Pangano la eni masheya: zomwe ziyenera kuyikidwamo ndi momwe limagwiritsidwira ntchito

Pangano la eni masheya (aandeelhoudersovereenkomst) ndi pangano lachinsinsi pakati pa eni masheya a kampani, nthawi zina ndi kampani yokha ngati chipani, lomwe limalamulira nkhani zomwe zolemba za mgwirizano (statuten) sizikuphimba. Malamulo aku Dutch safuna, ndipo amamanga okhawo omwe adasaina: mfundo zomwe ziyenera kumangirira eni masheya onse amtsogolo kapena kampani yokhayo zili m'nkhanizo, zomwe Nkhani 2:192 ya Dutch Civil Code (BW) imalola kampani yachinsinsi yokhala ndi malire (BV).

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa zinthu zomwe zili m'bungweli ndi mgwirizano wa eni masheya?

Zolemba za mgwirizanowu zalembedwa mu chikalata cha notarial, choperekedwa ku Business Register (Handelsregister) ya Chamber of Commerce (KVK) ndipo limamanga kampani ndi aliyense wogawana nawo gawo. Pangano la ogawana nawo gawo ndi lachinsinsi ndipo limamanga magulu ake okha; lingasinthidwe pokhapokha ngati onse avomereza.

Wogawana nawo watsopano amamangidwa ndi zinthuzo zokha, koma ndi mgwirizanowo pokhapokha ngati wavomereza. Ichi ndichifukwa chake udindo wolowa nawo gawo (toetredingsverplichting) ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zofunika kwambiri. Popeza lamulo la BV linasinthidwa kukhala losavuta pa 1 Okutobala 2012, zambiri zomwe zinali mu mgwirizano wa omwe ali ndi magawo zitha kuwonjezeredwanso muzinthuzo. Malinga ndi Nkhani 2:192(1) BW, zinthuzo zitha kuphatikiza maudindo a mgwirizano ndi magawo, kukhazikitsa zofunikira kwa omwe ali ndi magawo ndikukakamiza wogawana nawo kupereka ndikusamutsa magawo ake m'mikhalidwe inayake.

Malinga ndi Article 2:192(1) BW, udindo woterewu sungapatsidwe kwa wogawana nawo masheya mopanda chifuniro chake. Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera zigawo izi kuzinthuzo kumafuna chilolezo cha wogawana nawo aliyense, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kukonza pamene kampaniyo yakhazikitsidwa kapena pamene woyika ndalama watsopano alowa nawo.

Kodi mgwirizano wa eni masheya uyenera kukhala ndi chiyani?

Zomwe zili mkati mwake zimadalira kampani komanso ndalama zomwe zili pakati pa omwe ali ndi magawo. Zigawo zomwe zili pansipa zikupezeka m'mapangano ambiri aku Netherlands.

• Zoletsa kusamutsa: ufulu wosankha kampani ndi zofunikira pa chilolezo, kuwonjezera pa malamulo osamutsa magawo omwe ali m'nkhanizo.
• Kokani ndi kuyika chizindikiro: Anthu ambiri akhoza kukakamiza anthu ochepa kugulitsa zinthu mofanana; anthu ochepa akhoza kulowa nawo mu malonda ndi anthu ambiri.
• Munthu wabwino wochoka ndi woipa wochoka: Wogawana magawo amene wachoka pakampaniyo ayenera kupereka magawo ake, pamtengo womwe umadalira chifukwa chochoka.
• Kuyeza: momwe mtengo umakhazikitsidwira, mwachitsanzo ndi katswiri wodziyimira pawokha kapena njira yokhazikika.
• Nkhani zosungidwa: zisankho zomwe zimafunikira chilolezo cha onse omwe ali ndi magawo kapena ambiri oyenerera.
• Ndondomeko ya magawo, ufulu wa chidziwitso, kusapikisana komanso kusunga chinsinsi.
• Kulephera: njira yotulukira ngati eni masheya sangagwirizane, monga kuyimira pakati kutsatiridwa ndi gawo logula ndi kugulitsa.

Kodi malamulo oletsa kusamutsa magawo amagwira ntchito bwanji mu BV?

Pokhapokha ngati nkhanizo zikunena zosiyana, Article 2:195(1) BW imafuna kuti wogawana magawo amene akufuna kugulitsa ayambe wapereka magawo ake kwa ogawana magawo ena mofanana. Ngati akufuna, amalandira mtengo wofanana ndi mtengo womwe wakhazikitsidwa ndi katswiri mmodzi kapena angapo odziyimira pawokha.

Ngati zatsimikizika kuti si magawo onse omwe adzagulidwe ndi ndalama, wogawana nawo akhoza kuwasamutsa mwaulere mkati mwa miyezi itatu. Malinga ndi Nkhani 2:195(3) BW, zinthuzo zitha kuletsa kusamutsidwa kwa nthawi yokhazikika, ndi chilolezo cha onse omwe ali ndi magawo omwe akukhudzidwa. Malinga ndi Nkhani 2:195(5) BW, chiletso chosamutsa sichigwira ntchito ngati chimapangitsa kusamutsa kukhala kosatheka kapena kovuta kwambiri, pokhapokha ngati kukuchitika chifukwa cha kusamutsidwa koteroko kapena kuchokera ku gawo la mtengo lomwe wogawanayo adavomereza.

Kodi ma dividendi amaperekedwa bwanji?

Malinga ndi Nkhani 2:216(1) BW, msonkhano waukulu umasankha magawo pokhapokha ngati magawo apitilira zomwe zimasungidwa zomwe lamulo kapena zinthuzo zimafuna. Pangano la eni masheya likhoza kukhazikitsa mfundo yogawa magawo, koma silingachotse lamuloli.

Malinga ndi Article 2:216(2) BW, chigamulo chogawa sichigwira ntchito mpaka bungwe litavomereza. Bungweli lingakane pokhapokha ngati likudziwa kapena liyenera kuoneratu kuti kampaniyo singathe kupitiriza kulipira ngongole zake pambuyo pa kugawa. Oyang'anira omwe avomereza kugawa ngakhale pachiwopsezochi akhoza kukhala ndi mlandu kwa kampaniyo (Article 2:216(3) BW).

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati mwini masheya aphwanya pangano?

Kuswa mgwirizano wa eni masheya ndi kuswa mgwirizano. Magulu ena akhoza kupempha kuti achite bwino, awonongedwe kapena, ngati agwirizana, alandire chilango; chigamulo choperekedwa poswa mgwirizano wovota sichikhala chovomerezeka malinga ndi lamulo la kampani. Komabe, ngati eni masheya onse (ndipo mwina kampaniyo) akugwirizana ndi mgwirizanowu, khothi likhoza kuthetsa chigamulocho pansi pa Nkhani 2:15 BW chifukwa choswa chilungamo ndi chilungamo (Nkhani 2:8 BW), monga momwe zinachitikira pa mlandu wa Vanka-Kawat (ECLI:NL:RBSGR:2012:BX5922).

Ndicho chifukwa chake chiganizo chokonzedwa bwino cha chilango (boetebeding) n'chofunika. Malinga ndi Nkhani 6:91 ya BW, chiganizo cholanga chimalimbikitsa munthu amene walephera kulipira ndalama, kaya ngati chipukuta misozi kapena ngati chilimbikitso chotsatira. Malinga ndi Nkhani 6:94(1) ya BW, khothi lingachepetse chilangocho ngati chilungamo chikufunikira, koma osati pansi pa ndalama zomwe malamulo amavomereza. Pa milandu yofulumira mutha kupempha woweruza milandu woyambirira (voorzieningenrechter) mwachidule (kort geding) kuti alamule kuti atsatire malamulo, mwachitsanzo kuti avote mogwirizana ndi mgwirizano, ndi malipiro a chilango (dwangsom).

Panganoli lingapereke mwayi woweruza milandu, mwachitsanzo ku Netherlands Arbitration Institute (NAI), kapena woyamba wokambirana. Malamulo omwe ayeneranso kumangirira kampaniyo, monga maudindo opereka magawo, ndi othandiza kwambiri m'nkhani, chifukwa kusamutsa motsutsana ndi chiletso m'nkhani sikuli kovomerezeka (Nkhani 2:195(4) BW).

Nanga bwanji ngati eni masheya afika pa nthawi yoti athetse vuto?

Ngati mgwirizanowu ulibe gawo logwira ntchito loletsa mikangano, njira yovomerezeka yothetsera mikangano (geschillenregeling) ya Articles 2:336 ndi BW yotsatira ikugwira ntchito. Kuyambira pa 1 Januwale 2025, mapempho awa aperekedwa mwachindunji ku Enterprise Chamber (Ondernemingskamer) ya Amsterdam Khoti Loona za Apilo.

Malinga ndi Nkhani 2:336a, eni masheya a BW omwe pamodzi ali ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a ndalama zomwe zaperekedwa akhoza kupempha Bungwe la Enterprise Chamber kuti lilamule eni masheya omwe machitidwe awo amawononga zofuna za kampaniyo kuti asamutse magawo ake (kupatula, kuchotsera). Malinga ndi Nkhani 2:343 BW, eni masheya omwe ufulu wawo kapena zofuna zawo zavulazidwa ndi eni masheya anzawo mpaka kufika poti sangayembekezeredwe kuti apitirize akhoza kupempha lamulo loti atenge magawo ake (kutuluka, kuchotsera). Malinga ndi Nkhani 2:337 BW, nkhani kapena mgwirizano zitha kupereka mikangano iyi ku arbitral, koma sizingapangitse kusamutsa magawo kukhala kovuta kapena kovuta kwambiri.

Kodi muyenera kuwona chiyani ngati muli ndi gawo lalikulu la magawo?

• Kaya gawo loti mugulitse magawo 100% kwa wogula lingakuthandizeni kugulitsa magawo 100%.
• Kaya nkhani zosungidwazo zikusiya malo okwanira oyendetsera kampaniyo popanda veto ya anthu ochepa pa zisankho za tsiku ndi tsiku.
• Ngati malamulo okhudza munthu amene wasiya ntchito bwino komanso amene wasiya ntchito molakwika amagwira ntchito kwa eni masheya omwe amagwiranso ntchito ku kampaniyo.
• Kaya gawo losapikisana lili ndi malire pa nthawi ndi dera.
• Kaya aliyense wogawana nawo magawo atsopano ayenera kuvomereza mgwirizanowu.

Kodi muyenera kuwona chiyani ngati shareholder wochepa?

• Kaya muli ndi chizindikiro chogwirizana ndi malonda anu ngati ambiri agulitsa.
• Ndi zisankho ziti zomwe zimafunika chilolezo chanu, monga kupereka magawo atsopano kapena kusintha nkhanizo.
• Kaya mumalandira maakaunti apachaka ndi ziwerengero zapakati panthawi yake.
• Momwe magawo anu amaonedwera ngati mutachoka kapena mukukakamizidwa kugulitsa.
• Kaya gawo loletsa kapena gawo loweruza milandu limakupatsani njira yeniyeni yothetsera vutoli.
• Kaya ndondomeko ya magawo ikukwaniritsa zomwe mukuyembekezera, poganizira mayeso ogawa a Article 2:216 BW.

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi mgwirizano wa eni masheya?

Maloya athu amakampani amalemba, kuwunikanso ndikukhazikitsa mapangano a eni masheya kwa makasitomala aku Dutch ndi apadziko lonse lapansi.

• Timalemba mgwirizano wa eni masheya ndikuugwirizanitsa ndi zolemba za mgwirizano.
• Tikusankha nanu zomwe zili mu nkhani zomwe zili mu Article 2:192 BW ndi zomwe zili mu mgwirizano.
• Timawunikanso mgwirizano womwe ulipo kale munthu watsopano asanalowe nawo kapena wogawana nawo gawo asanachoke.
• Timalemba mfundo zowerengera mtengo, zosiya ntchito komanso zothetsa mavuto.
• Timachita zochitika mwachidule kapena kuweruza milandu kuti titsimikizire mgwirizano.
• Timatumiza kapena kuteteza pempho loti tichotsedwe kapena kutuluka ku Enterprise Chamber.

Chidule

• Pangano la eni masheya ndi pangano lachinsinsi lomwe limamanga anthu ake okha; nkhani zomwe zili m'nkhaniyi zimamanga kampaniyo ndi eni masheya onse.
• Malinga ndi Article 2:192, maudindo a BW akhoza kuphatikizidwa muzinthu za BV, koma osati motsutsana ndi chifuniro cha eni masheya.
• Zigawo zofunika: zoletsa kusamutsa, kukoka ndi kuyika chizindikiro, zigawo zosiya ntchito, kuwerengera mtengo, zinthu zosungidwa ndi deadlock.
• Kuphwanya malamulo ndi kuphwanya pangano; gawo la chilango (Article 6:91 BW) limapangitsa kuti kutsatiridwa kwa malamulo kukhale kosavuta.
• Popanda gawo loletsa, njira yothetsera mikangano ku Enterprise Chamber imagwira ntchito (Nkhani 2:336a ndi 2:343 BW).

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI