Mgwirizano wa magawo atatu: umagwira ntchito bwanji motsatira malamulo aku Dutch?

Pangano la magawo atatu (driepartijenovereenkomst) ndi mgwirizano umodzi pakati pa magulu atatu, momwe gulu lililonse lili ndi ufulu wake ndi maudindo ake kwa awiri ena. Lamulo la ku Dutch lilibe mtundu wosiyana wa mgwirizano: lamulo lalikulu la mgwirizano limagwira ntchito, ndipo Nkhani 6:279 ya Dutch Civil Code (BW) imasintha malamulo okhudza kuyimitsa ndi kuthetsa mgwirizano kuti ugwirizane ndi mapangano ndi magulu oposa awiri.

Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti malamulo amenewo ndi osakwanira. Ngati pangano silinena zomwe zimachitika pamene mbali imodzi yalephera kuchita, awiri enawo angaone kuti sangathe kungothetsa mgwirizano wonse.

Kodi mgwirizano wa magawo atatu ndi chiyani malinga ndi lamulo la ku Netherlands?

Pangano la magawo atatu ndi pangano lomwe maudindo amabuka pakati pa magulu oposa awiri. Limapangidwa ndi kupereka ndi kuvomereza monga pangano lina lililonse, ndipo malamulo wamba a Buku 6 BW amagwira ntchito pa ilo.

Magulu ali ndi ufulu wovomereza zomwe akufuna; malinga ndi Nkhani 3:40 BW, mgwirizano wokhawo womwe umasemphana ndi lamulo lofunikira, dongosolo la anthu kapena makhalidwe abwino ndi wopanda ntchito. Palibe tanthauzo la lamulo, palibe chofunikira cholembetsa, ndipo, pokhapokha ngati lamulo linalake likufuna zina, palibe fomu yolembedwa. Pangano lolankhula la magulu atatu ndi lofunika; n'zosatheka kutsimikizira.

Kusiyana kwa mapangano awiriwa ndi kwenikweni. Ngati banki, kontrakitala ndi kasitomala asayina mapangano atatu osiyana, gulu lililonse limangokakamiza mgwirizano womwe lasaina, ndipo kulephera mu ubale umodzi sikungathetse vuto lina. Mu mgwirizano umodzi wa magawo atatu, gulu lililonse likhoza kupatsidwa mlandu wokakamiza motsutsana ndi onse awiri, ndipo zotsatira za kusamvera kwa gulu limodzi zitha kukonzedwa pa dongosolo lonse nthawi imodzi.

Kodi Nkhani 6:279 BW imakhudza bwanji kuyimitsidwa ndi kuthetsedwa kwa ntchito?

Nkhani 6:279 BW imagwiritsa ntchito malamulo okhudza mapangano ogwirizana, monga kuyimitsa ndi kuthetsa mgwirizano, pamapangano okhala ndi magulu oposa awiri, pokhapokha ngati mtundu wa mgwirizanowo ukutsutsa zimenezo. Kenako imawonjezera malamulo awiri enieni okhudza kuthetsa mgwirizano.

Choyamba, chipani chomwe chinatenga udindo kuti chipeze ntchito kuchokera kwa chipani chimodzi kapena zingapo chikhoza kuyika kuthetsedwa kwa mgwirizano chifukwa cha kulephera kwa ntchito yomwe chipanicho chinayenera kuchita. Chachiwiri, ngati chipani chomwe chili ndi ufulu ndi maudindo ogwirizana sichikuchita bwino, magulu otsalawo akhoza kuthetsa mgwirizanowu pamodzi.

Mwachidule, izi zikutanthauza kuti kuthetsedwa pang'ono, ndi kuthetsedwa kwa zipani zina zomwe zikuchita limodzi, ndiye poyambira palamulo. Chipani chimodzi sichingathe kungothetsa dongosolo lonse chifukwa ubale umodzi walakwika. Ufulu woyimitsa magwiridwe antchito (opschorting) ndi wovuta mofanana m'malo a zipani zitatu. Kuyimitsa udindo wanu kwa chipani chomwe sichinachite cholakwika chilichonse, kukakamiza chipani chomwe chachita, si chinthu chomwe lamulo limakupatsirani zokha.

Popeza Nkhani 6:279 BW yokha ikunena za mtundu wa mgwirizanowu, nthawi zambiri ndi njira yosasinthika yomwe magulu amatha kusintha ndipo ayenera kusintha. Mgwirizano wa magawo atatu uyenera kunena ngati kulephera kwa gulu limodzi kupatsa ena ufulu wothetsa mgwirizanowu wokha kapena mgwirizano wonse, ngati magulu ena angaimitse maudindo awo kwa wina ndi mnzake pakadali pano, komanso zomwe zimachitika ndi magwiridwe antchito omwe aperekedwa kale.

Kodi mgwirizano wa magawo atatu ndi chida choyenera liti?

Gwiritsani ntchito mgwirizano wa magawo atatu pamene magulu onse atatu akufunika maudindo kwa wina ndi mnzake nthawi imodzi, ndipo pamene kulephera kwa chimodzi kuyenera kukhala ndi zotsatira zomwe zavomerezedwa pa awiri enawo. Ngati gulu limodzi lokha likufunika ufulu, malamulo aku Dutch nthawi zambiri amapereka njira yosavuta.

Chigamulo cha chipani chachitatu (derdenbeding) motsatira Nkhani 6:253 BW chimalola magulu awiri kuvomereza kuti chipani chachitatu chikhoza kudzinenera kuti chachita bwino. Chigamulo chachitatu chikangovomereza chigamulocho, chimaonedwa ngati chipani cha pangano pachifukwa chimenecho (Nkhani 6:254 BW). Iyi ndi njira yosavuta: chitsimikizo chokomera wopereka ndalama, kapena ufulu wolipira mwachindunji kwa wopereka ndalama, nthawi zambiri sichifuna china chilichonse.

Kusamutsa pangano (mapangano olamulira) motsatira Article 6:159 BW kumasamutsa udindo wonse wa pangano kupita kwa wina. Kumafuna chikalata pakati pa wosamutsa ndi wogula komanso mgwirizano wa chipani china chogwirizana. Pamene bizinesi ikusinthana manja, nthawi zambiri izi ndi zomwe zimafunikadi, osati dongosolo latsopano la magawo atatu. Ngati ngongole isuntha yokha, malamulo okhudza kutenga ngongole mu Article 6:155 BW amagwira ntchito, ndipo wobwereketsayo ayeneranso kuvomereza.

Kodi mapangano atatu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti m'machitidwe a ku Dutch?

Magawo anayi ndi omwe amakhudza mapangano ambiri a magulu atatu ku Netherlands: ntchito za bungwe ndi ntchito zobwereketsa, ndalama zomangira, kusamutsa pangano loyendetsera ntchito, ndi mapulogalamu olipira. Chilichonse chili ndi mbiri yakeyake yovomerezeka ndi malamulo.

Woyamba ndi wogwira ntchito yolembedwa ntchito ndi wothandizidwa. Wantchito wakanthawi wa bungwe ali ndi pangano la ntchito ndi bungwe motsatira Article 7:690 BW ndipo amagwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi wolemba ntchito, yemwe alibe pangano la ntchito ndi wantchito konse. Mgwirizano wa magawo atatu umalumikiza kusiyana kumeneku. Umathetsa malangizo ndi malangizo, thanzi ndi chitetezo, chinsinsi ndi chuma chanzeru, komanso mikhalidwe yomwe wolemba ntchito angamupatse ntchito yake.

Gawoli likusintha. Motsatira lamulo lokhudza kuvomereza ogwira ntchito (Wet toelating terbeschikkingstelling van arbeidskrachten, Wtta), lomwe likuyamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Januwale 2027, obwereketsa antchito amafunika kuloledwa. Obwereketsa omwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo losinthira ayenera kulembetsa pakati pa 1 Novembala 2026 ndi 1 Januwale 2027, ndipo Netherlands Labour Authority idzagwiritsa ntchito kuyambira 1 Januwale 2028. Olemba ntchito omwe amagwiritsa ntchito wobwereketsa popanda kuloledwa nawonso akhoza kulipidwa chindapusa, kotero mapangano omwe atsirizidwa tsopano ayenera kuyembekezera malamulo awa.

Chachiwiri ndi zomangamanga ndi ndalama zake. Kasitomala, kontrakitala ndi banki asayina mgwirizano umodzi kuti wobwereketsa adziwe momwe ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa zimakhalira, kontrakitala amadziwa kuti adzalipidwa, ndipo kasitomala azitha kuyang'anira ntchitoyo. Ufulu wolowa m'malo, kulipira mwachindunji kwa makontrakitala ang'onoang'ono ndi momwe ndalama zosungira zimagwiritsidwira ntchito zimakhazikitsidwa mu chikalata chomwecho.

Chachitatu ndi kusamutsa pangano logwira ntchito. Wobwereka wa malo ogulitsira kapena ochereza alendo amene amagulitsa bizinesiyo akhoza kupempha khoti kuti lilole wolowa m'malo mwake kutenga lendi motsatira Article 7:307 BW. Mwininyumba, wobwereka wotuluka ndi wobwereka wobwera nthawi zambiri amakonda kulemba kupereka, ndalama zomwe zasungidwa, momwe malowo alili ndi chitsimikizo chilichonse mu chikalata chimodzi cha anthu atatu m'malo mopita kukasuma. Mfundo yomweyi imagwiranso ntchito pa lendi yamalonda yochokera ku chitsanzo cha ROZ.

Chachinayi ndi IT ndi kupitiriza. Mu dongosolo la escrow ya mapulogalamu , wogulitsa, kasitomala ndi wothandizira escrow amavomerezana mu mgwirizano umodzi zomwe zasungidwa, nthawi yomwe code yoyambira yatulutsidwa komanso momwe kasitomala angayigwiritsire ntchito.

Ndi zigawo ziti zomwe zimasankha ngati zikugwira ntchito?

Pangano la magawo atatu limakhazikika kapena limagwera pa zinthu zingapo: ndani ali ndi ngongole kwa ndani, udindo, kubweza ngongole, nthawi ndi kutuluka, komanso kuthetsa mikangano. Zigawo zonse zokhudzana ndi mgwirizano sizilowa m'malo.

Yambani ndi mndandanda wa zokakamiza: pa udindo uliwonse, tchulani wobwereketsa ndi wobwereketsa. Mawu monga akuti “magulu adzaonetsetsa kuti zinthu zifika pa nthawi yake” sangagwire ntchito, chifukwa palibe amene angadziwe amene ayenera kuimbidwa mlandu.

Chotsatira, udindo. Ngati anthu awiri kapena kuposerapo ali ndi ngongole yofanana, Nkhani 6:6 BW imapatsa aliyense wa iwo udindo wogawana gawo lofanana, pokhapokha ngati lamulo, mwambo kapena mgwirizano ukunena kuti ali ndi udindo wogwirizana komanso wosiyana. Chifukwa chake, udindo wogwirizana ndi wosiyanasiyana uyenera kuvomerezedwa momveka bwino. Chete chimabweretsa kugawanika komwe palibe wobwereketsa amene angavomereze.

Kenako perekani ndalama. Nkhani 6:127 BW imalola perekani ndalama pakati pa magulu omwe ali ndi ngongole za wina ndi mnzake komanso omwe ali ndi ngongole. Mu kagawo kachitatu, perekani ndalama pakati pa magulu onse atatu imagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati panganolo likuvomereza, ndipo kupatulapo kumafunanso gawo. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito pa kuyimitsidwa ndi kuthetsedwa, komwe njira yosasinthika ya Nkhani 6:279 BW iyenera kusinthidwa ndi mgwirizano womwe maguluwo akufuna.

Kenako nthawi ndi kutuluka. Ngati mgwirizanowu ukupitirira popanda nthawi yokhazikika, milandu ya ku Netherlands simalola nthawi zonse kuti munthu athetse mgwirizanowu mwakufuna kwake. Kutengera mtundu wa ubalewo, ndalama zomwe zayikidwa komanso kudalirana komwe kwapangidwa, pangafunike chifukwa chokwanira, nthawi yodziwitsa kapena chipukuta misozi. Fotokozani zomwe mukufuna: ngati chipani chingachoke payekhapayekha, ngati chipani chachinayi chingalowe nawo, komanso zomwe zingachitikire awiri otsalawo ngati chimodzi chachoka.

Pomaliza, sungani njira yothetsera mikangano imodzi. Magulu atatu omwe ali ndi zigawo zitatu zosiyana za forum, kapena kuphatikiza milandu yoweruza milandu ndi milandu ya khothi, amapempha milandu yofanana ndi zotsatira zotsutsana. Gwirizanani khothi limodzi loyenerera kapena bungwe limodzi loweruza milandu pa milandu yonse itatu. Pamilandu yodutsa malire, sankhani lamulo mwachindunji. Popanda lamuloli, lamulo loyenera limatsimikiziridwa motsatira lamulo la Rome I, lomwe lingapereke yankho losiyana pa ubale uliwonse womwe uli mu katatu.

Kodi mapangano a magulu atatu amalakwika pati?

Mavuto ambiri amayamba chifukwa cha kusakwanitsa kulipira ndalama kwa gulu limodzi, chifukwa cha mikangano yokhudza kutanthauzira, komanso chifukwa cha kusagwirizana ndi mapangano akale. Vuto lililonse likhoza kuthetsedwa polemba.

Kulephera kwa chipani chimodzi

Ngati gulu limodzi lalengezedwa kuti lalephera kugwira ntchito, mgwirizanowu sutha zokha. Malinga ndi Nkhani 37 ya Bankruptcy Act (Faillissementswet), pomwe palibe mbali iliyonse yomwe yachita bwino, gulu lina likhoza kupatsa trustee (curator) nthawi yoyenera kuti alengeze ngati chumacho chidzagwira ntchito. Ngati trustee satsimikiza pa nthawi yake, chumacho chimataya ufulu wofuna kuti chumacho chigwire ntchito. Mu dongosolo la magulu atatu, zimenezo zingasiye magulu awiri otsalawo ndi mgwirizano womwe sulinso womveka. Ichi ndichifukwa chake gawo lotuluka ndi kuthetsedwa kwa chuma ndi lofunika. Zigawo za Escrow ndi step-in ndiye yankho lokhazikika, ndipo kufunika kwawo kumadalira ngati zingagwiritsidwe ntchito motsutsana ndi trustee.

Kutanthauzira

Makhothi aku Dutch amatanthauzira mapangano motsatira muyezo wa Haviltex, womwe unapangidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu (Hoge Raad) pa chigamulo chake cha pa 13 Marichi 1981. Chofunika ndi tanthauzo lomwe maguluwo angapereke moyenerera ku mawuwo malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili, komanso zomwe angayembekezere kwa wina ndi mnzake. Mu mgwirizano wa magawo atatu, gulu limodzi nthawi zambiri silinali patebulo pamene zigawo zokhudzana ndi awiri enawo zinkakambidwa. Gulu likaima patali ndi kulemba, ndiye kuti lembalo lidzawerengedwa mopanda tsankho. Pamene gulu likusaina chikalata cholembedwa ndi awiri enawo, ma recitals ndi ofunika: nthawi zambiri ndi umboni wokhawo wa zomwe gululo linauzidwa kuti panganolo linali la.

Kugwirizana ndi mapangano akale

Mapangano a magawo atatu nthawi zonse amawonjezeredwa pamwamba pa mapangano apakati ndi malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zilipo, popanda chiganizo chonena kuti ndi uti amene akupambana. Onjezani dongosolo loyambira, tchulani momveka bwino makonzedwe akale omwe alowedwa m'malo, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti malamulo ndi zikhalidwe zonse za magulu atatuwa sizikulengezedwa kuti zikugwira ntchito nthawi imodzi. Malinga ndi lamulo la Dutch, mawu onse otsutsana amathetsedwa ndi lamulo loyamba lokhala ndi mwayi wokana mwachindunji (Article 6:225(3) BW). Mu katatu, zimenezo zimakhala zosalamulirika msanga ngati zisiyidwa mwangozi.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani musanasainire?

Chekerani ulamuliro, werengani chikalatacho kuchokera pa zomwe chipani chilichonse chili nazo ndikukonza chitetezo cha deta ndi zosintha. Kuwunikaku kumatenga nthawi yochepa ndipo kumaletsa mikangano yambiri pambuyo pake.

• Tsimikizirani mu Kaundula wa Bizinesi (Handelsregister) wa Chamber of Commerce (KVK) kuti wosaina aliyense akhoza kuyimira kampani, kuphatikizapo zofunikira pakusaina mgwirizano.
• Pa udindo uliwonse, funsani amene angathe kuutsatira ndi zomwe zimachitika ngati sunakwaniritsidwe.
• Onetsetsani kuti chinsinsi ndi mfundo za umwini wa chidziwitso zimamanga munthu amene adzasunga chidziwitsocho; m'mabungwe a escrow ndi secondment omwe nthawi zambiri si munthu amene adachipanga.
• Pamene deta yanu ikusinthidwa, dziwani amene ali woyang'anira ndi amene ali pulosesa pansi pa GDPR, ndipo pangani mgwirizano wokonza deta (Nkhani 28 GDPR).
• Gwirizanani kuti zosinthazo ndi zovomerezeka polemba komanso kusainidwa ndi magulu onse atatu, kotero kuti magulu awiri sangasinthe dongosololi kudzera pa imelo.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi mgwirizano wa magawo atatu?

Maloya athu amakampani amalemba, kuwunikanso ndikukhazikitsa mapangano atatu a mabizinesi ku Netherlands ndi akunja.

• Timawunikanso chikalata cha mgwirizano wa magulu atatu ndipo timalemba, pa gulu lililonse, yemwe ali ndi ngongole yanji kwa ndani.
• Tikulemba mndandanda wa udindo, gawo la udindo ndi njira yokonzedweratu yoyimitsa ndi kusokoneza malinga ndi Nkhani 6:279 BW.
• Timayesa ngati gawo la chipani chachitatu (Nkhani 6:253 BW) kapena kusamutsa pangano (Nkhani 6:159 BW) likupeza zotsatira zomwezo mosavuta.
• Timafufuza momwe mabungwe ogwirira ntchito ndi mabungwe amagwirira ntchito mogwirizana ndi malamulo a Wtta omwe amagwira ntchito kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2027.
• Timachitapo kanthu ngati chipani chimodzi chalephera kulipira ngongole kapena chalephera kulipira, kuphatikizapo kuyika nthawi yoti woyang'anira asungidwe malinga ndi Nkhani 37 ya Bankruptcy Act.

Chidule

• Pangano la magawo atatu ndi pangano wamba malinga ndi Buku 6 BW; Nkhani 6:279 BW imasintha malamulo okhudza kuyimitsidwa ndi kuthetsedwa kwa bungwe kuti agwirizane ndi magulu atatu kapena kuposerapo.
• Malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo ndi osakhazikika: vomerezani nokha zomwe zimachitika ngati mbali imodzi yalephera kuchita bwino.
• Tchulani wobwereketsa ndi wobwereketsa pa udindo uliwonse, ndipo gwirizanani ndi udindo wogwirizana ndi angapo momveka bwino (Nkhani 6:6 BW).
• Gwiritsani ntchito malo amodzi ndi lamulo limodzi lolamulira magulu onse atatu, ndipo pakhale dongosolo loyang'anira kuposa mapangano akale.
• Ganizirani ngati gawo la chipani chachitatu kapena kusamutsa pangano kungabweretse zotsatira zomwezo mosavuta.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI