Kupezeka wolakwa mu lamulo la milandu la ku Dutch: tanthauzo lake ndi zomwe munganene

Kumasulidwa (vrijspraak) kumatanthauza kuti khoti la milandu lapeza kuti mlandu womwe munaimbidwa sunatsimikizidwe mwalamulo komanso motsimikizika. Kumasulidwako kukatha, simungathe kuimbidwanso mlandu chifukwa cha mfundo zomwezo, ngakhale kuti malamulo aku Dutch amalola kuti mlanduwo ubwererenso kuti muwonongedwe m'milandu ingapo yodziwika bwino komanso yoopsa kwambiri.

Kumasulidwa si njira yokhayo yomwe mlandu ungathere popanda kuweruzidwa. Ngati mfundozo zatsimikizika koma si mlandu, kapena simungaimbidwe mlandu, mwachitsanzo chifukwa choti munadziteteza, khothi limakutulutsani ku milandu ina yonse (ontslag van alle rechtsvervolging). Otsutsa milandu amathanso kusiya mlanduwo usanafike kukhothi. Chotsatira chilichonse chimakhala ndi zotsatira zake pakuweruzidwanso, pa ndalama zomwe mumawononga komanso pakulipidwa.

Kodi kumasulidwa kumatanthauza chiyani malinga ndi lamulo la ku Dutch?

Kumasulidwa ndi chigamulo cha khoti chakuti mlanduwo sunatsimikizidwe. Ndi chigamulo chokhudza umboni womwe uli mufayilo yanu, osati chigamulo chokhudza makhalidwe abwino pa inu.

Khothi la milandu ku Netherlands limatsatira mndandanda wa mafunso okhazikika, omwe ali mu Nkhani 348 ndi 350 za Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure (Wetboek van Strafvordering, Sv). Choyamba limakhudza mfundo zovomerezeka. Kodi kalata yopempha kuti munthu alandiridwe (dagvaarding) ndi yovomerezeka? Kodi khothi lili ndi mphamvu? Kodi Public Prosecution Service (Openbaar Ministerie, OM) ingamutsutse? Kodi pali chifukwa choyimitsa mlanduwu? Pamenepo khothi limafunsa ngati mfundo zomwe zikuimbidwa mlandu zatsimikiziridwa, ngati ndi mlandu, ngati muli ndi mlandu komanso chilango chomwe chikuyenerera.

Malinga ndi Nkhani 352(1) Sv, khothi limakumasulani likapeza kuti mlandu womwe mukuimbidwa sunatsimikizidwe. Kumasulidwa kumeneku kumatha kuphimba mlandu wonse kapena gawo lake lokha. Kumasulidwa pang'ono kumakhala kofala kwambiri. Wotsutsidwa amene akukumana ndi milandu ingapo akhoza kuweruzidwa ndi mlandu umodzi ndikumasulidwa ndi wina. Khothi likhozanso kumasula mlandu waukulu woyamba ndikuweruzidwa ndi mlandu wina wocheperako.

Kodi mlandu umatsimikiziridwa liti kukhoti la ku Netherlands?

Mlandu umatsimikiziridwa pokhapokha ngati khoti latsimikiza kuti muli ndi mlandu potengera umboni wovomerezeka. Malamulo aku Dutch amagwiritsa ntchito mayeso awa a umboni wovomerezeka komanso wotsimikizika, osati muyezo wa umboni wa Anglo-America wopanda kukayika.

Nkhani 338 Sv imati khothi lingapeze kuti mfundo zomwe zanenedwa zatsimikizika pokhapokha ngati latsimikiza izi ndi umboni wovomerezeka (wettige bewijsmiddelen). Nkhani 339 Sv imalemba izi: zomwe khothi lawona, mawu a woimbidwa mlandu, mawu a mboni, mawu a akatswiri ndi zikalata zolembedwa. Malinga ndi Nkhani 341(4) Sv, mawu anu okha sikokwanira kutsimikizira mlanduwo. Nkhani 342(2) Sv imakhazikitsa lamulo lomwelo pa mawu a mboni imodzi. Nthawi zonse payenera kukhala umboni wina wowonjezera.

Udindo wa umboni uli m'manja mwa OM. Simukuyenera kutsimikizira kuti ndinu wosalakwa, ndipo malinga ndi Article 29 Sv simukuyenera kuyankha mafunso. Palibe oweruza milandu ku Netherlands: oweruza akatswiri amasankha mfundo ndipo ayenera kupereka zifukwa za chisankho chawo. Ngati fayiloyo ili ndi umboni wochepa kwambiri, kapena umboniwo ndi wotsutsana kapena wosadalirika, khothi liyenera kumasula. Zomwezo zingachitike ngati umboni wofunikira sunachotsedwe chifukwa unapezeka mopanda lamulo. Nkhani yathu yokhudza umboni womwe umaloledwa m'milandu yaupandu ku Netherlands imafotokoza nthawi yomwe izi zimachitika.

Mwachidule, milandu yambiri yopezeka kuti yachotsedwa m'ndende imakhala ndi ulalo umodzi wofooka. Taganizirani za chizindikiritso cha mboni imodzi chomwe sichikuthandizidwa ndi zithunzi za kamera, kapena mawu operekedwa kwa apolisi popanda thandizo loyenera lalamulo. Loya woteteza amafufuza fayiloyo kuti apeze mfundo izi ndipo angapemphe khothi kuti limvenso mboni kapena kuti liwuze kuti lifufuzenso (Article 315 Sv).

Kodi kumasulidwa kwa mlandu kumasiyana bwanji ndi kutulutsidwa kapena kuchotsedwa kwa mlandu?

Kumasulidwa kumatanthauza kuti mfundo sizinatsimikizidwe. Kutulutsidwa kumatanthauza kuti zatsimikiziridwa koma sizitsogolera ku chilango, ndipo kuchotsedwa kwa mlandu kumatanthauza kuti OM yasankha kuti isakutengereni kukhoti, kapena kuti musapitirize.

Malinga ndi Nkhani 352(2) Sv, khothi limakutulutsani ku milandu ina yonse pamene mfundo zotsimikizika sizili mlandu, kapena pamene simukulangidwa. Izi zimachitika, mwachitsanzo, pamene khothi likuvomereza kuti munachitapo kanthu podziteteza (noodweer) motsatira Nkhani 41 ya Dutch Criminal Code (Wetboek van Strafrecht, Sr). Zimachitikanso pamene simungaimbidwe mlandu chifukwa cha matenda amisala motsatira Nkhani 39 Sr. Pa nthawi yomalizayo khothi likhozabe kupereka njira, monga lamulo la kuchipatala (tbs). Chifukwa chake, kutuluka m'ndende si nthawi zonse kumapeto kwa nkhaniyi.

Zotsatira zina sizimaphatikizapo chisankho chilichonse pa mfundo. Ngati chikalata choitanira mlandu chili chopanda ntchito (nietig), khothi silipereka chigamulo pa nkhaniyo, ndipo OM akhoza kukuitananinso ndi chikalata chokonzedwa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati OM yalengezedwa kuti siiloledwa (niet-ontvankelijk), chifukwa chakuti mlanduwo watsekedwa, mlanduwo umatha popanda chigamulo cha mlandu. Mlandu ukhozanso kutha mlandu uliwonse usanayambe kuweruzidwa kudzera mu chisankho chosamutsutsa (sepot). Nkhani yathu yokhudza zomwe zimachitika apolisi kapena wozenga mlandu akasankha kusapitiriza ikufotokoza njira imeneyo.

Kodi mungayesedwenso mlandu mutapezeka kuti mulibe mlandu?

Mwachidule, ayi. Ngati mlandu wapezeka womaliza, Article 68 Sr imaletsa kuimbidwa mlandu watsopano pa mfundo zomwezo, koma kuyambira pa 1 Okutobala 2013 Khoti Lalikulu likhoza kutsegulanso mlandu wopezeka wokha m'milandu yochepa yovuta kwambiri.

Lamulo la ne bis in idem mu Article 68 Sr, lomwe limatanthauza kuti palibe amene angaweruzidwe kawiri pa mfundo zomwezo, limateteza aliyense amene mlandu wake waweruzidwa ndi khoti la ku Netherlands. Limakhudza kumasulidwa, kumasulidwa ndi kuweruzidwa mofanana. Pazifukwa zina limagwiranso ntchito pa zigamulo zomaliza za makhothi akunja. M'dera la Schengen, Article 54 ya Pangano lokhazikitsa Pangano la Schengen limapereka chitetezo chofanana kudutsa malire.

Kumasulidwa kumakhala komaliza pokhapokha ngati palibe apilo ina yomwe ingatheke. OM akhoza kupereka apilo (hoger beroep) motsutsana ndi kumasulidwa ndi khothi lachigawo mkati mwa masiku 14 kuchokera pamene chigamulocho chaperekedwa, motsatira Nkhani 408 Sv. Khothi la apilo limamveranso mlandu wonsewo. Nthawi yomweyi ya masiku 14 imagwiranso ntchito pa apilo yopita ku Khothi Lalikulu (Hoge Raad) motsatira Nkhani 432 Sv. Mpaka nthawi izi zitatha, kumasulidwa sikukupatsani chitetezo chomaliza.

Lamulo la Kusintha kwa Lamulo la Kuwononga (Wet herziening ten nadele) linayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Okutobala 2013. Nkhani 482a mpaka 482i Sv tsopano zimalola Khoti Lalikulu, popempha Bungwe la Oweruza Akuluakulu, kuti lichotse mlandu womaliza kapena kumasula. Pali njira ziwiri. Choyamba ndi umboni watsopano, monga kuvomereza kodalirika kapena zotsatira za kufufuza kwatsopano kwaukadaulo, pa mlandu womwe wina mwadala adapha munthu wina. Chachiwiri ndi kumasulidwa komwe kumapezeka kudzera m'makalata abodza, kulumbira zabodza, ziphuphu kapena kuopseza mboni, kapena kupereka ziphuphu kwa woweruza. M'njira zonse ziwiri payenera kukhala kukayikira kwakukulu kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo akanaweruzidwa. Milandu iyi ndi yosowa, ndipo siyikhudza milandu wamba monga chinyengo, kuba kapena kuukira.

Kodi mumapempha bwanji ndalama zanu ndi chipukuta misozi chifukwa chomangidwa?

Mukamaliza kumasulidwa, mutha kupempha khothi kuti likupatseni ndalama zolipirira ndalama zanu komanso kuti mulipire nthawi iliyonse yomwe mwakhala mukumangidwa. Muyenera kupereka pempholi mkati mwa miyezi itatu kuchokera pamene mlanduwu watha.

Malamulowa ali mu Nkhani 529 mpaka 539 Sv. Malinga ndi Nkhani 530 Sv, woimbidwa mlandu wakale (gewezen verdachte) akhoza kupempha ndalama zothandizira loya ndi ndalama zina, monga maulendo opita kumisonkhano. Malinga ndi Nkhani 533 Sv, mutha kupempha chipukuta misozi chifukwa cha nthawi yomwe mudagwiritsa ntchito m'manja mwa apolisi kapena m'ndende musanaweruzidwe (voorlopige hechtenis) pamene mlanduwu utha popanda chilango kapena muyeso. Pempholo limapita kukhothi lomwe linayang'anira mlandu wanu. Liyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa miyezi itatu kuchokera pamene mlanduwu utha, womwe nthawi zambiri ndi nthawi yomwe kumasulidwa kumakhala komaliza.

Malipiro sachitika zokha. Khothi limasankha pazifukwa zachilungamo (billijkheid) ndipo limayang'ana momwe zinthu zilili pa mlanduwo. Pakumanga munthu, limagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokhazikika za tsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe lingathe kuwonjezera pazochitika zapadera. Pa ndalama za maloya, mufunika ma invoice ndi tsatanetsatane wa maola ogwiridwa ntchito. Pempho likhozanso kuperekedwa mlanduwo utathetsedwa, osati kokha pambuyo poti munthu wamasulidwa. Werengani zambiri zokhudza kuyimitsidwa kwa kumangidwa munthu asanazengedwe mlandu komanso za malipiro pambuyo poti apolisi achitapo kanthu mosaloledwa , zomwe zimatsatira njira ina.

Kodi kumasulidwa kumatanthauza chiyani pa mbiri yanu ndi mbiri yanu?

Kumasulidwa si mlandu, ndipo palibe amene angakuone ngati wapezeka ndi mlandu pa mlanduwo. Mlanduwo ukhoza kukhala kuti wasiya zizindikiro zomwe muyenera kuthana nazo padera.

Malinga ndi Nkhani 6(2) ya Pangano la Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya, kuganiziridwa kuti ndi wosalakwa kumakutetezani mukamasulidwa komaliza. Akuluakulu aboma ayenera kulemekeza kumasulidwa m'ziganizo ndi mawu amtsogolo. Sanganene, mwachitsanzo, posankha pempho lanu la chipukuta misozi, kuti munali ndi mlandu.

Kumasulidwa kwa mlandu kumasiya chizindikiro mu Judicial Documentation System (Justitieel Documentatiesysteem). Malinga ndi Judicial Information Service (Justid), kumasulidwa kwa mlandu kapena kutulutsidwa kwa mlandu kumalembedwanso pamenepo. Komabe, pa Satifiketi Yoyendetsera Mlandu (Verklaring Omtrent het Gedrag, VOG), malamulo a Justis ndi omveka bwino: milandu yomwe inatha ndi kumasulidwa komaliza siiganiziridwa. Werengani zambiri mu nkhani yathu yokhudza mbiri yaupandu ku Netherlands.

Khothi la milandu kapena khothi la ntchito silikukakamizidwa ndi kumasulidwa kwanu. Malinga ndi Nkhani 161 ya Dutch Code of Civil Procedure (Rv), chigamulo chomaliza cha mlandu chokha ndi chomwe chili ndi mphamvu yotsimikizira milandu ya milandu, osati kumasulidwa. Chifukwa chake, wantchito amene anachotsedwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo chifukwa chokayikira sangadalire kumasulidwa kokha. Khothi lachigawo (kantonrechter) lidzawunikanso zoona zake motsatira malamulo a milandu. Chiweruzo cha milandu chikadali umboni wofunikira pamilandu imeneyo.

Malipoti a pa intaneti ndi zolemba pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoonekera pambuyo poti mlanduwu watha. Mutha kupempha wofalitsa kuti asinthe kapena kuchotsa nkhani yomwe sikuwonetsanso zotsatira zake. Muthanso kupempha injini yosakira kuti ichotse zotsatira zosaka zokhudza mlandu waupandu womwe uli ndi ufulu wofufutidwa mu Nkhani 17 ya General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Ngati wina akupitiliza kukuimbani mlandu poyera, mwina munganene kuti wafalitsa nkhani mosaloledwa. Onani nkhani yathu yokhudza kuwonongeka kwa mbiri pa intaneti kuti mudziwe njira zomwe mungasankhe.

Kampani ikhozanso kuimbidwa mlandu motsatira Article 51 Sr, ndipo otsogolera ake akhoza kuimbidwa mlandu pamodzi nayo. Pa bizinesi, kumasulidwa kumakhala kofunikira polumikizana ndi mabanki, makampani a inshuwalansi ndi ogwira nawo ntchito omwe mwina adafunsa mafunso panthawi yofufuza. Kusunga kopi ya chigamulo chomaliza kumakuthandizani kuyankha mafunso amenewo mtsogolo.

Kodi muyenera kuchita chiyani mukamaliza kumasulidwa?

Choyamba fufuzani ngati mlanduwu watha, kenako perekani pempho lanu la ndalama ndi chipukuta misozi pakapita nthawi. Pambuyo pake, yambani ndi zotsatira zake kuntchito komanso pa intaneti.

Lembani tsiku la chigamulocho ndipo lembani masiku 14. Ngati OM apereka apilo, mlanduwo upitirire kukhoti la apilo ndipo muyenera kukonzekera kumvetseranso mlandu wanu. Ngati palibe apilo yomwe yaperekedwa, nthawi ya miyezi itatu ya zopempha zanu motsatira Nkhani 530 ndi 533 Sv iyamba kugwira ntchito. Sonkhanitsani ma invoice a loya wanu, ndalama zoyendera komanso masiku a kusunga aliyense munthawi yake. Pemphani kopi ya chigamulocho, chifukwa mungafune kwa abwana anu, kampani ya inshuwaransi, wofalitsa kapena bungwe lakunja.

Ngati mudakali wokayikiridwa m'milandu ina, kapena ngati OM wataya pang'ono, funsani upangiri musanapereke mawu pagulu okhudza nkhaniyi. Zambiri zokhudza udindo wa loya woteteza zingapezeke mu nthawi yomwe mukufuna loya woteteza milandu. Mbiri ya zolemba zamalamulo ikupezeka pa wetten.overheid.nl (Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure) ndi pa rechtspraak.nl.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani mutamasulidwa ku mlandu?

Maloya athu a milandu amathandiza anthu ndi makampani panthawi ya mlanduwu komanso pambuyo pa chigamulo.

• Timafufuza ngati OM wapereka apilo mkati mwa masiku 14 komanso nthawi yomwe mlanduwu udzakhala womaliza.
• Timakonzekera ndikutumiza pempho lanu la ndalama zomwe zili pansi pa Article 530 Sv komanso chipukuta misozi chomwe chili pansi pa Article 533 Sv mkati mwa miyezi itatu yomaliza.
• Tikukutetezani kukhoti la apilo ngati OM achita apilo, pamodzi ndi athu apilo maloya.
• Tikulangiza kugwiritsa ntchito chigamulo cha mlandu pa mkangano wochotsa mlandu womwe ukuchitika kukhothi lachigawo, pamodzi ndi khothi lathu la maloya ogwira ntchito.
• Timalemba mapempho kwa ofalitsa ndi makina osakira kuti achotse kapena kusintha malipoti motsatira Article 17 GDPR.

Chidule

• Kumasulidwa kumatanthauza kuti khoti linapeza kuti mlanduwo sunatsimikizidwe mwalamulo komanso mokhutiritsa (Article 352(1) Sv); kumasulidwa kumatanthauza kuti mfundozo zatsimikiziridwa koma sizilangidwa.
• OM akhoza kuchita apilo mkati mwa masiku 14; kumasulidwa komaliza kokha ndiko kukutetezani ku mlandu wachiwiri (Article 68 Sr).
• Kuyambira pa 1 Okutobala 2013, mlandu womaliza ukhoza kutsegulidwanso kokha m'milandu yosowa komanso yoopsa kwambiri (Nkhani 482a mpaka 482i Sv).
• Mukhoza kupempha ndalama zothandizira maloya ndi chipukuta misozi chifukwa chomangidwa mkati mwa miyezi itatu kuchokera pamene mlandu watha (Nkhani 530 ndi 533 Sv).
• Makhothi a milandu ndi ogwira ntchito sali omangika ndi kumasulidwa, kotero mbiri ndi nkhani za ntchito zimafunika kusamalidwa mosiyana.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI