomwe yatchulidwa mu chisankhocho, kupezeka pamisonkhano ndikulipira ndalamazo. CBR imakhazikitsa ndalamazo, ndipo mumalipira pasadakhale. Kafukufuku wokhudza thanzi labwino amaphatikizapo kuyankhulana ndi dokotala wa matenda amisala ndi kufufuza kwachipatala, kuphatikizapo mayeso a magazi omwe angasonyeze kumwa mowa kwa nthawi yayitali. Ngati munyalanyaza chiitano, CBR imaona zimenezo ngati kukana kugwirizana.

Gawo 5: Kodi CBR imasankha chiyani pambuyo pa kafukufuku?

Nkhani 134 WVW 1994 imafuna kuti CBR isankhe mwamsanga kafukufuku atachitika. Ngati lipotilo likunena kuti simukukwaniritsa zofunikira pa thanzi lanu, mwachitsanzo chifukwa cha kupezeka kuti mwamwa mowa mopitirira muyeso kapena kudalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo, CBR iyenera kulengeza kuti chilolezo chanu ndi chosavomerezeka. CBR ilibe ufulu wosankha pa nthawiyo, chifukwa udindo wake umachokera mwachindunji ku lamuloli. Ngati mwakwaniritsa zofunikirazo, kuyimitsidwa kumatha ndipo chilolezo chanu chimakhalabe chovomerezeka.

Ndi muyeso uti womwe umachokera pa kuwerenga mowa?

Muyesowu umadalira kuwerenga kwanu mowa komanso ngati ndinu woyendetsa galimoto watsopano. Lamulo la miyezo ya luso loyendetsa galimoto ndi kulimbitsa thupi la 2011 limakhazikitsa malire awa. Sizofanana ndi malire omwe khothi la milandu limagwiritsa ntchito popereka chilango, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa chisokonezo.

• Muyeso wopepuka wophunzitsira za mowa ndi magalimoto (LEMA) - kwa dalaivala wodziwa zambiri yemwe amawerenga kuchokera ku 350 microgramme pa lita (0.8 pa mille) mpaka 435 microgrammes. Kwa oyendetsa novice kuchokera 220 microgramme (0.5 pa mille) mpaka 350 microgrammes.
• Muyezo wa maphunziro pa mowa ndi magalimoto (EMA) – kwa dalaivala wodziwa bwino ntchito yemwe ali ndi chiwerengero choyambira pa ma microgram 435 pa lita (1.0 pa mille) mpaka ma microgram 785. Kwa dalaivala watsopano kuyambira pa ma microgram 350 (0.8 pa mille) mpaka ma microgram 570. Kukana mayeso a mpweya kumabweretsanso EMA.
• Kafukufuku wokhudza thanzi la kuyendetsa galimoto – kwa dalaivala wodziwa bwino ntchito kuyambira pa ma microgram 785 pa lita (1.8 pa mille). Kwa dalaivala watsopano kuyambira pa ma microgram 570 (1.3 pa mille). Zochitika zobwerezabwereza mkati mwa nthawi inayake, kapena mowa pamodzi ndi zochitika zina, zingayambitsenso kafukufuku.

Muyeso wa maphunziro ndi njira, osati chilango: mukamaliza, nkhaniyi imatha. Kufufuza ndiye njira yovuta kwambiri, chifukwa malinga ndi Nkhani 134 WVW 1994 ikhoza kutha ndi kuletsa. CBR imafalitsa ndalama zonse ziwiri, ndipo mumalipira nokha.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati simukugwirizana?

Kenako CBR imalengeza kuti layisensi yanu ndi yosavomerezeka, popanda kuwunika ngati muli oyenerera kuyendetsa galimoto. Nkhani 132 WVW 1994 imakukakamizani kuti mugwirizane ndi lamuloli ndikulipira ndalama zake. Ngati simunalembetse pa nthawi yake, simunafike, simunalipire kapena kusokoneza kafukufuku, layisensiyo imalengezedwa kuti ndi yosavomerezeka. Izi n'zosavuta kupewa. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika pamene tsiku lomaliza silinatchulidwe, mwachitsanzo chifukwa kalata inapita ku adilesi yakale kapena inayikidwa pambali pamene mlandu waupandu unali kupitirira.

Kulengeza kuti simunachite bwino ndi chisankho china, ndipo mutha kuchitsutsa. Funso lokhalo ndilakuti kodi CBR inali ndi ufulu woganiza kuti simunagwirizane nanu. Kukangana pambuyo pake kuti munali oyenerera kuyendetsa galimoto sikungathandize. Ngati chinachake chikukulepheretsanidi kupezekapo, monga matenda olembedwa kapena chiitano chomwe sichinafike kwa inu, uzani CBR mwa kulemba nthawi yomaliza isanathe, osati pambuyo pake.

Kodi mumatsutsa bwanji chisankho cha CBR?

Choyamba mupereka chitsutso ku CBR, kenako mupita ku khoti lachigawo ndipo, ngati kuli kofunikira, ku Council of State. Chisankho chilichonse cha CBR ndi chisankho cha utsogoleri motsatira General Administrative Law Act (Algemene wet bestuursrecht, Awb), kotero njira zodziwika bwino zoyendetsera ntchito zimagwira ntchito. Nthawi yomaliza ndi yokhwima. Chitsutso kapena apilo yomwe yaperekedwa mochedwa tsiku limodzi imalengezedwa kuti siingavomerezedwe, pokhapokha ngati kuchedwako kuli koyenera.

Kodi mumatsutsa bwanji CBR?

Mumatumiza chidziwitso cholembedwa chotsutsa ku CBR mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, kuyambira tsiku lomwe chigamulocho chinatumizidwa, motsatira nkhani 6:7 Awb yowerengedwa ndi nkhani 7:1 Awb. Tchulani chisankho chomwe mukutsutsa, chifukwa chake ndi cholakwika komanso chomwe mukufuna m'malo mwake. Ngati simungathe kufotokoza zifukwa zanu, perekani chitsutso chakanthawi mkati mwa nthawi yomaliza ndikupempha nthawi yoti mumalize. Muli ndi ufulu womvedwa CBR isanasankhe chotsutsa chanu. Motsatira nkhani 7:4 Awb mutha kuyang'ana fayiloyo, kuphatikizapo lipoti lovomerezeka, osachepera sabata imodzi isanafike nthawi yomvera.

Zinthu zomwe zili ndi kulemera kwake ndi zenizeni: kuwerenga kolakwika, chipangizo chomwe sichinakonzedwe bwino, chidziwitso chokhudza wina, muyeso wolakwika wa kuwerengako, kapena kafukufuku yemwe sanatsatire ndondomekoyo. CBR imaganiziranso nkhani yonse koma ikupitirizabe kumangidwa ndi malamulo omwewo.

Kodi ndi liti pamene mungapange apilo ku khoti la chigawo?

Ngati CBR yakukana kutsutsa kwanu, mutha kukadandaula ku gawo la malamulo oyang'anira khothi la chigawo mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, motsatira nkhani 8:1 Awb. Mumalipira ndalama za khothi, zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo chaka chilichonse. Khothi limafufuza ngati mfundozo zatsimikizika bwino, ngati malamulo oyenera adagwiritsidwa ntchito, ngati chigamulocho chaperekedwa moyenera komanso ngati CBR idatsatira njira zodzitetezera. Khothi silipereka chigamulo chake pa thanzi lanu m'malo mwa cha akatswiri azachipatala. Chifukwa chake, chitetezo chomwe sichikugwirizana ndi matenda sichimapambana nthawi zambiri.

Kodi mungathenso kukadandaula ku Council of State?

Inde. Inu ndi CBR mutha kupempha chigamulo cha khothi la chigawo ku Administrative Jurisdiction Division of the Council of State (Afdeling bestuursrechtspraak van de Raad van State), mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi. Ili ndiye khothi lapamwamba kwambiri pamilandu iyi. Malamulo ake amilandu amatsimikiza momwe CBR imagwiritsira ntchito Lamuloli m'njira.

Kodi mungapitirize kuyendetsa galimoto pamene ndondomekoyi ikuchitika?

Osati zokha. Kutsutsa kapena apilo sikumayimitsa chigamulo cha CBR, kotero kuyimitsa kapena kuletsa kumagwira ntchito. Malinga ndi nkhani 8:81 Awb mutha kupempha woweruza wothandiza kwakanthawi (voorzieningenrechter) kuti ayimitse chigamulocho, bola ngati kutsutsa kapena apilo ikuyembekezeredwa. Muyenera kusonyeza chidwi chadzidzidzi, ndipo woweruzayo apanga kuwunika kwakanthawi ngati kutsutsa kwanu kapena apilo yanu ingapambane. Pamilandu ya mowa, chopinga chachiwiricho nthawi zambiri chimakhala vuto, chifukwa malamulo amasiya CBR kukhala ndi ufulu wosankha. Pempho limakhala ndi mwayi weniweni makamaka ngati pali cholakwika chomveka bwino cha njira.

Kodi mungadalire zomwe mumakonda?

Kungoti pamlingo wochepa kwambiri. Nkhani 3:4(2) Awb imaletsa zotsatira zosayerekezeka, koma Lamulo la 2011 limafotokoza kale muyeso womwe umatsatira kuchokera pa kuwerenga kotani, kotero CBR ilibe malo okwanira. Mu lamulo lokhazikika, kufunikira chilolezo chanu pantchito, mavuto azachuma kapena maudindo osamalira sikokwanira kokha.

Kodi mungapemphe chipukuta misozi chifukwa cha chisankho chosaloledwa?

Inde, ngati chigamulo cha CBR chathetsedwa chifukwa sichinali chololedwa. Choyamba muyenera kupereka pempho lanu ku CBR; ngati likukana pempholo, mutha kupempha khothi loyang'anira kuti lipereke chiwongola dzanja motsatira Article 8:88 Awb. Muyenera kuwonetsa chisankho chosaloledwa, kutayika kwenikweni ndi ulalo wa chifukwa, ndikulemba ndalama zomwe zatayika mosamala.

Kodi mumatsutsa bwanji lipoti lovomerezeka la apolisi?

Mukufunika umboni weniweni komanso wotsimikizika; kukana sikokwanira. Mu ndondomeko ya kayendetsedwe ka boma, CBR ingadalire kulondola kwa lipoti lovomerezeka lolembedwa ndi mkulu wa apolisi pansi pa lumbiro, malinga ngati likulemba zomwe mkuluyo waona. Kuti mutsutse, muyenera kupereka zinthu zomwe zimadzutsa kukayikira kwenikweni za kulondola kwake, ndipo udindo wochita zimenezo uli pa inu. Mfundo iyi ya malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka boma ndi chifukwa chake fayilo, osati nkhani yanu ya zochitika, ndi yofunikira. Umboni wothandiza umaphatikizapo:

• Zolemba pa chipangizo chowunikira mpweya, makamaka kuvomerezedwa kwake ndi tsiku lomaliza kuyesedwa kwake.
• Zolemba zoyezera zokha, kuphatikizapo nthawi yodikira yomwe idawonedwa mayeso asanachitike komanso ngati muyeso wachiwiri udatengedwa.
• Chikalata chachipatala chomwe chimapereka chifukwa china chowerengera, monga vuto kapena mankhwala omwe amakhudza.
• Zithunzi za kamera, mawu ojambulidwa kapena mawu a mboni omwe amafotokoza zochitikazo mosiyana.
• Lipoti la katswiri wokhudza zolakwika muyeso kapena kutanthauzira kwa kuchuluka kwa magazi komwe kwagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza za thanzi.

Pemphani fayiloyo msanga: Nkhani 7:4 Awb imakupatsani mwayi wopeza zikalata zomwe zili mu ndondomeko yotsutsa, ndipo Nkhani 15 GDPR imakupatsani ufulu wowona zambiri zaumwini zomwe CBR ili nazo zokhudza inu.

Kodi mungapeze bwanji laisensi yanu yoyendetsa galimoto?

Layisensi yosavomerezeka si chiletso cha moyo wonse, koma muyenera kuyambanso. Ngati laisensi yanu idanenedwa kuti ndi yosavomerezeka chifukwa simunagwirizane, mutha kulembetsa laisensi yatsopano ngati zifukwa zoletsera sizikulepheretsani. CBR nthawi zambiri imafunabe kuti mumalize kafukufuku. Ngati laisensi yanu idanenedwa kuti ndi yosavomerezeka chifukwa cha thanzi labwino mutapezeka kuti muli ndi mowa mopitirira muyeso kapena kuledzera, Lamulo la zofunikira pakulimbitsa thupi 2000 (Regeling eisen geschiktheid 2000) limafuna kuti muwonetse nthawi yopanda vuto la kumwa mowa musanapezekenso kuti muli bwino. Mwachidule, izi zikutanthauza chaka chimodzi, chothandizidwa ndi umboni wachipatala, kutsatiridwa ndi kuwunika kwatsopano pakulimbitsa thupi.

Mfundo zina ziwiri n'zosavuta kuzinyalanyaza. Choyamba, mumalipira ndalama za kafukufuku watsopano, chikalata cha zaumoyo (Gezondheidsverklaring) ndi chilolezo chatsopano nokha. Chachiwiri, kupatula njira ya CBR, chilolezo chingakhale chosagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo motsatira ndondomeko ya wochita mobwerezabwereza mu nkhani 123b WVW 1994, mutapezeka ndi mlandu wachiwiri pa milandu yayikulu ya pamsewu monga kuyendetsa galimoto mopitirira muyeso mkati mwa zaka zisanu. Bill 36586 (Wet verbetering aanpak rijden onder invloed) imalowa m'malo mwa dongosololi ndi mphamvu ya khothi la milandu yoti lilengeze kuti chilolezocho ndi chosagwira ntchito, choncho onani lamulo lomwe likugwira ntchito patsiku lomwe mwapezeka ndi mlandu.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani mutalandira chisankho cha CBR?

Kuyambira tsiku lomwe chigamulocho chinatumizidwa, osati tsiku lomwe mudatsegula: nthawi yotsutsa ya milungu isanu ndi umodzi pansi pa Nkhani 6:7 Awb imayambira tsiku lotsatira. Chongani osachepera:

• Tsiku lomaliza la kutsutsa, lolembedwa mu dayale yanu, komanso ngati mukufuna kutsutsa kwakanthawi kuti mutsimikizire.
• Tsiku lomaliza lolembetsa ndi kulipira muyeso; lembani ndi kulipira ngakhale mutatsutsa.
• Kaya muyesowo ukugwirizana ndi kuwerenga kwanu komanso kumene mwayamba kumene kapena momwe mulili ndi luso motsatira lamulo la 2011.
• Lipoti lovomerezeka, deta yovomerezeka ndi yowunikira chipangizocho, komanso nthawi yoyeserera.
• Kaya laisensi yanu yaimitsidwa; musayendetse galimoto pamene ili yoyimitsidwa.
• Kuti zomwe mukunena pa mlandu wa milandu ndizofanana, chifukwa zimathera mu fayilo ya CBR.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi njira ya CBR?

Timathandiza oyendetsa galimoto pa gawo lililonse la kayendetsedwe ka galimoto pambuyo poyesa mowa:

• Timawunikanso chidziwitsocho ndikuwona ngati muyesowo ukugwirizana ndi zomwe mwawerenga.
• Tikupempha fayiloyo pansi pa Nkhani 7:4 Awb ndi Nkhani 15 GDPR ndikusanthula chipangizocho ndi deta yoyezera.
• Tikupereka chitsutso ku CBR mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi ndipo tidzapezekapo pa msonkhano nanu.
• Timapereka apilo ku khoti la chigawo ndipo, ngati pakufunika, ku Bungwe la Boma.
• Tikupempha thandizo la kanthawi kochepa motsatira Article 8:81 Awb pamene pali cholakwika choonekeratu cha njira.
• Tikulangizani za njira yobwerera ku laisensi yovomerezeka mutasiya kugwiritsa ntchito.

Chidule

• Ndondomeko ya CBR ndi njira yoyendetsera yomwe imasiyana ndi mlandu waupandu; zotsatira za mlandu umodzi sizimasankha wina.
• Kuwerenga kwanu mowa komanso ngati ndinu dalaivala watsopano ndiye njira yoyenera kutsatiridwa: LEMA, EMA kapena kafukufuku wokhudza thanzi loyendetsa galimoto.
• Ngati simunalembetse, kupezekapo kapena kulipira pa nthawi yake, CBR imalengeza kuti layisensi yanu ndi yosagwira ntchito popanda kuyang'ana momwe mulilidi.
• Mungathe kukana mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi kenako n’kukadandaula ku khoti la chigawo ndi Council of State, iliyonse mkati mwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi; kukana sikuletsa chisankhocho.
• Umboni weniweni wochokera mu fayilo, monga deta ya chipangizo ndi zolemba zoyezera, uli ndi mphamvu zambiri kuposa kukana.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI