Mgwirizano wa makampani oyambira: zoopsa zalamulo ndi momwe mungapewere

Mukagwirizana ndi kampani yatsopano kapena yowonjezera, chiopsezo chalamulo chimakhala m'malo anayi: mawonekedwe ovomerezeka a kampani ina ndi omwe ali ndi udindo, umwini wa katundu wanzeru, maudindo olamulira omwe mumatenga, ndi zomwe zimachitika ngati kampaniyo yalephera. Pangano la template silithetsa izi; kuyang'ana Chamber of Commerce (KVK) chotsitsa, unyolo wa umwini wa ukadaulo ndi makonzedwe a eni masheya musanasayine ndi zomwe zimatero.

Bukuli likufotokoza zomwe ziyenera kufufuzidwa motsatira lamulo la ku Dutch, malamulo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zigawo zomwe zimasankha zotsatira zake ngati mgwirizano ndi kampani yoyambirira yalephera.

Nchifukwa chiyani mnzanu woyambirira ali ndi zoopsa zosiyanasiyana?

Chiwopsezo chachikulu si chakuti kampani yatsopano ikukana kuchita bwino, koma kuti singathe: siili ndi zomwe inalonjeza, siingazigwiritse ntchito, kapena sizilinsopo. Chiwopsezo cha ngongole kapena chindapusa ndi choyenera ndalama zomwe zili mkati mwake, ndipo kampani yachinyamata yomwe ili ndi miyezi khumi ndi iwiri yogwira ntchito ilibe ndalama zambiri zoti ibwezeretse.

Chitetezo chanu chiyenera kukhala cha dongosolo. Mumatsimikiza udindo wanu musanapange mgwirizano kuti zomwe mukufuna zipulumuke kulephera kwa chipani china, mwachitsanzo kudzera mu escrow pansi pa chilolezo chomwe chimapulumuka kuthetsedwa kwa mgwirizano.

Kodi kukhala ndi chilolezo chovomerezeka cha mnzanu kumatanthauza chiyani kwa inu?

Fomu yovomerezeka ndi yomwe imasankha amene ali ndi udindo, amene angasayine komanso amene ali ndi udindo. Werengani izi KVK chotsani choyamba.

Kampani yachinsinsi (besloten vennootschap, BV) imagwira ntchito m'dzina lake, ndipo eni masheya sali ndi mlandu pa ngongole zake. Otsogolera akhoza kukhala ndi mlandu pa kampaniyo chifukwa cha kayendetsedwe kosayenera motsatira Nkhani 2:9 ya Dutch Civil Code (BW). Pakulephera kugwira ntchito, Nkhani 2:248 BW imapatsa otsogolera onse pamodzi komanso payekhapayekha udindo pa ngongoleyo ngati oyang'anira anali osayenera ndipo ichi chinali chifukwa chachikulu cha kulephera kugwira ntchito. Kulephera kusunga mabuku oyenera kapena kuyika maakaunti apachaka kumapangitsa kuti pakhale chigamulo chotsutsana nawo. Njira izi zimafuna kuti pakhale milandu; sizilowa m'malo mwa mgwirizano ndi chipani chomwe chingalipire.

Mu mgwirizano wamba (vennootschap onder firma, VOF) mnzanu aliyense ali ndi udindo wogwirizana komanso wosiyana pa udindo wa kampaniyo motsatira Nkhani 18 ya Commercial Code (WvK). Mu mgwirizano wochepa (commanditaire vennootschap, CV) mnzanu wochepa amakhala ndi udindo wonse ngati achita zinthu zoyang'anira (Nkhani 20 ndi 21 WvK).

Chongani zinthu zitatu mu chigawochi: mawonekedwe ovomerezeka ndi tsiku lokhazikitsidwa; otsogolera ndi ndani ndipo ngati ulamuliro wawo ndi wokha, wogwirizana kapena wokhazikika; komanso ngati maakaunti apachaka aperekedwa. Ngati wosaina si director wolembetsedwa, funsani kuti akupatseni chikalata cholembedwa cha power of loya ndipo onani kukula kwake ndi tsiku lake.

Ndani kwenikweni ali ndi ukadaulowu?

Musaganize kuti kampani yatsopanoyi ili ndi zomwe ikuwonetsa. Malinga ndi lamulo la ku Dutch, lingaliro limenelo limalephera m'zochitika zitatu zobwerezabwereza, ndipo zonse zitatuzi zitha kufufuzidwa.

Choyamba, ntchito yopangidwa isanakhazikitsidwe. Ufulu wa olemba umachokera kwa woyambitsa amene analemba malamulowo. Malinga ndi Nkhani 2 ya Copyright Act (Auteurswet), kusamutsa kumafuna chikalata cholembedwa (akte); kukhala mwini masheya sikusuntha ufulu wa kampaniyo.

Chachiwiri, ogwira ntchito paokha ndi mabungwe. Nkhani 7 ya Copyright Act imapangitsa olemba ntchito kukhala wolemba ntchito amene wantchito amapanga panthawi ya ntchito, pokhapokha ngati avomerezana mwanjira ina. Lamuloli silikhudza makontrakitala: wopanga mapulogalamu paokha amasunga ufulu wa olemba pokhapokha ngati wapatsidwa mwa kulemba. Pemphani kuti muwone zikalata zolembetsera ntchito.

Chachitatu, ufulu wina kupatula ufulu wa kukopera. Malinga ndi Nkhani 12 ya Patents Act 1995 (Rijksoctrooiwet), chinthu chatsopano cha wantchito ndi cha olemba ntchito pomwe mtundu wa ntchito ndi kupanga zinthu zatsopano zotere; mapangano ndi oyambitsa ndi alangizi nthawi zambiri amatsutsana ndi zimenezo. Lamulo la Chitetezo cha Zinsinsi Zamalonda (Wet bescherming bedrijfsgeheimen) limateteza chidziwitso chomwe njira zosungira chinsinsi zinatengedwa. Zigawo zachinsinsi zotseguka zimakhala ndi zilolezo zawo, choncho funsani kuti mupereke ndalama zolipirira mapulogalamu.

Mu mgwirizanowu, lembani dzina la IP lakumbuyo (zomwe chipani chilichonse chimabweretsa) kuchokera ku dzina la IP lakumbuyo (zomwe mgwirizano umapanga), ndipo tchulani mwiniwake wa dzina lakumbuyo ndi chilolezo chomwe chipani chinacho chimalandira. Pewani mawu oti ufulu watsopano ndi "wogwirizana": popanda makonzedwe ena, palibe chipani chomwe chingagwiritse ntchito kapena kupereka chilolezo mwaulere. Ngati mukufuna umwini wogwirizana, lembani amene angapereke chilolezo, amene amalipira zolembetsa komanso amene amakakamiza ophwanya malamulo.

Ndi zikalata ziti zoyambitsa ndi zaulamuliro zomwe muyenera kuwerenga?

Werengani zolemba za mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano wa eni masheya; zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Zolembazo ndi za anthu onse ndipo zimamanga aliyense wogawana masheya, kuphatikizapo zamtsogolo. Mgwirizano wa eni masheya umamanga anthu ake okha, ndipo kuswa malamulo kumapereka chiwongola dzanja cha kuwonongeka kapena chilango, osati chisankho chosavomerezeka cha kampani. Malinga ndi Nkhani 2:196 BW, nkhani iliyonse kapena kusamutsa magawo a BV kumafuna chikalata cha notarial.

Chongani mfundo zinayi. Kuyika ndalama: kodi magawo a oyambitsa amaperekedwa pakapita nthawi, kotero kuti woyambitsa amene wachoka chaka choyamba sasunga kotala la kampaniyo? Malamulo a osiya: kodi pali njira yabwino yosiya ndalama/yosasiya ndalama ndi mtengo? Kupanga zisankho: ndi zisankho ziti zomwe zimafuna ambiri oyenerera, ndipo kodi pali njira yeniyeni yothetsera mavuto? Tebulo la ndalama: kodi pali ma option pools, ngongole zosinthika kapena zida za SAFE zomwe zilipo, ndipo kodi tebulo likugwirizana ndi kaundula wa eni masheya?

Ngati ubale wa eni masheya usokonekera, lamulo la ku Netherlands limapereka njira zovomerezeka zogulira ndi kuchotsa kampani komanso njira zofufuzira pamaso pa Enterprise Chamber (Ondernemingskamer) ya Amsterdam Khoti Loona za Apilo. Izi zimagwira ntchito koma zimatenga miyezi ingapo, ndipo pulojekiti yanu ikufunika kuti kampaniyo ipitirize kugwira ntchito pakadali pano.

Ngati mutenga nokha gawo, kambiranani za chidziwitso moyenera ndi nthawi yokhazikika, mndandanda wa zinthu zosungidwa, ufulu woti musankhe pa nkhani zatsopano, ufulu wogwirizana ndi zomwe zidzachitike pa mgwirizano wanu wamalonda ngati masheya anu atha.

Kodi mumayendetsa bwanji kafukufuku wofunikira pa kampani yoyambira?

Sungani cholinga: yang'anani zikalata zinayi kapena zisanu zomwe kusakhalapo kwake kungapangitse kuti mgwirizanowo usagwire ntchito, ndipo zipempheni polemba kuti mayankho ndi chete zilembedwe. Tsamba lathu lofufuza za kafukufuku wofunikira ku Netherlands limafotokoza momwe kuwunika kumakonzedwera.

• Makampani: KVK chotsitsa, zolemba za mgwirizano, mgwirizano wa eni masheya, kaundula wa eni masheya, tebulo lomaliza, maakaunti aposachedwa, ndi mndandanda wa ngongole, ufulu wachitetezo ndi zitsimikizo.
• Kulephera kulipira ngongole: kufufuza m'kaundula wa milandu ya anthu omwe alephera kulipira ngongole ndi milandu ina iliyonse yomwe ikuyembekezera kapena kubweza msonkho.
• IP: zikalata zoperekedwa kwa oyambitsa, antchito ndi makontrakitala; kulembetsa kwa zizindikiro ndi ma patent okhala ndi masiku okonzanso; chikalata chotseguka cha zinthu; thandizo lililonse kapena dongosolo la yunivesite lomwe limasunga ufulu.
• Zamalonda: mapangano ofunikira a makasitomala ndi ogulitsa a magawo apadera ndi kusintha kwa ulamuliro; mapangano a anthu ofunikira, kuphatikizapo magawo osapikisana kuchokera kwa olemba ntchito akale.
• Deta ndi malamulo: zolemba za kukonza, mapangano okonza, njira zosamutsira kunja kwa EEA ndi njira zachitetezo.

Sinthani zomwe mwapeza kukhala zotsatira za mgwirizano: chitsanzo cha zomwe zachitika, chindapusa china chake, kusintha mtengo kapena chisankho choti musapitirire.

Ndi maudindo ati olamulira omwe mumatenga?

Kugwira ntchito ndi ukadaulo wa wina sikumupangitsa kuti azitsatira malamulo. Pankhani yoteteza deta, AI ndi chitetezo cha pa intaneti, maudindo amaphatikizidwa ndi maudindo omwe mungakhale nawo popanda kuwasankha.

Deta yanu

Pansi pa GDPR, aliyense amene amasankha zolinga ndi njira zogwirira ntchito ndiye woyang'anira. Ngati ndinu ameneyo, muli ndi udindo ngakhale kampani yoyambirayo ikuyendetsa makinawo, ndipo Article 28 GDPR imafuna mgwirizano wolembedwa wogwirira ntchito. Olamulira ogwirizana ayenera kulemba omwe amayang'anira udindo wokhudza anthu omwe ali ndi deta.

Kuphwanya malamulo achinsinsi kuyenera kunenedwa ku Dutch Data Protection Authority (Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens) ngati n'kotheka mkati mwa maola 72 motsatira Article 33 GDPR. Pangano lanu liyenera kukakamiza kampani yogulitsa zinthu kuti ikudziwitseni nthawi yomweyo. Zilango za kuphwanya malamulo akuluakulu zimafika 4% ya ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito pachaka padziko lonse lapansi, choncho ikani kulephera kuteteza deta mu chindapusa china kunja kwa malire onse.

Nzeru zochita kupanga

Lamulo la EU AI (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689) limagawa maudindo malinga ndi udindo: wopereka, wotumiza, wotumiza kapena wogawa. Kuyika dzina lanu pa dongosolo lomwe kampani yoyambira idamanga kungakupangitseni kukhala wopereka. Zoletsa, malamulo a mitundu ya AI yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso maudindo owonekera (monga kuulula kuti wogwiritsa ntchito amachita ndi makina) zikugwira ntchito kale; digito omnibus (Regulation (EU) 2026/1744) idachedwetsa maudindo a machitidwe oopsa kwambiri. Udindo wa kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha AI umayendetsedwa ndi lamulo lachi Dutch komanso malamulo okhudza udindo wa malonda.

Kutetezeka

Cyberbeveiligingswet, yomwe ikukhazikitsa NIS2 Directive, yakhala ikugwira ntchito kuyambira pa 15 Ogasiti 2026. Mabungwe omwe ali m'gululi ayenera kutenga njira zotetezera, kuyang'anira zoopsa za ogulitsa ndikupereka lipoti la zochitika zazikulu: chenjezo loyambirira mkati mwa maola 24 ndi chidziwitso mkati mwa maola 72. Kampani yogulitsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri idzapemphedwa kuti iwonetse zomwe ikuchita, kotero lembani mu mgwirizano womwe ukunena za chiyani kwa ndani.

Ndi zigawo ziti zomwe zimasankha zotsatira zake?

Zoopsa zili m'magawo omwe ma templates amawaona ngati ofunikira. Buku lathu lotsogolera pakulemba mapangano ogwirizana limakhudza kapangidwe kake; mfundo izi zimagwira ntchito mosiyana ndi mnzanu woyambirira.

• Kalata yofotokoza cholinga. Kuthetsa zokambirana zakale kungayambitse mlandu pa ndalama zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito motsatira malamulo a milandu aku Dutch. Fotokozani kuti palibe amene ali ndi udindo mpaka atasaina ndipo gulu lililonse lidzakhala ndi ndalama zake.
• Chigawo ndi chosasinthika. Fotokozani zomwe ziyenera kuperekedwa, zofunikira zovomerezeka, ndi masiku. Malinga ndi Article 6:82, kusakhazikika kwa BW nthawi zambiri kumafuna chidziwitso cholembedwa chokhala ndi nthawi yoyenera kuti chichitike; kumanga njira yodziwitsirayo mu mgwirizano.
• Udindo. Kuchepetsa udindo wa munthu, koma kuthetsa kuphwanya malamulo a IP, chinsinsi, chitetezo cha deta komanso kuchita zinthu molakwika mwadala. Kuchepetsa sikungatchulidwe ngati zimenezo sizingavomerezedwe ndi miyezo yoyenera komanso yachilungamo (Nkhani 6:248(2) BW).
• Chitetezo cha ndalama zolipirira. Malipiro obwezera zinthu ndi chitsimikizo, ndalama zochepa zolipirira kapena inshuwaransi.
• Anthu. Zigawo zofunika kwambiri pa nkhani ya munthu wofunika komanso zosakhudzana ndi kupempha, komanso chinsinsi chomwe chimathandizidwa ndi chilango. Chilango chimalowa m'malo mwa ndalama zomwe zawonongeka pokhapokha ngati zavomerezedwa mwanjira ina (Nkhani 6:92 BW) ndipo khothi lingachepetse ngati chilungamo chikufunika (Nkhani 6:94 BW).
• Kuthetsa mikangano ndi mikangano. Zoyambitsa kusintha kwa ulamuliro, kulephera kukwaniritsa zolinga ndi kusakwanitsa kulipira ngongole; dongosolo lotha ntchito la ufulu, deta ndi makasitomala; ndi njira imodzi yosatsutsika yokambirana.

Kodi nthawi yopezera ndalama ndi kusintha kwa ulamuliro zimakukhudzani bwanji?

Nthawi iliyonse yopezera ndalama imasintha kampani yomwe mudapangana nayo mgwirizano. Wogulitsa watsopano amabweretsa mgwirizano wa eni ake ndi nkhani zosungidwa, zomwe amakonda pakutha kwa bizinesi zimasankha yemwe amalipidwa koyamba akatuluka, ndipo ngongole zosinthika zimasinthidwa pamtengo wotsika kapena mtengo womwe unavomerezedwa ndi omwe adayika kale ndalama.

Zigawo ziwiri zimakutetezani. Chigawo chosintha ulamuliro, chomwe chimatanthauzidwa ndi ufulu wovota, chimakupatsani ufulu wothetsa kapena kuchotsa zinthu zanu. Ndipo chilolezo chomwe sichingasinthidwe mkati mwa mphamvu yake ndipo chimapulumuka kutha ndi kusintha kwa ulamuliro, kuphatikiza ndi escrow ndi kopi ya zikalata zomwe zili mumakina anu, chimasunga mwayi wanu wodziyimira pawokha kwa mwiniwake wa kampani yoyambitsa.

Kodi oyambitsa ndi antchito ofunikira amagwira ntchito moyenera?

Funsani momwe gululi likugwirira ntchito. Pamene anthu amalemba ngati makontrakitala odzipangira okha ntchito koma akugwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi kampaniyo, ubalewo ukhoza kuonedwa ngati ntchito, ndi msonkho wa malipiro, zopereka zachitetezo cha anthu komanso chitetezo chochotsedwa ntchito. Bungwe la Dutch Tax Administration (Belastingdienst) linayambanso kukakamiza anthu kudzipangira okha ntchito zabodza pa 1 Januwale 2025.

Mapangano omwewo ndi ofunika kwa IP, chifukwa kusamutsa ntchito mwachindunji motsatira Nkhani 7 ya Copyright Act kumagwira ntchito kwa ogwira ntchito okha, komanso chinsinsi. Yang'anani zigawo zosapikisana kuchokera kwa olemba ntchito akale zomwe zingalepheretse zomwe anthu ofunikira angachite pa ntchito yanu.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati kampani yoyambira yalephera?

Mafunso atatu ndi omwe amasankha kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe mumataya: mwayi wopeza ukadaulo, katundu wanu ndi malipiro anu, komanso ngati kampaniyo imangosowa.

Mu bankirapuse, trustee (curator) safunika kuchita mapangano a kampaniyo. Malinga ndi Article 37 ya Bankruptcy Act (Faillissementswet) mutha kuyika trustee nthawi yoyenera kuti atsimikizire magwiridwe antchito; ngati trustee sachita, trustee amataya ufulu wofuna magwiridwe antchito ndipo mumatsala ndi mlandu wotsutsana ndi chumacho. Source code escrow yokhala ndi kumasulidwa pa insolvency kapena chithandizo chosiyidwa, ndi ma depositi otsimikizika, ndiye yankho lokhazikika. Onani nkhani yathu yokhudza software escrow ku Netherlands.

Sungani zomwe mwapereka kuti zidziwike ngati zanu. Kusunga umwini (Nkhani 3:92 BW) kuyenera kuvomerezedwa musanaperekedwe. Malipiro asanafike amakhala madandaulo osatetezedwa akalengezedwa kuti bankirapuse, choncho gwirizanitsani malipiro ndi mtengo womwe waperekedwa.

BV ikhozanso kutha popanda bankirapuse. Malinga ndi Article 2:19(4) BW, kampani yomwe ilibe katundu ikathetsedwa imasiya kukhalapo nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale ikadali ndi ngongole. Article 2:19b BW imafuna kuti bungwe lipereke chikalata chowerengera ndalama ndi mawu a ndalama ndi ndalama ku register yamalonda mkati mwa masiku khumi ndi anayi. Zambiri pa zomwe mungasankhe pa zotsatira za bankirapuse ya mnzanu wa pa mgwirizano.

Kodi muyenera kutsimikizira chiyani ngati mnzanu wokhazikika?

Musanasainire, fufuzani macheke awa; chilichonse chimatenga nthawi yochepa poyerekeza ndi mkangano.

• KVK chotsitsa: fomu yovomerezeka, otsogolera olembetsedwa, mphamvu zoyimira ndi kuyika maakaunti.
• Maudindo olembedwa a ntchito zonse za malamulo ndi mapangidwe ochokera kwa oyambitsa, ogwira ntchito pawokha ndi mabungwe.
• Mgwirizano wa eni masheya ndi tebulo la malire: kupereka ndalama, malamulo osiya ntchito, zinthu zosinthika zomwe sizinasinthidwe.
• Udindo wa GDPR ndi mgwirizano wosainidwa wokonza zinthu motsatira Article 28 GDPR.
• Escrow, chilolezo chotsala ndi gawo losintha ulamuliro mu mgwirizano.
• Kukonza mlandu ndi chitetezo cha chindapusa chilichonse.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati kampani yoyambira?

Malamulo okhazikika a mnzanu wamkulu nthawi zambiri amalembedwa kwa ogulitsa omwe ali ndi dipatimenti yonse yazamalamulo; onani zomwe akufuna kuti muchite.

• Kodi gawo la IP limangokhudza IP ya foreground, kapena limagwira ntchito paukadaulo wanu wakumbuyo?
• Kodi gawo lokhalo kapena gawo lofunika kwambiri kwa makasitomala likutsutsana ndi mapangano omwe alipo kapena omwe akuyembekezera ndalama?
• Kodi malire a ngongole ndi ofanana ndi ndalama zomwe amalipiritsa, ndipo kodi inshuwaransi ya inshuwaransi yopanda malire ndi yokwanira?
• Kodi mungathe kukwaniritsa nthawi yomaliza yopereka malipoti okhudza kuphwanya deta (maola 72) ndi zochitika zachitetezo (maola 24)?
• Kodi zikalata zanu zogwirira ntchito ndi mapangano ogwirira ntchito zili bwino, kotero kuti kufufuza bwino sikulephereka?

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi mgwirizano wa makampani oyambira?

Maloya athu amakampani amalangiza makampani mbali zonse ziwiri za mgwirizanowu.

• Timawunikanso KVK chotsitsa, zolemba za mgwirizano, mgwirizano wa eni masheya ndi tebulo lalikulu la mnzanu.
• Timafufuza mndandanda wa maudindo a ukadaulo ndikulemba mndandanda wa zikalata zomwe zikusowa.
• Timalemba kapena kuwunikiranso kalata yofotokoza cholinga, mgwirizano kapena mgwirizano wa chitukuko ndi mfundo za IP, udindo ndi kuthetsa ntchito.
• Tinakhazikitsa malamulo okhudza escrow, laisensi ndi kusintha kwa ulamuliro.
• Timalemba maudindo a GDPR, AI Act ndi Cyberbeveiligingswet ndikulemba mgwirizano wokonza.
• Timachita zinthu pokambirana ndi mikangano pamene mgwirizano utha.

Chidule

• Yang'anani fomu yalamulo ya mnzake, otsogolera ndi maakaunti omwe adasungidwa mu KVK chotsani musanasainire.
• Copyright imasamutsidwira ku kampani yoyambitsa bizinesi pogwiritsa ntchito chikalata cholembedwa (Article 2 Copyright Act); ogwira ntchito pawokha amasunga ufulu wawo pokhapokha atapatsidwa.
• Ntchito zanu za GDPR, AI Act ndi chitetezo cha pa intaneti zili ndi inu monga woyang'anira, wopereka kapena bungwe lomwe likugwira ntchito.
• Escrow, chilolezo chotsala ndi gawo losintha ulamuliro limakutetezani ngati kampani yoyambitsa yalephera kapena yagulitsidwa.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI