Wobwereka wanu wamaliza njira yokonzanso ngongole ya WSNP ndipo khoti lawapatsa 'chikalata choyera' (schone lei). Kodi zimenezo zikutanthauza chiyani kwa inu monga wobwereka? Nthawi zambiri: zochepa kwambiri. Koma osati nthawi zonse. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe dongosololi limagwirira ntchito, zomwe sizili choncho, komanso njira zomwe mungachitebe.
Wet Schulsanering Natuurlijke Personen (WSNP) — Dutch Natural Persons Debt Restructuring Act — ili mu Bankruptcy Act (Faillissementswet, Fw) ndipo imagwira ntchito pamene munthu payekha sangathenso kukwaniritsa udindo wake wazachuma. Cholinga chenicheni cha lamuloli ndikupatsa omwe ali ndi ngongole chiyambi chatsopano chazachuma pambuyo pa nthawi yokonzanso. Mtengo womwe obwereketsa amalipira pa izi ndi wofunika kwambiri: khothi likapereka chilolezo choyera, zopempha zambiri sizigwiranso ntchito.
1. Kodi njira ya WSNP imatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Malinga ndi Nkhani 349a Fw, nthawi yokonzanso ngongoleyo imakhala miyezi khumi ndi isanu ndi itatu mwachisawawa. Khothi likhoza kuwonjezera izi mpaka zaka zisanu, mwachitsanzo ngati wobwereketsayo walephera kutsatira zomwe ali nazo kapena ngati pali zochitika zapadera. Panthawiyi, woyang'anira wosankhidwa ndi khothi (bewindvoerder) amayang'anira chuma: kusonkhanitsa ndalama, kuyang'anira wobwereketsayo, ndikupereka malipoti nthawi ndi nthawi kwa woweruza woyang'anira (rechter-commissaris).
Monga wobwereketsa, mphamvu zanu panthawiyi zimakhala zochepa. Mutha kupereka pempho lanu kuti litsimikizidwe (Art. 349aa Fw) ndikupereka chitsutso kwa woweruza woyang'anira ngati mukukhulupirira kuti woyang'anira sakugwira ntchito yake moyenera (Art. 317 Fw). Komabe, ulamuliro uli m'manja mwa khothi ndi woyang'anira - osati inu.
2. Kuyeretsa: kodi kumatanthauza chiyani kwenikweni?
Nkhani 358 Fw ikunena kuti akangolandira chilolezo chovomerezeka, obwereketsa sangapitirize kukakamiza zopempha zomwe zinali mkati mwa kukonzanso ngongole. Chopemphacho chikupitirirabe kukhalapo ngati 'udindo wachilengedwe' (natuurlijke verbintenis) — koma sichingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kudzera m'makhothi, ma bailiff, kapena njira zomangira. Njira zosonkhanitsira ngongole sizili ndi mphamvu zina zalamulo.
Izi zikugwiranso ntchito pa zonena zomwe zidabuka panthawi ya ndondomeko ya WSNP , bola ngati sizikuwerengedwa ngati ngongole za chuma (boedelschulden). Khoti Lalikulu (Hoge Raad) linatsimikizira izi mu 2024 (ECLI:NL:HR:2024:1913). Invoice yosalipidwa yomwe inalembedwa pambuyo poti WSNP yayamba koma isanaperekedwe, kwenikweni, idzagweranso mkati mwa ndondomekoyi.
Chifukwa chake dongosololi lapangidwa kuti lipereke chitetezo chachikulu kwa wobwereketsa. Ichi chinali chisankho chosankhidwa mwadala ndi nyumba yamalamulo: popanda kuyeretsa koona, kukonzanso ngongole sikungalepheretse cholinga chake.
3. Zosiyana: ndi liti pamene mungachiritsidwebe?
Lamuloli limapereka zochitika zochepa zomwe madandaulo sali olondola. Izi ndi zofunika kwambiri:
a) Zopempha za chipukuta misozi
Zolango zomwe zabwera chifukwa cha mlandu waupandu sizimachotsedwa pamndandanda wazinthu zoyera malinga ndi Nkhani 358(4) Fw. Khoti Lalikulu linatsimikizira izi mu 2022 (ECLI:NL:HR:2022:1252). Ngati mwavulala chifukwa cha mlandu womwe wobwereketsa wanu adapezeka wolakwa, mutha kupitiliza kufunafuna ndalama pambuyo poti WSNP yatha.
b) Madandaulo otetezedwa ndi ngongole ya nyumba
Ngati muli ndi ufulu wobweza ngongole ya nyumba yolembetsedwa (monga nyumba yogonamo) yomwe sinatengedwe panthawi ya WSNP, mudzakhalabe ndi ufulu wanu wogwiritsa ntchito ndalama pambuyo poti ndondomekoyi yatha. Pankhaniyi, chikalata chochotsera msonkho sichikugwira ntchito pa zomwe mwapempha malinga ngati chikolecho sichinagulitsidwebe. Izi zikuchokera mu Nkhani 358(5) Fw ndipo zatsimikiziridwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu (ECLI:NL:HR:2009:BG7996 ndi ECLI:NL:HR:2016:1135).
Ngati katunduyo wagulitsidwa pambuyo pa WSNP ndipo ngongole yotsalayo ikadalipo, mutha kubweza ngongole yonseyo. Komabe, ngati kugulitsako kukuchitika panthawi ya WSNP, ngongole yotsalayo imagwera mkati mwa slate yoyera.
c) Ngongole za katundu
Ngongole zomwe zidabuka panthawi ya ndondomeko ya WSNP ndipo zimayesedwa ngati ngongole za chuma (boedelschulden) sizikuphatikizidwa mu gawo la kukonzanso. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo ndalama zomwe woyang'anira adawononga poyang'anira chuma. Ngati muli ndi ngongole ya chuma monga wobwereketsa, mutha kubwezanso pambuyo poti ndondomekoyi yatha.
d) Ngongole za ophunzira
Malinga ndi Article 299a Fw, ngongole za ophunzira sizimachotsedwa mu WSNP. Izi zikutanthauza kuti bungwe la zachuma la ophunzira aku Dutch (DUO) nthawi zina lingathe kubweza ngongoleyo pambuyo poti ndalama zonse zaperekedwa. Dziwani kuti izi ndi zosiyana ndi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa gulu la ngongoleyi.
4. Nanga bwanji ngati wobwereketsayo wachita chinyengo kapena walephera kukwaniritsa zomwe walonjeza?
Kulipira ngongole si ufulu wokwanira. Ngati wobwereketsa satsatira zomwe walonjeza panthawi ya WSNP, kulipira ngongoleyo kungakanidwe kapena kuchotsedwa pambuyo pake.
Kuthetsa ukwati koyambirira popanda kuchotsedwa
Nkhani 350(3)(e) Fw imapatsa mphamvu khothi kuti lithetse WSNP msanga ngati wobwereketsayo alephera kukwaniritsa zomwe akufuna. Zikatero, ngongole zonse zakale zimakhalanso zovomerezeka. Milandu yaposachedwa ( ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2025:9670 ndi ECLI:NL:RBDHA:2026:1711) ikutsimikizira kuti makhothi amagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi pamilandu yosagwirizana kwambiri, monga kubisa ndalama kapena maakaunti akubanki.
Kuchotsedwa kwa slate yoyera pambuyo pake
Nkhani 358a Fw imapatsa obwereketsa mwayi woti achotsedwe chikalata chochotsera ngongole pambuyo poti WSNP yatha, ngati pambuyo pake zikuwonekera kuti wobwereketsayo wapereka mfundo zabodza kapena wachitapo kanthu movutitsa obwereketsa. Zigamulo zaposachedwa za Khothi Loona za Apilo la Arnhem-Leeuwarden (ECLI:NL:GHARL:2025:4351) ndi Khothi Loona za Apilo la 's-Hertogenbosch (ECLI:NL:GHSHE:2025:1444) zikusonyeza kuti makhothi amatenga njira imeneyi mozama.
Ngati mukukayikira zachinyengo, chitanipo kanthu mwachangu. Pa nthawi ya WSNP mutha kupereka pempho kwa woweruza woyang'anira motsatira Nkhani 317 Fw, kapena kupempha woyang'anira kuti ayambe kufufuza. Kupereka madandaulo a milandu nthawi zonse ndi njira ina: Nkhani 341 ndi 194 za Dutch Criminal Code zimapangitsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi ngongole azisalakwiridwa mwadala.
5. Samalani nthawi zochepetsera ufulu wanu: ufulu wanu ukhoza kutha ntchito
Ngakhale pempho litaperekedwa kunja kwa lamulo lovomerezeka, sizikutanthauza kuti mungathe kudikira kwamuyaya. Nthawi zoletsa zimapitirirabe. Lamulo lalikulu ndilakuti pempho la mgwirizano limakhala loletsedwa patatha zaka zisanu (Art. 3:307 Civil Code), ndi nthawi yokwanira ya zaka makumi awiri (Art. 3:311 Civil Code).
Ngati muli ndi ngongole yotetezedwa ndi ngongole ya nyumba ndipo mukuchedwetsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo pambuyo pa WSNP, onetsetsani kuti mwayimitsa nthawi yochepetsera ngongoleyo. Nyumbayo ikagulitsidwa, nthawi yochepetsera ngongole iliyonse yotsala imayamba kugwira ntchito (ECLI:NL:HR:2026:231) — koma ngakhale nthawi imeneyo idzatha pamapeto pake.
Mwachidule: WSNP ikatha, musaiwale zomwe mwapempha. Yang'anirani nthawi zochepetsera zomwe mwapempha ndipo tengani njira zomuthandizira kuti athetse zomwe mwapemphazo ngati pakufunika kutero.
6. Kuyamba pambuyo pa kuyeretsa: sikunachotsedwe
Funso lomwe obwereketsa nthawi zambiri amafunsa: kodi ndingathe kulipira ngongole yanga pa ndalama zomwe ndili nazo ndekha kwa wobwereketsa? Yankho lake ndi ayi. Khoti Lalikulu linagamula mu 2019 (ECLI:NL:HR:2019:377) kuti ngongole yomwe ili pansi pa slate ndi udindo wachilengedwe. Chifukwa sichingagwire ntchito, ufulu wobwezera ngongole motsatira Article 6:127(2) Civil Code palibe.
Kuthetsa vutoli kungatheke pokhapokha ngati zonena zonse ziwiri zidayamba WSNP isanayambe ndipo zinthu zina zomwe zili mu Article 307 Fw zakwaniritsidwa.
7. Obwereketsa akunja: kodi malamulo oletsa ngongole akugwira ntchito ku EU konse?
Ngati ndinu wobwereketsa wakunja, kapena ngati wobwereketsayo akukhala m'dziko lina la EU, lamulo la EU Insolvency Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2015/848) likugwira ntchito. Malinga ndi lamuloli, WSNP imadziwika ngati mlandu waukulu wa insolvency m'maiko onse a EU, bola ngati malo ofunikira kwambiri a wobwereketsayo ali ku Netherlands.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti clear slate, kwenikweni, imagwiranso ntchito motsutsana ndi omwe ali ndi ngongole zakunja ndipo imadziwika m'maiko ena a EU. Ngati simunapereke pempho lanu mu ndondomeko ya Dutch WSNP pakapita nthawi, simungathe kufunafuna kubweza pambuyo pa clear slate - osati ku Netherlands komanso kwina kulikonse ku EU.
8. Kodi mungachite chiyani monga wobwereketsa?
Mwachidule: zosankha zanu monga wobwereketsa pa nkhani ya WSNP ndizochepa koma sizochepa. Njira zofunika kwambiri ndi izi:
- Tumizani pempho lanu kuti litsimikizidwe pa nthawi yake komanso molondola (Art. 349aa Fw). Komabe, pempho lomwe silinaperekedwe lidzagwera pansi pa mzere woyera.
- Yang'anirani njirayi mwachangu. Ngati mukukayikira kuti wobwereketsa sakutsatira zomwe ali nazo kapena akuchita zachinyengo, chitanipo kanthu mwachangu kudzera mwa woweruza woyang'anira (Art. 317 Fw).
- Onetsetsani ngati pali njira ina yosiyana ndi izi: chindapusa cha milandu, chindapusa cha ngongole ya nyumba, ngongole ya malo, kapena ngongole ya ophunzira.
- Kuletsa nthawi zochepetsera zinthu munthawi yake, kuphatikizapo pambuyo poti WSNP yatha.
- Pa milandu yachinyengo, ganizirani kupereka mlandu waupandu ndikupempha kuti lamulo loletsa kuphwanya malamulo lichotsedwe motsatira Art. 358a Fw.
- Funsani loya msanga. Njira zake ndi zaukadaulo ndipo nthawi yomaliza ndi yokhwima.
Kutsiliza
Dongosolo la WSNP lapangidwa kuti lipatse omwe ali ndi ngongole ufulu wolipira. Monga wobwereketsa, nthawi zambiri mudzakhala ndi mavuto azachuma. Komabe, lamuloli limapereka zosiyana zenizeni, ndipo ngati pali chinyengo kapena kusatsatira malamulo, muli ndi njira zenizeni zopewera kuti ufulu wolipira uperekedwe kapena kuti uchotsedwe pambuyo pake. Kudziwa malamulo ndi kuchitapo kanthu panthawi yake ndikofunikira.
Kodi mukufuna kudziwa njira zomwe mungabwezeretsere vuto lanu pazochitika zinazake? Law & More ali wokondwa kuthandiza. Tikulangiza obwereketsa ngongole pokonzekera ndondomeko ya WSNP komanso nthawi yonse komanso pambuyo pa ndondomekoyi.
