Ndondomeko ya milandu yaku Dutch: magawo, nthawi yomaliza ndi ufulu wanu

Ndondomeko ya milandu ya ku Netherlands imachitika m'magawo okhazikika: kufufuza, chigamulo cha wosuma mlandu, mlandu, ndipo ngati pakufunika, apilo. Gawo lililonse lili ndi wopanga zisankho zake komanso nthawi yake yokhazikika: mukamangidwa muyenera kubweretsedwa kwa woweruza milandu mkati mwa masiku atatu ndi maola khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu, ndipo kutsutsa, apilo kapena kutsutsa kuyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi.

Kufufuzaku kumatsogozedwa ndi woimira boma (ofisala van justitie) ndipo apolisi amakachita. Woimira boma amasankha ngati achotse mlanduwo, kupereka chilango (strafbeschikking) kapena kukuitanani kukhothi. Pa mlanduwo khothi limasankha pang'onopang'ono ngati mlanduwo watsimikizika, ngati ndi mlandu, ngati mukuyenera kulangidwa komanso chilango chomwe chikutsatira.

Kodi milandu ya ku Netherlands imakhala ndi magawo otani?

Mlandu wa milandu ku Netherlands uli ndi magawo atatu akuluakulu: kufufuza, chigamulo cha otsutsa milandu ndi mlandu ndi chigamulo. Pambuyo pa chigamulo, apilo ndi kuchotsedwa ntchito n'zotheka.

Malamulowa ali mu Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure (Wetboek van Strafvordering, Sv); milandu ndi zilango zili mu Dutch Criminal Code (Wetboek van Strafrecht, Sr). Woweruza samangoweruza mpikisano, koma amafufuza mwachangu fayilo yolembedwa ya mlandu (fayilo) ndikufunsa wotsutsidwa ndi mboni. Zimene mumanena, kapena zomwe simunena, kwa apolisi nthawi zambiri zimakhala mufayilo imeneyo.

Kodi kafukufukuyu ayamba bwanji?

Kafukufuku nthawi zambiri amayamba ndi lipoti la apolisi (aangifte), mawu a mboni kapena zomwe apolisi akuwona. Woimira boma ndiye amatsogolera; apolisi amachita ntchitoyo ndikulemba zonse mu malipoti ovomerezeka (processen-verbaal), omwe amapanga fayilo ya mlanduwo.

Mphamvu zambiri zofufuzira zimafuna lamulo kuchokera kwa wozenga mlandu, ndipo mphamvu zolowerera kwambiri, monga kugogoda pafoni, zimafuna chilolezo choyambirira kuchokera kwa woweruza milandu wofufuza milandu (rechter-commissaris). Mumakhala wokayikira (verdachte) pamene mfundo zikupangitsa kuti pakhale kukayikira koyenera kuti mwachita mlandu (Article 27 Sv), ngakhale mutakhala kuti simunamangidwe. Mutha kuphunzira zambiri zokhudza kufufuza milandu ndi momwe fayilo ya mlandu imapangidwira.

Kodi apolisi angakusungeni kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Pambuyo pomangidwa, apolisi angakugwireni kuti akufunseni mafunso kwa maola asanu ndi anayi; maola pakati pausiku ndi 9 koloko m'mawa sawerengedwa. Pambuyo pake, apolisi angakupatseni masiku atatu, omwe angakuwonjezereni kamodzi mpaka masiku atatu.

Mkati mwa masiku atatu ndi maola khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu kuchokera pamene mwamangidwa muyenera kubweretsedwa kwa woweruza milandu, yemwe angalamule kuti musungidwe m'ndende (kuchenjeza) kwa masiku khumi ndi anayi. Khothi la chigawo likhoza kulamula kuti mupitirize kusungidwa m'ndende (gevangenhouding) kwa masiku makumi atatu, ndipo nthawi zina kuwonjezeredwa kawiri ndi masiku makumi atatu. Mlanduwu uyenera kuti unayamba kumapeto kwa nthawi imeneyo, nthawi zambiri ndi kumvetsera kwakanthawi kochepa (pro-formazitting).

Kutsekeredwa m'ndende munthu asanazengedwe mlandu kumaloledwa kokha pa milandu ina komanso pazifukwa zinazake, monga chiopsezo chothawa kapena kubwerezanso kulakwa. Loya akhoza kupempha kuti kutsekeredwako kuchotsedwe kapena kuyimitsidwa nthawi iliyonse, mwachitsanzo motsutsana ndi udindo wopereka lipoti. Werengani zambiri za nthawi yomwe malamulo oletsa kutsekeredwa m'ndende amagwirira ntchito.

Kodi woimira boma akuganiza chiyani pambuyo pa kafukufuku?

Wosuma mlandu amasankha ngati pali umboni wokwanira komanso ngati mlanduwo uli wothandiza anthu onse. Motsatira mfundo yoti anthu azitsatira malamulo (mwayi wopeza mwayi) wosuma mlanduwo akhoza kusiya mlanduwo chifukwa cha chidwi cha anthu onse (Nkhani 167 Sv); wozunzidwayo amene sakugwirizana naye akhoza kudandaula kukhoti la apilo motsatira Nkhani 12 Sv.

Pa milandu yochepa kwambiri, wozenga mlandu akhoza kupereka chilango, monga chindapusa, ntchito ya anthu ammudzi kapena chiletso choyendetsa galimoto. Ngati mupereka chitsutso (verzet) mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi, mlanduwo umapita kukhothi (Article 257e Sv). Ngati simukutsutsa pakapita nthawi, chilangocho chimakhala chomaliza ndipo chimalembedwa pa mbiri yanu yaupandu.

Ngati wozenga mlandu apita kukhothi, mumalandira chikalata choitanira mlandu (dagvaarding) chokhala ndi milandu (tenlastelegging) ndi tsiku lomvetsera mlandu. Khothi likhoza kukutsutsani pa zomwe zanenedwa mu chikalatacho. Mu gawoli loya wanu amafufuza fayiloyo, amapempha zikalata kapena mboni zomwe zasowa, ndipo amakonzekera kutsutsa kulikonse komwe umboniwo unapezedwa.

Kodi muli ndi ufulu ndi maudindo otani panthawi yofufuza?

Monga wokayikiridwa muli ndi ufulu wokhala chete, ufulu wokhala ndi loya, ufulu wodziwa zambiri komanso ufulu wokhala ndi womasulira. Nthawi yomweyo, muyenera kuvomereza njira zofufuzira zovomerezeka, monga kufufuza kapena kulanda zomwe akuluakulu oyenerera alamula.

Malamulowa amagwira ntchito kwa anthu paokha komanso makampani omwe. Kampaniyo ingakhale yokayikiridwa, ndipo otsogolera ake akhoza kuimbidwa mlandu chifukwa chotsogolera kapena kulamula mlandu (Article 51 Sr).

Ndi ufulu uti womwe umakutetezani ngati wokayikiridwa?

Malinga ndi Nkhani 29 Sv simukuyenera kuyankha mafunso, ndipo apolisi ayenera kukuuzani musanafunse mafunso (chenjezo, kapena chenjezo). Chete palokha sichingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati umboni, koma kufotokozera komwe mungapereke pambuyo pake kungawoneke kosakhutiritsa. Fufuzani mfundo zazikulu za ufulu wokhala chete musanasankhe momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito.

Kuyambira pa 1 Marichi 2017, wokayikiridwa womangidwa ali ndi ufulu wofunsa loya asanayambe kuyankhulana koyamba ndi apolisi komanso kukhala ndi loya wina panthawiyo. Apolisi amadziwitsa Bungwe Lothandiza Amalamulo (Raad voor Rechtsbijstand), lomwe limapatsa loya ntchito, kapena mutha kupempha loya wosankha nokha. Mulinso ndi ufulu wouzidwa zomwe mukukayikiridwa, kwa womasulira ngati simulankhula bwino Chidatchi, komanso kuyang'ana fayilo ya mlanduwo (Article 30 Sv).

Kodi ndi malire otani omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kufufuza ndi kulanda zinthu?

Mphamvu zofufuzira zimakhala zovomerezeka pokhapokha ngati lamulo lipereka chilolezocho ndipo akuluakulu oyenerera apereka lamulo lofunikira. Kufufuza kunyumba nthawi zambiri kumafuna kuti wotsutsa milandu kapena woweruza milandu achite nawo, ndipo kufufuza ofesi ya loya, dokotala kapena notary kumafunika chitetezo chowonjezera kuti munthu apeze mwayi wantchito (verschoningsrecht, Article 218 Sv).

Pokana kulanda katundu, mutha kupereka madandaulo (klaagschrift) kukhothi motsatira Article 552a Sv kuti katunduyo abwezeretsedwe, mwachitsanzo zolemba za bizinesi kapena laputopu yomwe kampani yanu ikufuna. Ngati kafukufukuyo akukhudza makompyuta, ma network kapena deta, loya wa IT angagwire ntchito limodzi ndi chitetezo cha milandu. Umboni wopezeka mopanda lamulo ukhoza kupangitsa kuti chilango chichepe, kuchotsedwa kwa umboni kapena, makamaka, kuimbidwa mlandu kosaloledwa (Article 359a Sv).

Ndi mfundo ziti zomwe muyenera kulandira zokhudza mlanduwu?

Wosuma mlandu angasunge zikalata zina kwakanthawi kuti afufuze, koma osati kwamuyaya. Mukamaliza kupereka chikalata choitanira mlandu, mutha kuyang'ana zikalata zonse zomwe zili mufayilo (Article 33 Sv), ndipo loya wanu angapemphe zikalata zomwe zikusowa.

Kuphunzira mosamala fayiloyi ndiye maziko a chitetezo chilichonse: mawu angakhale ndi zosagwirizana, malipoti angasiye mfundo zenizeni, ndipo nthawi yochitira zinthu ingavumbule zolakwika za ndondomeko.

Kodi mlandu wa khothi umagwira ntchito bwanji?

Pamsonkhanowo, khothi limafufuza mlanduwo pagulu, ndipo inu mulipo kapena mukuimiridwa ndi loya amene mwamuvomereza. Milandu imene wozenga mlandu akufuna kuti munthu akhale m'ndende kwa chaka chimodzi imapita kwa woweruza wa apolisi mmodzi (politierechter); milandu yoopsa kwambiri imapita kwa gulu la oweruza atatu. Dziko la Netherlands lilibe oweruza milandu.

Woweruza wamkulu akukambirana nanu za fayiloyo ndipo akufunsani za mfundo ndi momwe zinthu zilili; ufulu wokhala chete ukugwiranso ntchito pano. Wotsutsa milandu akupereka pempho la chilango (requisitoir), woteteza milanduyo akuyankha ndi pempho lake (pleidooi), ndipo nthawi zonse mumakhala ndi mawu omaliza. Ngati simukuwonekera ndipo simukuimiridwa, khoti likhoza kumva mlanduwo inu mulibe (verstek).

Wozunzidwayo, kapena achibale otsala, akhoza kulankhula pamsonkhanowo (spreekrecht, Article 51e Sv). Wozunzidwayo akhozanso kulowa nawo ngati munthu wovulala (benadeelde partij) kuti apemphe ndalama (Article 51f Sv); milandu yovuta inganenedwe kuti si yoyenera ndipo ingatumizidwe ku khoti la anthu wamba.

Kodi umboni umayesedwa bwanji?

Khothi likhoza kupeza kuti milanduyo yatsimikizika pokhapokha ngati latsimikiza kuti ndinu wolakwa potengera umboni wovomerezeka (Nkhani 338 Sv). Izi ndi zomwe woweruzayo adawona, mawu a wotsutsa, mboni ndi akatswiri, ndi zikalata zolembedwa (Nkhani 339 Sv).

Mlandu sungatsimikizidwe pa zomwe mboni imodzi yokha yanena (Nkhani 342 Sv), ndipo pali zoletsa pa mboni zosadziwika. Oteteza ayenera kudziwitsa wozenga mlandu za mboni zomwe akufuna kuziyitana pasanathe masiku khumi mlandu usanachitike (Nkhani 263 Sv); zopempha zamtsogolo zimayesedwa mosamala kwambiri.

Kodi khoti lifika bwanji pa chigamulo chake?

Khoti limatsatira dongosolo lokhazikika la mafunso mu Nkhani 348 ndi 350 Sv: mafunso ovomerezeka choyamba, kenako ngati mlanduwo watsimikizika, ngati ndi mlandu, ngati mukuyenera kulangidwa ndi chilango chomwe chikuyenerera. Chiweruzo nthawi zambiri chimaperekedwa milungu iwiri pambuyo pa mlandu; woweruza milandu wa apolisi nthawi zambiri amapereka chigamulo cha pakamwa nthawi yomweyo.

Ndi zigamulo ziti zomwe zingatheke?

Khoti likhoza kukumasulani, kukutulutsani ku milandu ina kapena kukutsutsani. Kumasulidwa (vrijspraak) kumatsatira ngati mlanduwo sunatsimikizidwe; kumasulidwa (ontslag van alle rechtsvervolging) kumatsatira ngati mfundozo zatsimikiziridwa koma si mlandu kapena simulangidwa, mwachitsanzo chifukwa chodziteteza.

Pambuyo pa chigamulo, khothi limasankha kuchokera ku zilango zazikulu zomwe zili mu Article 9 Sr: kumangidwa, kusungidwa (hechtenis), ntchito ya anthu ammudzi (taakstraf) ya maola 240, ndi chindapusa, chomwe ndalama zake ziyenera kuwerengedwa kuti mulipire (Article 24 Sr). Likhoza kuwonjezera njira monga kulanda phindu lomwe mwapeza mosaloledwa kapena lamulo lolipirira wozunzidwayo, kapena kukupezani wolakwa popanda kupereka chilango (Article 9a Sr).

Kodi khoti limasankha bwanji chigamulocho?

Khoti limaganizira za kuopsa kwa mlanduwo, mbiri yanu yaupandu, momwe zinthu zilili pa moyo wanu komanso chiopsezo choti mulakwitsenso. Malangizo opereka chilango kwa oweruza milandu ndi oweruza milandu ndi poyambira, ndipo lipoti lochokera ku bungwe loyang'anira milandu (reclassing) lingapereke malangizo pa zinthu zapadera.

Chigamulo chonse kapena gawo lake likhoza kuyimitsidwa (voorwaardelijke straf, Article 14a Sr), bola ngati simunachite mlandu watsopano panthawi yoyesedwa ndipo mukutsatira zofunikira zilizonse. Kupezeka ndi mlandu kumalembedwa mu dongosolo la zikalata za khothi, zomwe zingakhudze satifiketi ya khalidwe (verklaring omtrent het gedrag, VOG) ya ntchito yatsopano kapena layisensi.

Kodi mungachite chiyani ngati simukugwirizana ndi chigamulocho?

Mungathe kuchita apilo kukhoti la apilo mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi kuchokera pamene chigamulo chaperekedwa (Article 408 Sv). Wotsutsa milandu akhozanso kuchita apilo, kotero chilango cha apilo chingakhale chokwera kapena chotsika.

Khothi la apilo limafufuza mfundo ndi malamulo mwatsopano, ndipo mutha kubweretsa umboni watsopano. Pa milandu ina yaying'ono yokhala ndi chindapusa chaching'ono, muyenera chilolezo chochita apilo. Pambuyo pa apilo, apilo yotsutsana ndi Khothi Lalikulu (Hoge Raad) imatha kuchitika mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi (Article 432 Sv); Khothi Lalikulu limangoyang'ana lamulo ndi zifukwa zake.

Chigamulo chikangofika pomaliza, mutha kupempha Khoti Lalikulu kuti liwunikenso (kusokoneza, Nkhani 457 Sv) ngati mfundo zatsopano zapezeka zomwe zikanapangitsa kuti pakhale zotsatira zosiyana. Chikhululukiro (gratie) motsatira lamulo la Pardons Act (Gratiewet) chimaperekedwa pokhapokha ngati pali zochitika zapadera.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani pa mlandu waupandu?

Maloya athu oteteza milandu amathandiza anthu, anthu ochokera kunja kwa dzikolo ndi makampani kuyambira nthawi yoyamba kuyankhulana ndi apolisi mpaka nthawi yopempha apilo.

• Tikukulangizani musanalankhule ndi apolisi komanso panthawi ya kuyankhulana ngati mukufuna kupereka ndemanga.
• Timatsutsa kusungidwa kwa apolisi ndi kusungidwa kwa anthu asanazengedwe mlandu ndipo tikupempha kuti kusungidwa kwa anthu kuimitsidwe.
• Tikupereka chitsutso pa lamulo la chilango mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi omalizira.
• Timaphunzira fayilo ya mlandu, kupempha zikalata zomwe zasowa ndikudziwitsa mboni masiku osachepera khumi mlandu usanachitike.
• Tikupereka madandaulo motsatira Article 552a Sv kuti tibweze katundu wogwidwa.
• Timapereka apilo kapena kutsutsana mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi kuchokera pamene chigamulo chaperekedwa.

Chidule

• Mlandu waupandu wa ku Netherlands umadutsa mu kafukufuku, chigamulo cha woimira boma, mlandu, ndipo ngati pakufunika, apilo ndi kuchotsedwa.
• Munthu akamangidwa, nthawi yokhwima imagwira ntchito: mpaka maola asanu ndi anayi ofunsidwa mafunso, apolisi amamusunga kwa masiku atatu (akangowonjezera nthawi), komanso kuonekera pamaso pa woweruza milandu mkati mwa masiku atatu ndi maola khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu.
• Gwiritsani ntchito ufulu wanu wokhala ndi loya musanayambe kuyankhulana koyamba ndi apolisi; ufulu wokhala chete umagwira ntchito nthawi yonse ya mlanduwu.
• Lamulo la chilango limakhala lomaliza pokhapokha ngati mutsutsa mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi; apilo ndi kuchotsedwa ziyeneranso kuperekedwa mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi.
• Khoti likhoza kungopereka chigamulo potengera umboni wovomerezeka ndi kuweruzidwa kwake, ndipo limasintha chigamulocho kuti chigwirizane ndi mlanduwo komanso munthuyo.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI