Ana ndi mapangano: kodi ana angavomereze chiyani popanda chilolezo?

Ana osakwana zaka 18 ku Netherlands amafunika chilolezo cha makolo awo kuti alowe mu mgwirizano, kupatulapo kugula zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku zomwe ndi zachizolowezi kwa ana a msinkhu wawo. Ngati mwana wanu alembetsa chinthu chachikulu popanda chilolezo chanu, monga umembala wa masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena mgwirizano wa pafoni, mutha kuthetsa ( vernietigen ) mgwirizano umenewo.

Malamulowa alembedwa mu Nkhani 1:234 ya Dutch Civil Code (BW). Pansipa tikufotokoza zomwe mwana wanu angachite ndi zomwe sangachite yekha, momwe mumathetsera pangano ndi zomwe mwana wanu ayenera kubweza. Chinthu chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri chimagwira ntchito pamapangano a ntchito kuyambira ali ndi zaka 16 (Nkhani 7:612 BW).

Kodi lamulo limati chiyani za mapangano omwe ana amapanga?

Mwana wakhanda akhoza kulowa mu pangano, koma pokhapokha ngati makolo kapena womusamalira ali ndi chilolezo monga woimira mwalamulo (Nkhani 1:234(1) BW). Pangano lopangidwa popanda chilolezo chimenecho ndi losatha: limakhala logwira ntchito mpaka inu, monga kholo, mutathetsa.

Chilolezo chanu chingaperekedwe pa kugula kwina kapena pa cholinga china chilichonse (Nkhani 1:234(2) BW). Ngati mupatsa mwana wanu ndalama zogulira zovala, mumavomereza kuti mwana wanu agwiritse ntchito ndalamazo pa zomwe akuyenera kuchita.

Pa zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku, chilolezo chimaganiziridwa. Malinga ndi Article 1:234(3) BW, chilolezo chimaganiziridwa pa zochita zomwe ana azaka zimenezo amachita okha, monga sangweji ku buledi, tikiti ya basi kapena zinthu zina za kusukulu. Kugula koteroko n'kovomerezeka, ndipo simungathe kuzisintha pambuyo pake.

Kodi chilolezo chanu chikufunika liti?

Chilolezo chanu chikufunika pa chilichonse choposa kugula kwa tsiku ndi tsiku, makamaka ngongole za nthawi yayitali komanso ndalama zambiri. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo:

• umembala wa masewera olimbitsa thupi;
• mapangano a foni yam'manja;
• kulembetsa pa intaneti, monga kuonera makanema kapena masewera;
• zogula zomwe zalipidwa pang'onopang'ono;
• ngongole ndi ngongole zina.

Kaya chinthu ndi mwambo zimadalira msinkhu wa mwana, kuchuluka kwake komanso zomwe zimachitika m'gulu la anthu. Tikiti ya kanema ndi mwambo wa mwana wazaka 14; laputopu pa ngongole si mwambo.

Kodi mwana wanu angachite chiyani ali ndi zaka zingati?

Nkhani 1:234 BW sagwiritsa ntchito malire a zaka zokhazikika pazinthu wamba. Zomwe zimachitika mwachizolowezi zimakula ndi zaka, kotero wazaka 17 amatha kuchita zambiri yekha kuposa wazaka 10; malire akuluakulu a zaka zokhazikika ndi 16, pa mgwirizano wantchito.

Ana aang'ono

Mwana wamng'ono sangachite zambiri yekha. Kugula ayisikilimu kapena chidole chaching'ono ndi ndalama za m'thumba n'koyenera. Pazinthu zina, monga kutsegula akaunti yosungira ndalama, inu monga makolo mumachita zinthu m'malo mwa mwana wanu monga oimira milandu (Nkhani 1:245(4) BW).

Ana azaka zapakati pa 12 ndi 15

Ana a msinkhu uwu akhoza kugula zinthu zazing'ono tsiku ndi tsiku okha, monga zinthu za kusukulu, zokhwasula-khwasula kapena zinthu zotsika mtengo. Kuti mukhale membala wa gym, kulembetsa masewera apa intaneti kapena kugula zinthu zodula, chilolezo chanu pansi pa Article 1:234 BW chikufunika.

Achinyamata azaka zapakati pa 16 ndi 17

Kuyambira ali ndi zaka 16, achinyamata ambiri amakhala ndi ntchito yanthawi yochepa ndipo amasamalira ndalama zawo. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo pazinthu wamba nthawi zambiri kumakhala kozolowereka, koma kudzipereka kwakukulu kumafunikirabe chilolezo chanu. Khoti Lalikulu la Overijssel linagamula pa 29 Seputembala 2020 kuti pangano la maphunziro a mayeso a wazaka 17 la €813 silinali lozolowereka malinga ndi msinkhu wake ndipo linathetsedwa movomerezeka (ECLI:NL:RBOVE:2020:3509).

Mgwirizano wa ntchito ndi nkhani yapadera. Malinga ndi Nkhani 7:612(1) BW, mwana wazaka 16 kapena kuposerapo akhoza kulowa mu mgwirizano wa ntchito popanda chilolezo ndipo amaonedwa ngati wamkulu pa chilichonse chokhudzana ndi mgwirizanowu. Kwa mwana wosakwana zaka 16 amene wayamba kugwira ntchito popanda chilolezo chanu, mumaonedwa kuti mwavomereza ngati simunapemphe chilolezo mkati mwa milungu inayi ntchito itangoyamba (Nkhani 7:612(2) BW). Lamulo la Maola Ogwira Ntchito ( Arbeidstijdenwet ) limaletsa ntchito yomwe ana angachite komanso nthawi yake.

Kuyambira zaka 18: akuluakulu

Ali ndi zaka 18, mwana wanu ndi wamkulu wokhala ndi mphamvu zonse zovomerezeka mwalamulo (Nkhani 1:233 BW) ndipo amamangidwa ndi mapangano onse omwe amasaina. Simungathe kuwathetsa.

Kodi malamulo omwewo amagwiranso ntchito pa mapangano apaintaneti?

Inde. Pangano lomwe lasainidwa pa intaneti podina “inde” limadalira Article 1:234 BW yomweyi monga pangano lomwe lasainidwa mu shopu.

Ana amapeza ntchito zolipira pa intaneti mosavuta: kugula mkati mwa masewera, ntchito zowonera pa intaneti, mapulogalamu ndi zolembetsa zomwe zimayamba pambuyo poyesa kwaulere. Kugula pang'ono mkati mwa pulogalamu kungawoneke ngati chizolowezi kwa ana okulirapo, koma kulembetsa mobwerezabwereza pamwezi nthawi zambiri sikuli choncho. Kampaniyo ili ndi chiopsezo chogwira ntchito ndi mwana wachinyamata.

Nanga bwanji ngati mwana wanu wabodza za msinkhu wake?

Mwachidule, panganoli limakhala losagwira ntchito ngakhale mwana wanu atapereka tsiku lobadwa labodza. Chitetezo cha Article 1:234 BW sichimatha chifukwa mwana wamng'ono wanama.

Kampani yosokeretsedwa ingayese kubweza ndalama zomwe yataya mwanjira ina. Mwana wazaka 14 kapena kuposerapo akhoza kukhala ndi mlandu pa zolakwa zake (Nkhani 6:164 BW), ndipo makolo ali ndi mlandu pa zolakwa za mwana wosakwana zaka 14 (Nkhani 6:169 BW). Pa ndalama zochepa zomwe akunenazi ndizosowa.

Kodi mungathetse bwanji pangano lomwe mwana wanu adasaina?

Mumathetsa panganoli potumiza chikalata cholembedwa ku kampaniyo (Nkhani 3:50 BW). Palibe njira yoyendetsera khothi yomwe ikufunika, bola ngati panganolo linatha popanda chilolezo chanu ndipo silinali lachizolowezi malinga ndi msinkhu wa mwana wanu.

Lembani mu kalata kapena imelo kuti mwana wanu wamng'ono adamaliza pangano popanda chilolezo chanu ndipo mwathetsa panganoli monga woyimira milandu motsatira Article 1:234 BW. Pemphani kampaniyo kuti itsimikizire kuthetsedwa kwa mgwirizanowu ndikubweza ndalama zilizonse zomwe mwalipira, ndikusunga makope a panganolo, makalata ndi umboni wa malipiro.

Makhothi akuvomereza kuchotsedwa kwa malamulo otere. Khothi lachigawo cha Limburg (Roermond) lakana pempho la malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi la €283.48 motsutsana ndi mnyamata wazaka 16 yemwe bambo ake adalemba kuti sanavomereze kukhala membala (4 Novembala 2015, ECLI:NL:RBLIM:2015:9307).

Palibe nthawi yochepa yomaliza yomwe imachitika ndi lamulo, koma kampaniyo ikhoza kukukonzerani nthawi yoyenera yosankha pakati pa kutsimikizira kapena kuthetsa pangano (Article 3:55(2) BW). Pambuyo pa nthawi imeneyo simungathenso kuithetsa.

Kodi mwana wanu ayenera kubweza chilichonse?

Pambuyo pa kuthetsedwa kwa mlandu, mbali zonse ziwiri ziyenera kubweza zomwe zidalandira. Mwana wachinyamata ayenera kubweza pokhapokha ngati adapinduladi ndi zomwe adalandira (Nkhani 6:209 BW).

Ngati mwana wanu wakhala akugwiritsa ntchito kale malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi kwa mwezi umodzi, kampaniyo inganene kuti mwana wanu wapindula ndipo ikupempha chipukuta misozi choyenera; khoti limasankha chomwe chili choyenera. Ndalama zomwe mwana wanu adalipira ziyenera kubwezedwa: pa mlandu wa Overijssel kampaniyo idayenera kubweza €609.75 kuphatikiza ndalama zotolera.

Kodi mungavomereze mgwirizano pambuyo pake?

Inde. Ngati mutsimikizira panganoli (Article 3:55(1) BW), limakhala lovomerezeka ndipo simungathe kulithetsa. Chitsimikizo chingaperekedwe pakamwa, koma chitani polemba kuti mupewe kukambirana; kupitiriza kulipira popanda kutsutsa kungawonekenso ngati kuvomereza.

Nanga bwanji ngati wina walemba chizindikiro cha mwana wanu?

Pangano limene wina, monga m'bale wanu wamkulu kapena mnzanu, amalipanga m'malo mwa mwana wanu limamanga mwana wanu pokhapokha ngati mwamulola munthuyo kapena kuvomereza panganolo pambuyo pake.

Popanda chilolezo ndi chilolezo, pangano silimangirira mwana wanu. Munthu amene anasaina popanda chilolezo akhoza kukhala ndi mlandu ku kampani chifukwa cha kutayika kwake (Nkhani 3:70 BW).

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani monga kholo?

Mavuto ambiri okhudzana ndi mapangano a ana aang'ono amatha kupewedwa kapena kuthetsedwa ndi kalata, bola mutachitapo kanthu kampaniyo isanakhazikitse nthawi yomaliza motsatira Article 3:55(2) BW.

• Kodi panganoli ndi lofunika mobwerezabwereza kapena la nthawi yayitali, kapena ndalama zambiri, osati kugula tsiku ndi tsiku malinga ndi msinkhu wa mwana wanu?
• Kodi munapereka chilolezo, mwachindunji kapena pachifukwa ichi mwachisawawa, mwachitsanzo kudzera mu allowance (Article 1:234(2) BW)?
• Kodi mwatumiza chikalata chotsimikizira kuti mwathetsa mlandu wanu ndipo mwasunga kopi?
• Kodi kampaniyo yakupatsani nthawi yoti musankhe, ndipo idzatha liti?
• Kodi mwana wanu analipira ndi khadi lanu la banki kapena akaunti yanu yolipira? Kenako funsaninso banki yanu kapena kampani yopereka ndalama.
• Kodi zowongolera za makolo zimayatsidwa m'masitolo osungira mapulogalamu ndi masewera, ndipo kodi tsatanetsatane wa malipiro anu ndi omwe mwana wanu sangawafikire?

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati kampani ikugwira ntchito ndi ana aang'ono?

Kampani yomwe imagwira ntchito ndi mwana wachinyamata ili ndi chiopsezo chothetsedwa ntchito motsatira Article 1:234 BW, ngakhale mwanayo atapereka zaka zabodza.

• Kodi mumapempha tsiku lobadwa, ndi chilolezo cha makolo kwa ana aang'ono, musanalembetse kapena ngongole isanayambe?
• Kodi malonda anu ndi a anthu azaka zomwe mumagulitsa, kapena ndi chikole cha nthawi yayitali?
• Kodi mwaika makolo nthawi yoyenera yotsimikizira kapena kuletsa (Nkhani 3:55(2) BW)?
• Pambuyo pa kuletsa mlandu, kodi mwachepetsa zomwe mwana wanu wapindula nazo (Nkhani 6:209 BW)?

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi pangano lomwe mwana wanu wasaina?

Maloya athu a mabanja amalangiza makolo, ndi makampani, pa mapangano omwe ana aang'ono apanga.

• Timayesa ngati panganoli linali lachikhalidwe malinga ndi msinkhu wa mwana wanu kapena limafuna chilolezo chanu.
• Tikulemba chikalata choletsa ntchito motsatira Article 1:234 BW ndi pempho loti tibwezeredwe ndalama.
• Timayankha pempho la kampani, kalata yotolera katundu kapena tsiku lomaliza loperekedwa motsatira Nkhani 3:55(2) BW.
• Timawerengera ndalama zomwe mwana wanu ayenera kubweza, ngati zilipo, motsatira Article 6:209 BW.
• Tikukuyimirani ku khoti la chigawo chaching'ono (kantonrechter) ngati kampaniyo ikupereka mlandu.

Chidule

• Mpaka zaka 18, mwana wanu amafunika chilolezo chanu pa mapangano, kupatula kugula zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zimachitika malinga ndi msinkhu wake (Nkhani 1:234 BW).
• Pangano lopangidwa popanda chilolezo chanu ndi losatheka: mutha kulithetsa polemba chikalata chopita ku kampaniyo.
• Kuyambira ali ndi zaka 16, mwana wanu akhoza kulemba pangano la ntchito popanda chilolezo chanu (Nkhani 7:612 BW).
• Pambuyo pa kuletsa kubweza ngongole, mwana wanu ayenera kubweza ndalama pokhapokha ngati wapinduladi (Nkhani 6:209 BW).
• Chitanipo kanthu mwachangu: kampaniyo ikhoza kukukonzerani nthawi yoyenera yoti musankhe (Nkhani 3:55(2) BW).

Malemba ovomerezeka a Article 1:234 BW akupezeka mu Book 1 ya Dutch Civil Code.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI