Buku Lothandiza la Zilema Zobisika

Mukagula malo ku Netherlands, mawu akuti zilema zobisika si mawu ongolankhula chabe—ndi nthawi yofunika kwambiri yoti wogulitsa aziyankha pa zilema zazikulu, zobisika zomwe zapezeka pambuyo pogulitsa. Kuphonya nthawi yomalizayi yokhwima—yomwe imaphatikizapo udindo wodandaula mwachangu komanso lamulo la **zaka ziwiri*** la malire—kungapangitse kuti mutaye ufulu wanu wolandira malipiro aliwonse, mosasamala kanthu za kuopsa kwa chilemacho. Bukuli limapereka chithunzithunzi cholunjika komanso chothandiza cha momwe malire a nthawi awa amagwirira ntchito motsatira lamulo la Dutch. ## Kodi Ndi Chiyani Chimene Chimapanga 'Zilema Zobisika' mu Lamulo la Malo ku Dutch? Mu lamulo la malo ku Dutch, 'chilema chobisika' ndi cholakwika chachikulu chomwe sichinawonekere panthawi yowunikira nthawi yogula. Chofunika kwambiri, chilemacho chiyenera kukhala chachikulu mokwanira kuti chilepheretse malowo kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga momwe anafunira ('kugwiritsa ntchito mwachizolowezi'). Mwachitsanzo, kupeza ming'alu yayikulu ya maziko yobisika kumbuyo kwa drywall yatsopano yomwe imaopseza kulimba kwa nyumbayo ndi cholakwika chobisika. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mavuto ang'onoang'ono monga bolodi la pansi lolimba kapena pompo yodontha si yoyenera, chifukwa sakulepheretsani kukhala m'nyumba. Kuti pempho lipambane, zinthu zingapo ziyenera kukwaniritsidwa: – Chilemacho chiyenera kuti chinalipo **nyumba isanasamutsidwe**. – Wogula **sakanatha kuchipeza** bwino panthawi yofufuza kwawo asanagule (*udindo wofufuza*). – Nkhaniyi iyenera kuletsa **kugwiritsa ntchito bwino*** katunduyo. – Wogula sanavomereze mwachindunji chiopsezo cha zilema zotere, mwachitsanzo, kudzera mu gawo la 'momwe zilili' mu mgwirizano wogula.

Kuchuluka kwa Zilema Zobisika

Lingaliro la zolakwika zobisika ndi lalikulu. Zambiri mwa kukonza nyumba mosayembekezereka komwe kungakupangitseni kudabwa Zingakhale maziko a mlandu. Milandu nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi magetsi olakwika, kufalikira kwa tizilombo toopsa, kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka, kapena kukulitsa zinthu mosaloledwa popanda zilolezo zofunikira.

Mfundo yaikulu ya malamulo ndi kugwirizana: katundu woperekedwa ayenera kufanana ndi zomwe zinavomerezedwa mu mgwirizano. Nyumba yokhala ndi chilema chobisika chomwe sichingalepheretse kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachizolowezi sikukwaniritsa muyezo uwu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chifukwa chozenga mlandu.

Chifukwa Chake Nthawi Yake Ndi Yofunika Kwambiri

Mawuwa mwina ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Malamulo aku Dutch ndi okhwima kwambiri pankhani ya nthawi yomalizayi. Ngakhale patakhala umboni wosatsutsika wa vuto lalikulu lobisika, kulephera kuchitapo kanthu mkati mwa nthawi zomwe zafotokozedwa kudzathetsa mlandu wanu usanayambe.

Dongosololi limakhazikitsa nthawi yomaliza iwiri: udindo wodziwitsa wogulitsa mwachangu (klachtplicht) ndi nthawi yokhazikika yoyambitsa mlandu (verjaringstermijnKapangidwe kameneka kamapereka chitsimikizo kwa onse awiri koma kamapatsa wogula udindo waukulu kuti achitepo kanthu mwachangu. Kumvetsetsa nthawi imeneyi ndi gawo loyamba komanso lofunika kwambiri poteteza ndalama zanu.

Kuyenda mu Nthawi Zofunika Kwambiri Zokhudza Chigamulo

Wotchi ikangopeza vuto lobisika, imayamba kuyenda. Nthawi ya nthawi ya verborgen gebreken Chigamulo motsatira malamulo aku Dutch ndi njira yokhwima ya magawo awiri. Kusayendetsa bwino izi ndi cholakwika chofala komanso chokwera mtengo chomwe chingapangitse kuti chigamulo champhamvu chikhale chopanda pake.

Magawo awiriwa ndi udindo wodandaula (klachtplicht) ndi lamulo la malire (verjaringstermijn).

Vuto 1: Klachtplicht (Ntchito Yodandaula)

Choyamba chofunikira mukapeza cholakwika chobisika ndikudziwitsa wogulitsa. Ichi ndi klachtplicht.

Lamulo limafuna kuti anthu adziwitsidwe mkati mwa nthawi yoyenera. Pa kugula malo a ogula, makhothi aku Netherlands apereka malangizo omveka bwino.

• Kwa Ogula: Chidziwitso mkati miyezi iwiri Kupeza zinthu nthawi zambiri kumaonedwa kuti ndi kwa nthawi yake.
• Pa Zochitika Zamalonda: Zenera likhoza kukhala lalifupi ndipo limayesedwa malinga ndi vuto lililonse, poganizira zovuta za cholakwikacho komanso mtundu wa katundu.

Kuchedwetsa kudziwitsa munthu wina ndi koopsa kwambiri. Ngati mwapeza kuti denga latuluka madzi ambiri koma mukudikira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuti mudziwitse wogulitsa, khoti lidzagamula kuti mwalephera kubweza ngongole yanu. klachtplicht, kuthetsa ufulu wanu wolandira malipiro.

Chidziwitso chiyenera kulembedwa (positi yolembetsedwa ikulimbikitsidwa) kuti pakhale njira yomveka bwino yovomerezeka. Kalatayo iyenera kufotokoza cholakwikacho ndikulemba wogulitsa mlandu mwalamulo. Kulankhulana kosamveka bwino sikokwanira.

Njira yoyambira kugula mpaka kufunsira kovomerezeka nthawi zambiri imatsatira njira iyi:

Nthawi yopeza zinthu imayambitsa nthawi zonse zomaliza zalamulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu kukhale kofunika.

Vuto 2: The Verjaringstermijn (Statute of Limitations)

Pambuyo podziwitsa wogulitsayo mwa kulemba, wotchi yachiwiri imayamba: verjaringstermijn, ndi zaka ziwiri lamulo la malire.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti muli ndi zaka ziwiri kuyambira tsiku lomwe mudalemba chidziwitso chanu kuti muyambe milandu yovomerezeka, monga kupereka madandaulo kukhothi kapena kuyambitsa chigamulo monga momwe zalembedwera mu mgwirizano wanu wogula.

Ngati mutakhala miyezi 25 mukukambirana ndi wogulitsa popanda kupereka pempho lovomerezeka mwalamulo, pempho lanu limatha kwamuyaya. Wogulitsayo amamasulidwa ku mlandu, ngakhale atavomereza kale vutolo.

Madeti Ofunika Ofupikitsidwa

Dongosolo la nthawi ziwirili limafuna kusamalidwa mosamala. Muyenera kunena za vutoli mwachangu kenako n’kukumbukira malire okhwima a zaka ziwiri kuti mlandu uyambe. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za momwe malamulo oletsa milandu amagwirira ntchito ku Netherlands, mungathe werengani malangizo athu atsatanetsatane okhudza kuperekedwa kwa madandaulo.

Kugwirizana Pakati pa Kafukufuku wa Ogula ndi Kuulula kwa Ogulitsa

Ku Netherlands, chilengezo chobisika cha chilema chimadalira pa mgwirizano walamulo pakati pa udindo wa wogula wofufuza (onderzoeksplicht) ndi udindo wa wogulitsa kuulula (mededelingsplichtMakhothi amaganizira maudindo awiriwa kuti adziwe udindo wa cholakwika chomwe chapezeka pambuyo poti munthu wasamutsidwa.

Wogulitsa sangabise mwalamulo nkhani zodziwika bwino monga kutayikira kwa madzi mobwerezabwereza. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, lamulo limafuna kuti ogula azichita kafukufuku woyenera kuti adziwe mavuto omwe angakhalepo asanagule.

Wogula's Onderzoeksplicht

Monga wogula, muli ndi udindo wovomerezeka woyendera malowo. Njira yabwino kwambiri yokwaniritsira ntchitoyi ndikupereka ntchito yowunikira akatswiri (bouwtechnische keuring).

Kuyendera kumeneku kuli ndi zolinga ziwiri:

• Amazindikira zolakwika zooneka: Katswiri amatha kuzindikira mavuto omwe munthu wamba angaphonye.
• Zizindikiro zoopsa zomwe zingachitike: Woyang'anira angaone zizindikiro za vuto lalikulu komanso lobisika, zomwe zimakulitsa ntchito yanu yofufuza dera lomwelo.

Kudumpha kuwunikaku kenako nkupeza cholakwika chomwe cheke chokhazikika chikanawonetsa kungapangitse kuti zomwe mwanena zilephereke.

The Seller's Mededelingsplicht

Udindo wa wogulitsa kuulula zolakwika zodziwika bwino nthawi zambiri umaposa udindo wa wogula wofufuza. Ngati wogulitsa akudziwa kuti chipinda chapansi chimasefukira nthawi iliyonse yozizira koma osatchula, sanganene pambuyo pake kuti wogula ayenera kuti adawona madontho a madzi ofooka. Lamuloli limapereka patsogolo kuulula zoona pa nkhani zazikulu komanso zodziwika bwino.

Komabe, kutsimikizira chidziwitso cha wogulitsa kungakhale kovuta. Ngakhale ogulitsa ayenera kuulula zolakwika zomwe akuzidziwa, ogula ali ndi udindo waukulu wowunika. Kungakhale kovuta kuzindikira udindo popanda umboni wobisa zomwe akudziwa, chopinga chomwe chikuyembekezeka mu kafukufuku woyerekeza. 70-80% za zomwe zanenedwa. Izi zikugogomezera kufunika kogula pasadakhale bouwtechnische keuring, zomwe zingavumbule mavuto ofala monga kutentha kolakwika (15% ya milandu) kapena kutayikira (25%).

Momwe Zigawo za Mgwirizano Zimasinthira Ndalama

Pangano logula lingasinthidwe ndi zigawo zomwe zimasintha chiopsezochi.

• Zitsimikizo za Wogulitsa: Chitsimikizo cholembedwa, monga "denga linasinthidwa kwathunthu mu 2022 ndipo chikutsimikizika kuti sichidzataya madzi," chimachepetsa udindo wanu wofufuza gawo lenilenilo ndikulimbitsa zomwe zingachitike.
• Chigamulo cha Ukalamba (Ouderdomsclausule): Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi nyumba zakale, gawo ili limafotokoza kuti wogula amavomereza zoopsa zokhudzana ndi zaka za nyumbayo. Izi zimawonjezera kwambiri udindo wanu wofufuza ndipo zimapangitsa kuti zonena za zolakwika zokhudzana ndi ukalamba (monga mapaipi akale) zikhale zovuta kwambiri.

Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti: zomwe wogulitsa amavumbulutsa, wogula sayenera kufufuza mokwanira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zigawo zomwe zimaletsa udindo wa wogulitsa zimawonjezera udindo wa wogula wofufuza.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza nkhani zokhudzana ndi zomangamanga, dziwani zambiri zokhudza udindo pa zolakwika pa zomangamanga mu nkhani yathu yatsatanetsatane. Kukwaniritsa cholinga chanu onderzoeksplicht ndiye chitetezo chanu chabwino kwambiri komanso maziko olimba kwambiri a zomwe munganene mtsogolo.

Zigamulo Zaposachedwa za Khoti Zopatsa Mphamvu Ogula

The malamulo chimango cha verborgen gebreken termijn Zimasintha malinga ndi makhoti pankhani ya chilungamo m'mapangano. Posachedwapa, oweruza milandu awonetsa chizolowezi choteteza ogula, makamaka pogula zinthu zatsopano. Zisankho zazikulu zayamba kutsutsa nthawi yokhazikika yomwe opanga mapulogalamu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali kuchepetsa udindo wawo.

Kwa zaka zambiri, mapangano a opanga mapulogalamu anali ndi zigawo zomwe zimayika udindo pa zolakwika zobisika kwa nthawi yochepa (monga zaka ziwiri, zisanu, kapena khumi). Akatha ntchito, wogulayo analibe chochita. Tsopano, makhothi akufufuza zigawozi kuti aone ngati zili zoyenera.

Vuto ndi Nthawi Yokhazikika Yotha Ntchito

Malire okhazikika komanso a nthawi yochepa amachititsa kuti magetsi asagwirizane. Nyumba ndi ndalama yaikulu, koma wogula wamba alibe luso lozindikira zolakwika zobisika zomangira. Mavuto monga maziko osalimba kapena kutetezedwa kosakwanira kwa nyumba sangawonekere kwa zaka zambiri, nthawi zambiri chitsimikizo cha pangano chitatha.

Opanga mapulogalamu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ndi zikhalidwe, monga AVA 2013, kuti akwaniritse malire awa. Komabe, zigamulo zaposachedwa za khothi zikusintha machitidwewa.

Chigamulo Chosaiwalika Chimasintha Zinthu

Malamulo anasintha kwambiri pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Amsterdam Khoti Loona za Apilo pa 17 Disembala 2024. Khotilo linalengeza kuti nthawi yomaliza ntchito inali yokhazikika mu AVA 2013—yomwe inachepetsa udindo wa kontrakitala pa Zaka 2, 5, kapena 10—zinali zovuta kwambiri kwa ogula.

Khotilo linaona kuti zigawozi sizinali zoyenera kwenikweni, zomwe zinapatsa mphamvu ogula ogula kuti azichotsedwe. Chigamulochi chimaletsa makontrakitala kubisala kumbuyo kwa nthawi yochepa akamachita zinthu ndi ogula. Kuti muwunikenso mwatsatanetsatane mlandu wofunikawu, mutha kufufuza chidziwitso china pa nthawi zochepetsera udindo.

Chitsanzochi chikusonyeza kuti zigawo za mgwirizano zomwe zimawononga kwambiri ufulu wa wogula sizokwanira.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti wopanga mapulogalamu sangakanenso mlandu wobisika wa chilema chifukwa chakuti chitsimikizo cha pangano chatha. Udindo wa kontrakitala tsopano ukhoza kupitirira malire akale, mogwirizana kwambiri ndi nthawi yomwe zinthu zomangira zimayembekezeredwa kukhalapo.

Zotsatira zake kwa Ogula Nyumba Zatsopano

Malamulo amenewa akulimbitsa kwambiri udindo wa ogula nyumba zatsopano.

• Kuyankha Mowonjezera: Ogwira ntchito m'makampani akhoza kuimbidwa mlandu chifukwa cha zolakwika zobisika kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe zikusonyeza nthawi yeniyeni yomwe mavuto aakulu angabuke.
• Kutsutsa Zigawo Zosalungama: Tsopano pali chitsanzo champhamvu chalamulo chotsutsa kuti zigawo zoletsa udindo mu mgwirizano wogula sizoyenera.
• Chitetezo Chachikulu: Cholinga chasintha kukhala chapamwamba kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe zaika udindo kwa opanga mapulogalamu kuti apange zomangamanga zolimba.

Kusintha kumeneku pankhani ya milandu ndi chida champhamvu choteteza ogula, ndikugogomezera kuti verborgen gebreken termijn imayendetsedwa ndi mfundo zachilungamo, osati nthawi yokhazikika yokha.

Zotsatira za Lamulo Lotsimikizira Ubwino (Wkb)

Pa ntchito zatsopano zomanga ku Netherlands, Kunyowa kwaliteitsborging voor het bouwen (Wkb), kapena Quality Assurance Act, yasintha kwambiri malamulo okhudza zolakwa zobisika.

Kale, kasitomala atalandira nyumbayo, anali ndi udindo wotsimikizira kuti cholakwika chomwe chinapezeka pambuyo pake chinali chobisika ndipo chinali chifukwa cha kontrakitala. Wkb ikutsutsa izi.

Kusintha kwa Mtolo wa Umboni

Kusintha kwakukulu kwa Wkb ndikuchepetsa udindo wopereka umboni. Malinga ndi lamulo latsopanoli, kontrakitala ali ndi udindo pa zolakwika zonse sanadziwike panthawi yopereka katundu pokhapokha ngati atatsimikizira kuti cholakwikacho sichinali cholakwika chawo.

Uku ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa mphamvu, komwe kukulimbitsa udindo wa eni nyumba ndi osunga ndalama. Udindo tsopano uli m'manja mwa womanga kuti atsimikizire kuti ntchito yawo inali yogwirizana ndi malamulo, osati kwa wogula kuti atsimikizire kuti inali yoperewera.

Kontrakitala sangapewenso mlandu pongochenjeza kasitomala za ngozi yomwe ingachitike. Ngati vuto labuka pambuyo poti kampani yapereka, amafunika umboni womveka bwino wosonyeza kuti si iye amene ali ndi mlandu.

Kukonzanso Mapangano Okhazikika Omanga

Wkb, yogwira ntchito 1 January 2024, adawonjezera ndime yatsopano ku Article 7:758 ya Dutch Civil Code, zomwe zimalimbikitsa muyezo watsopanowu wa udindo wa kontrakitala. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwa miyezo ya Uniform Administration Conditions for the Execution of Works and Technical Installation Works 2012 (UAC 2012). Zigawo zazikulu zomwe udindo wochepa wa kontrakitala wachotsedwa kuti ugwirizane ndi lamulo latsopanoli. Mutha Dziwani zambiri za zosintha zofunika kwambiri za UAC 2012 kuti timvetse momwe zimakhudzira gawo lonse.

Zotsatira Zothandiza

Zotsatira za Wkb zimasiyana malinga ndi udindo:

• Kwa Ogula Nyumba/Makasitomala: Muli pa udindo wamphamvu kwambiri pazamalamulo. Ziphuphu zikachitika pambuyo popereka katundu ndi udindo wa kontrakitala pokhapokha ngati zikusonyeza kuti sizikugwirizana ndi zimenezo.
• Kwa Opanga Makontrakitala/Opanga Mapulani: Kulemba mosamala za njira yonse yomangira nyumba tsopano ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yodzitetezera kuti chilema sichili vuto lanu.
• Kwa Otsatsa: Mbiri ya chiopsezo cha zomangamanga zatsopano yasintha. Ngakhale kuti udindo wowonjezera wa kontrakitala umapereka chitetezo, khalidwe ndi mbiri ya womanga nyumba ndizofunikira kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.

Wkb ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo omanga ku Netherlands, komwe kumabweretsa kulinganiza maudindo kuti apereke patsogolo khalidwe la nthawi yayitali komanso udindo.

Ndondomeko Yanu Yochitira Zinthu Mukakumana ndi Chilema Chobisika

Kupeza vuto lalikulu lobisika kumakhala kovuta, koma njira yokhazikika ndiyofunikira kuti muteteze ufulu wanu mkati mwa verborgen gebreken termijnZochita zosayembekezereka zingawononge zomwe mukufuna.

Gawo 1: Lembani Zonse Mwachangu

Choyamba muyenera kulemba mwatsatanetsatane za vutolo.

• Tengani Zithunzi ndi Makanema Omveka Bwino: Jambulani vutolo kuchokera mbali zosiyanasiyana ndi mtunda wosiyanasiyana. Ngati pali kutayikira komwe kukuchitika, lembani.
• Lembani Zambiri: Lembani tsiku ndi nthawi yeniyeni yomwe mwapeza. Fotokozani zomwe mukuwona, kununkhiza, kapena kumva, popanda kuganizira chifukwa chake.

Gawo 2: Musayambe Kukonza

Pewani chilakolako chofuna kukonza vuto nthawi yomweyo. Kuyamba kukonza kungawononge umboni wofunikira wofunikira kuti utsimikizire komwe vutolo linachokera komanso mtundu wake. Ngati pakufunika njira zadzidzidzi (monga kutseka madzi), lembani zonse zomwe mwachita.

Gawo 3: Lembani Katswiri Wodziyimira Payekha

Lipoti lovomerezeka lochokera kwa katswiri wodziyimira pawokha silingakambirane pa mlandu waukulu. Lipoti la katswiri liyenera kuzindikira vutolo, kudziwa chomwe chingayambitse komanso tsiku lomwe linayambira, ndikupereka chiyerekezo chatsatanetsatane cha ndalama zokonzera. Izi zimasintha madandaulo aumwini kukhala mlandu wotsimikizika. Kuti tipeze malingaliro ambiri pakuthetsa mavuto otere, zinthu ngati izi Buku lotsogolera la eni nyumba kuti apambane mikangano yomanga nyumba ku NSW akhoza kupereka zidziwitso zamtengo wapatali.

Gawo 4: Dziwitsani Wogulitsa Mwalamulo

Gawo ili likukwaniritsa zomwe mukufuna klachtplichtMuyenera kudziwitsa wogulitsa za vutolo polemba; kuyimba foni sikokwanira.

Tumizani chidziwitso chovomerezeka cha kusachita bwino (kusokoneza) ndi positi yolembetsedwa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mbiri yovomerezeka yoti mwakwaniritsa udindo wanu wodziwitsa. Kalatayo iyenera kufotokoza bwino vutolo ndikulemba wogulitsayo mlandu.

Gawo 5: Funani Uphungu wa Zamalamulo

Mukasonkhanitsa umboni ndipo wogulitsayo adziwitsidwa, funsani loya wodziwa bwino ntchito yogulitsa nyumba. Akhoza kuwunika mphamvu ya pempho lanu kutengera mfundo, lipoti la katswiri, ndi mgwirizano wanu wogula. Loya adzafotokoza njira zotsatirazi, kaya kukambirana, kuyimira pakati, kapena milandu. ufulu wanu ngati kontrakitala wapereka ntchito yoipa kungapereke mfundo yofunika, makamaka ngati cholakwikacho chikukhudzana ndi kapangidwe katsopano. Kutsatira njira izi mwadongosolo kumamanga bokosi lolimba ndipo kumathandiza kupewa zolakwika zodula.

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri pa Zilema Zobisika

Nanga bwanji ngati cholakwika chapezeka mu lipoti loyendera?

Ngati vuto lalembedwa mu bouwtechnische keuring (lipoti lowunikira zaukadaulo), nthawi zambiri silingatchulidwe kuti ndi vuto lobisika. Lipotilo limapereka chidziwitso chodziwika bwino, ndipo lamulo likuganiza kuti mwachiyika ichi mu chisankho chanu chogula. Ngakhale kutchula 'chiwopsezo' kapena lingaliro la 'kufufuza kwina' kumakupatsani udindo wofufuza (onderzoeksplicht), ndipo kulephera kutero kungalepheretse kuti pempho loti munthu achite bwino litheke.

Kodi gawo la 'monga momwe lilili' lingateteze wogulitsa ku udindo uliwonse?

Chiganizo cha 'monga momwe zilili, komwe chili' ('in de staat waarin het zich bevindt'() imaika chiopsezo chachikulu kwa wogula koma si chitetezo cha ogulitsa. Sichiteteza wogulitsa amene wabisa mwadala vuto lalikulu lodziwika bwino. Ngati mungathe kutsimikizira kuti sanaulule nkhani mwachinyengo, udindo wa wogulitsayo ndi kuulula (mededelingsplicht) nthawi zambiri zimachotsa gawo la 'momwe zilili'. Makhothi aku Dutch salola kuti magawo otere agwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chishango cha khalidwe lachinyengo.

Kodi kusiyana pakati pa cholakwika ndi kusagwirizana ndi chinthu n'chiyani?

Chilema chobisika ndi chapadera mtundu of osagwirizanaKusatsatira malamulo ndi lingaliro lalikulu lalamulo lakuti katundu amene mwalandira sakugwirizana ndi mgwirizano wogula. Katundu satsatira malamulo ngati alibe makhalidwe ofunikira kuti 'agwiritsidwe ntchito mwachizolowezi'. Ngakhale kuti vuto lalikulu lobisika (monga denga lotuluka madzi) ndi chitsanzo chomveka bwino cha kusatsatira malamulo, mawuwa angaphatikizeponso nkhani monga katunduyo kukhala wamng'ono kuposa wolengezedwa kapena wopanda chilolezo chofunikira. verborgen gebreken termijn Malamulowa amagwira ntchito makamaka pa zolakwika zakuthupi zomwe zinalipo koma zosapezeka panthawi yogula.

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