"Pakadali pano loya salinso loya woteteza, koma amakhala wokayikiridwa, ufulu wa loya ndi kasitomala umakhudza maziko ake osalimba." Kuzengedwa mlandu kwaposachedwa kwa loya woteteza wotchuka Inez Weski pa mlandu wa 26Palma kumagwira ntchito ngati mayeso alamulo. Khothi si malo okhawo ochitira mlandu wa munthu payekha; ndi malo omwe malire a chimodzi mwa chitetezo chofunikira kwambiri cha ulamuliro wa demokalase akukonzedwanso.
Kudalirana ndi maziko osamveka bwino a dongosolo la zamalamulo. Popanda chitsimikizo chakuti zomwe kasitomala amauza loya wake zimakhala zachinsinsi, dongosololi siligwira ntchito. Nkhaniyi ikuwunika mkangano wovuta pakati pa udindo wa loya wosunga chinsinsi ndi kufufuza milandu, pofufuza malire a ufulu wa loya ndi kasitomala ku Netherlands.
Maziko Alamulo a Ufulu wa Loya ndi Kasitomala
Pansi pa Dutch chilamulo, ufulu wa loya-kasitomala (verschoningsrecht) yalembedwa mu Article 218 ya Code of Criminal Procedure (Wetboek van Strafvordering kapena Sv). Izi zimalola akatswiri omwe ali ndi udindo wosunga chinsinsi mwalamulo, monga maloya, notaries a malamulo aboma, ndi madokotala, kukana kuyankha mafunso kapena kupereka umboni wokhudza chidziwitso chomwe apatsidwa pantchito yawo.
Chifukwa cha mwayi umenewu chinakhazikika kwambiri mu mbiri yakale ya Khoti Lalikulu la ku Netherlands Kumangidwa kwa notaris (HR 1 Marichi 1985, NJ 1986, 173). Khotilo linagamula kuti chidwi cha anthu pagulu cha kufunafuna uphungu mwaufulu chimaposa chidwi cha anthu pagulu chofuna kupeza chowonadi pakufufuza milandu. Ufulu si phindu laumwini kwa loya; ndi ufulu wogwira ntchito womwe uli wa kasitomala komanso, makamaka, wa anthu onse.
Gawo: Ntchito Yonse Mosiyana ndi Yogwirizana
Ngakhale mfundo ya ufulu ndi yolimba, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kumakhala kosiyana. Chidziwitso chimaperekedwa pokhapokha ngati chigawidwa mkati mwa mgwirizano wa akatswiri pakati pa loya ndi kasitomala. Ngati loya achita zinthu mosiyana ndi ntchito yaukadaulo—monga ngati mlangizi wamalonda kapena kutenga nawo mbali mu bizinesi yaupandu—chidziwitsocho sichili chaulere.
Monga momwe ndemanga zalamulo zokhazikika pa Article 218 Sv (monga Melai & Groenhuijsen) zimasonyezera nthawi zambiri, kusiyanitsa pakati pa kulankhulana kwachinsinsi kwa akatswiri ndi chidziwitso chosatetezedwa kumakhalabe chimodzi mwa ntchito zovuta kwambiri pa milandu.
Loya Wokayikiridwa: Chodabwitsa Chofunikira
Kusamvana kwakukulu kumachitika pamene loya mwiniwakeyo akuyamba kukayikira. Kodi ufulu wa loya ndi kasitomala umatha pamene woyang'anira ufuluwo akuimbidwa mlandu waupandu?
Khoti Lalikulu la ku Netherlands linagamula izi mu chigamulo chofunikira kwambiri (HR 30 Novembala 1999, NJ 2002, 438), chomwe chinatsimikiza kuti mwayiwu ukupitilizabe kugwira ntchito ngakhale katswiriyo akukayikiridwa kuti wachita mlandu, pokhapokha ngati pali kuphwanya ufuluwu momveka bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, mu 2016 (HR 7 Juni 2016, ECLI:NL:HR:2016:1005), Khotilo linafotokoza malire pamene loya akukayikiridwa kuti wachita nawo gulu la zigawenga. Ufuluwu umangoperekedwa pokhapokha ngati pali zochitika zapadera, makamaka pamene kusunga mwayiwu kungapangitse kuti lamuloli liphwanyidwe kwambiri.
Kufufuza ndi Kugwira Anthu ku Makampani Amilandu
Pamene Unduna wa Zachipongwe (Openbaar Ministerie) asankha kufufuza kampani ya zamalamulo, malamulo okhwima ayenera kutsatiridwa kuti apewe maulendo a usodzi. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu pa kufufuza kampani ya zamalamulo (HR 12 February 2002, NJ 2002, 439) chimalamula kuti woweruza milandu woyang'anira (rechter-commissaris) ayenera kutsogolera kusaka.
Chofunika kwambiri, Dean wa bungwe la Bar Association (deken) ayenera kukhalapo ngati wosamalira wodziyimira pawokha wa ufuluwo. Dean amalangiza woweruza woyang'anira ngati zikalata zinazake zili pansi pa ufulu wa loya. Ngati loya kapena Dean akutsutsa kulanda zikalata zina, zimatsekedwa podikira chigamulo chomaliza cha khoti.
Umboni wa Sky ECC ndi Digital
Nthawi ya digito yabweretsa mavuto osaneneka. Kulowa kwa ma netiweki olumikizirana monga EncroChat ndi Sky ECC kwapatsa apolisi deta yambiri.
Pankhani ya digito, Khoti Lalikulu lagamula (HR 22 Disembala 2015, ECLI:NL:HR:2015:3714) kuti kulanda mafayilo apakompyuta kumafuna kusefedwa mosamala kuti pakhale kulumikizana kwapadera ndi deta yopanda mwayi. Mabuku a EJ Dommering okhudza kulumikizana kwa digito akugogomezera kuti kusonkhanitsa deta yambiri kumakhudza kwambiri njira zachikhalidwe zosefera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ofufuza azitha kupeza mauthenga apadera mosadziwa.
Kukakamizidwa ndi Upandu Wokonzedwa Pa Maloya
Chowonadi cha machitidwe amakono azamalamulo ndichakuti maloya oteteza akukumana ndi kukakamizidwa kwakukulu kuchokera ku magulu a zigawenga okonzedwa. Lamulo lachitatu (lodziyimira pawokha) ndi Lamulo lachisanu ndi chimodzi (chinsinsi) la Malamulo Oyendetsera Bungwe la Ma Bar ku Dutch limafuna kuti maloya azikhala kutali kwambiri ndi akatswiri.
Komabe, monga momwe T. Spronken akunenera mu ntchito yake yoyambira yokhudza chitetezo, malire a udindo wosamalira amayesedwa kwambiri pamene loya akukakamizidwa. Ngakhale maloya ali ndi udindo wokana kukakamizidwa, boma lilinso ndi udindo woteteza akatswiri azamalamulo kuti athe kuchita ntchito yawo yovomerezeka popanda mantha olangidwa.
Khulupirirani Ntchito Yamalamulo ndi Ulamuliro wa Malamulo
Zotsatira za kuphwanya ufulu wa loya ndi kasitomala m'mabungwe ndi zoopsa kwambiri. Monga momwe M. Otte adanenera mu Chinederlands Juristenblad (2016), kuchepa kwa mwayi wopeza anthu chifukwa cha kufufuza zaupandu wokonzedwa kumawononga chidaliro cha anthu. Ngati nzika zikuopa kuti boma lingathe kupeza mauthenga awo achinsinsi, zotsatira zake zimakhala zoopsa. Ubale wa loya ndi kasitomala, womwe umadalira kwambiri kuwona mtima, umatha.
Malingaliro Oyerekeza Amilandu
Poganizira za ku Netherlands, Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya (ECtHR) lakhala likuteteza ufulu wa loya ndi kasitomala motsatira Nkhani 8 ya ECHR (Ufulu wolemekeza moyo wachinsinsi ndi wa m'banja). Niemietz v. Germany (1992) ndi Kopp v. Switzerland (1998), ECtHR inagamula kuti kufufuza makampani azamalamulo ndi kulankhulana pafoni kumafuna malamulo okhwima komanso olondola komanso kuyang'aniridwa paokha.
Komanso, Khoti Loona za Ufulu la European Union (CJEU) mu Ordre des barreaux Mlandu (2007) unatsimikiziranso mbali ya ku Ulaya ya mwayi umenewu, makamaka kusiyanitsa pakati pa udindo wa loya poteteza kasitomala ndi udindo wawo wopereka malipoti motsatira malamulo oletsa kutsuka ndalama (zomwe zinafufuzidwanso mu ECtHR's Michaud v. France ulamuliro).
Kupempha Kuti Pakhale Malamulo Olimba
Kulumikizana kwa ufulu wa loya ndi kasitomala ndi kufufuza milandu kumafuna njira yosamala. Kuzenga mlandu akatswiri azamalamulo kumakakamiza dongosolo la chilungamo kuti liwunikenso momwe limatetezera kulankhulana kwachinsinsi pamene likuthana ndi milandu yayikulu. Kuti dongosolo la chilungamo likhale lolimba, opanga malamulo ndi oweruza milandu ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti malamulo oyendetsera Nkhani 218 Sv akukhalabe omveka bwino, olimba, komanso okhoza kupirira mavuto a nthawi ya digito.
Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa kawirikawiri okhudza ufulu wa loya ndi kasitomala pamilandu yaupandu
Kodi ufulu wa loya ndi kasitomala ndi chiyani kwenikweni ndipo ndani ali ndi ufulu umenewu?
Ufulu wa loya ndi kasitomala ndi ufulu wovomerezeka womwe umalola akatswiri ena kukana kuulula chinsinsi chomwe apeza panthawi ya ntchito zawo zaukadaulo. Malinga ndi lamulo la ku Netherlands (Article 218 Sv), izi zikugwira ntchito kwa anthu omwe ali ndi udindo wovomerezeka mwalamulo wa chinsinsi, monga maloya, notaries a malamulo aboma, madokotala, ndi mamembala achipembedzo.
Kodi mwayi umenewu ukugwirabe ntchito ngati loya mwiniwake akukayikiridwa kuti wachita mlandu?
Inde. Khoti Lalikulu la ku Netherlands latsimikiza kuti loya apitirizebe kukhala ndi ufulu wake ngakhale atakhala wokayikiridwa. Ufuluwu umateteza kasitomala, osati loya. Umangolephera pamilandu yapadera kwambiri, monga pamene kulumikizanako kumayambitsa mlandu waukulu wopitilira kapena kuphwanya ufuluwo.
Kodi Unduna wa Zamilandu wa Boma ungagwiritse ntchito kulumikizana pakati pa loya ndi kasitomala?
Kawirikawiri, ayi. Kulankhulana pakati pa loya ndi kasitomala wake kumatetezedwa kwambiri. Komabe, ngati otsutsa akukayikira kuti kulankhulanako sikuli mbali ya ubale wantchito (monga loya yemwe akuchita ngati mnzake), akhoza kuyesa kukulanda. Izi zimafuna kulowererapo kwa woweruza woyang'anira komanso kukhalapo kwa Dean wa Bar Association.
Kodi udindo wa Dean ndi wotani panthawi yofufuza kampani ya maloya?
Dean (deken) amagwira ntchito ngati woteteza wodziyimira pawokha wa ufuluwu panthawi yofufuza. Ayenera kukhalapo kuti adziwitse woweruza woyang'anira ngati zikalata zinazake kapena mafayilo a digito ali ndi chinsinsi chaukadaulo. Ngati Dean akunena kuti chinthu ndi chaulere, sichingayang'aniridwe nthawi yomweyo ndi otsutsa ndipo chiyenera kutsekedwa.
Kodi zotsatira zake ndi ziti ngati mwayiwo waphwanyidwa panthawi yofufuza?
Ngati ofufuza aphwanya ufulu wa loya ndi kasitomala mosaloledwa, zotsatira zake zingakhale zoopsa kwambiri. Zingapangitse kuti umboni wopezeka mosaloledwa kuchokera ku mlandu wa milandu uchotsedwe. Muzochitika zoopsa kwambiri, pomwe ufulu wa wotsutsidwa wopezeka ndi mlandu wolungama wawonongeka mosatha, zingapangitse kuti wotsutsa milandu alengezedwe kuti saloledwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mlanduwo uthe kwathunthu.
Kodi ufulu wa ku Netherlands ukugwirizana bwanji ndi Nkhani 6 ya ECHR?
Khoti la Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya limagwirizanitsa kwambiri ufulu wa loya ndi kasitomala ndi Nkhani 6 (Ufulu woweruza milandu mwachilungamo) ndi Nkhani 8 (Ufulu wochita zachinsinsi) ya ECHR. Khotilo likugogomezera kuti kuti mlandu ukhale wolungama, munthu woimbidwa mlandu ayenera kukhala wokhoza kulankhulana ndi woimira wake mwachinsinsi, popanda kuyang'aniridwa ndi boma kapena kusokonezedwa.
Kodi loya ali ndi udindo woti anene ngati kasitomala amukakamiza?
Loya ali ndi udindo waukulu wosunga chinsinsi kwa kasitomala wake. Komabe, ngati loya akuopsezedwa kapena kukakamizidwa kuti achitepo kanthu pa mlandu, amakumana ndi vuto lalikulu la makhalidwe abwino. Ngakhale kuti palibe udindo waukulu wonena za kasitomala ku polisi—ndipo kuchita zimenezi kungaphwanye chinsinsi—maloya akulangizidwa kuti alankhule ndi Dean wa Bar Association mwachinsinsi kuti athetse vutoli mosamala.
Kodi mwayi wa Attorney-Client (verschoningsrecht) pansi pa malamulo achi Dutch ndi chiyani?
Ndi chitetezo chalamulo chomwe chimasunga chinsinsi zomwe kasitomala amauza loya wake, kutengera Nkhani 218 ya Code of Criminal Procedure. Chidalirochi chimaonedwa kuti ndi chofunikira kwambiri pa dongosolo lazamalamulo, popeza makasitomala amafunika kutsimikizika kuti zomwe amauza loya wawo zimakhala zachinsinsi.
Kodi chilichonse chimene loya amachita chimaphimbidwa ndi ufulu wa loya ndi kasitomala wake?
Ayi. Ngati loya akuchita zinthu zina zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi ntchito yake yaukadaulo, mwachitsanzo ngati mlangizi wamalonda kapena mwa kutenga nawo mbali mu bizinesi yaupandu, chidziwitso chomwe chikukhudzidwa sichili chapadera. Kusiyanitsa kulankhulana kwachinsinsi kwaukadaulo ndi chidziwitso chosatetezedwa ndi chimodzi mwa ntchito zovuta kwambiri pamilandu yaupandu.
Kodi ufulu wa loya ndi kasitomala umagwirabe ntchito ngati loya atakhala wokayikira milandu?
Malinga ndi chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu la ku Netherlands kuyambira mu 1999 (HR 30 Novembala 1999, NJ 2002, 438), mwayiwu ukupitilizabe kugwira ntchito ngakhale katswiriyo akukayikiridwa kuti wachita mlandu, pokhapokha ngati pali kuphwanya ufuluwu momveka bwino.
Kodi Khoti Lalikulu la ku Netherlands lafotokoza bwino nkhaniyi?
Inde, mu chigamulo cha 2016 (HR 7 June 2016, ECLI:NL:HR:2016:1005) Khoti Lalikulu linafotokozanso malire a ufulu wa loya ndi kasitomala pazochitika zomwe loya mwiniwake akukayikiridwa kuti wachita mlandu.
