Loya ku Netherlands: kodi munthu ayenera kukakamizidwa liti?

Kaya mukufuna loya ku Netherlands zimadalira khoti ndi mtundu wa mlandu, osati momwe nkhaniyo ikuonekera ngati yaikulu. Pamaso pa khoti laling'ono (kantonrechter) komanso pamilandu yoyang'anira milandu, mutha kudziyimira nokha; pamaso pa khoti lachigawo (rechtbank), pa apilo komanso pa cassation, kuyimilira kwa loya (loya) nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunikira. Kupatulapo kwakukulu: wotsutsidwa m'mayesero achidule akhoza kuwonekera pamaso pa munthu.

Ngati kuimiridwa kuli kokakamiza ndipo mupereka chikalata popanda loya, khoti silidzayankha mlandu wanu.

Kodi ndi liti pamene mungafunike loya pa mlandu wa boma?

Zimadalira ngati khoti laling'ono la chigawo kapena khoti la chigawo likumvera mlanduwo. Mutha kuchita mlandu wanu nokha pamaso pa khoti laling'ono la chigawo; pamaso pa khoti la chigawo mukufunika loya.

Malinga ndi Nkhani 93 ya Dutch Code of Civil Procedure (Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvording, Rv), khoti lachigawo limamva madandaulo okwana €25,000. Limamvanso milandu ya ntchito, lendi, kugula kwa ogula, ngongole za ogula ndi mabungwe, kaya ndalama zingati. Zina zonse zimapita ku khoti lachigawo, komwe loya ndi wokakamiza, monga momwe zilili ku khoti la apilo (gerechtshof) ndi Khoti Lalikulu (Hoge Raad).

Kodi zochitika zachidule ndi zosiyana?

Pang'ono. Mwachidule, milandu (kort geding) imachitika kukhothi la chigawo, wopemphayo amafunika loya, koma malinga ndi Nkhani 255 Rv, wotsutsayo akhoza kuwonekera pamaso pawo. Wotsutsayo sangaimiridwe ndi munthu amene si loya.

Kuonekera nokha motsutsana ndi mdani ndi loya sikwanzeru nthawi zambiri. Milandu yomaliza imachitika mwachangu, nthawi zambiri mkati mwa milungu ingapo, ndipo woweruza amasankha zomwe ziperekedwe pamsonkhano umodzi.

Kodi ndi liti pamene mungafunike loya pa mlandu waupandu?

Nthawi zina boma limakupatsirani loya woti akuthandizeni, mwachitsanzo mukabweretsedwa pamaso pa woweruza milandu (rechter-commissaris) kapena mukasungidwa m'ndende musanayambe kuzenga mlandu (voorlopige hechtenis).

Loya wosankhidwa nthawi zonse samakhala waulere. Malinga ndi oweruza milandu aku Dutch (rechtspraak.nl), kuyambira pa 1 Marichi 2017 ndalama zomwe mungatenge zitha kubwezedwa kwa inu ngati mungathe kulipira ndipo pamapeto pake mupezeka olakwa. Pa chilichonse choposa nkhani yaying'ono, loya amafufuza fayilo, umboni ndi njira zomwe Public Prosecution Service (Openbaar Ministerie) imadalira.

Kodi mukufuna loya pa mlandu wokhudza kayendetsedwe ka boma?

Ayi. Pankhani zoyang'anira, mutha kudziyimira nokha nthawi yonse, kuphatikizapo kukhothi komanso pa apilo. Izi zikuphatikizapo zotsutsa zotsutsana ndi zisankho za IND, boma, Tax Administration (Belastingdienst) kapena UWV.

Anthu ambiri amapambana okha pagawo lotsutsa, pomwe nkhaniyo nthawi zambiri imakhala yoona. Uphungu umakhala wofunika kwambiri pamene chisankhocho chikuyamba pa mayeso a zamalamulo, kuwunika kosankha kapena lamulo la ku Ulaya. Nthawi yotsutsa motsatira General Administrative Law Act (Awb) nthawi zambiri imakhala milungu isanu ndi umodzi ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala.

Kodi mukufuna loya pankhani za banja?

Inde, monga lamulo. Milandu ya mabanja imayamba ndi pempho (verzoekschrift) ku khoti la chigawo, ndipo motsatira Article 278 Rv pempho lotere liyenera kusainidwa ndi loya, pokhapokha ngati laperekedwa ku khoti la chigawo chaching'ono kapena ngati pali lamulo loletsa.

Izi zimakhudza pempho la chisudzulo ndipo, nthawi zambiri, mapempho okhudza ulamuliro wa makolo, makonzedwe olumikizana ndi kusamalira. Ndi pempho logwirizana (gemeenschappelijk verzoek), loya m'modzi akhoza kupempherera onse awiri. Mkhalapakati angakuthandizeni kuti mugwirizane, koma sangapemphe pempholi kukhothi.

Kodi loya amalipira ndalama zingati, ndipo ndani angathandize kulipira?

Pali njira ziwiri zazikulu zothandizira ndi ndalama: thandizo la zamalamulo lothandizidwa ndi ndalama zalamulo ndi inshuwalansi ya ndalama zalamulo.

• Thandizo la zamalamulo lothandizidwa: Ngati ndalama zomwe mumapeza ndi katundu wanu zili pansi pa malire a malamulo, Bungwe Lothandiza Anthu Ogwira Ntchito Zamalamulo (Raad voor Rechtsbijstand) limalipira gawo la ndalama za loya. Mumalipira ndalama zanu zomwe zimadalira ndalama zomwe mumapeza.
• Inshuwalansi ya ndalama zalamulo: Mukayamba kuchita milandu kapena kayendetsedwe ka milandu, mutha kusankha loya wanu motsatira Article 4:67 ya Financial Supervision Act (Wft). Ndondomeko yanu ikhoza kuchepetsa kubweza ndalama kwa loya wakunja, choncho yang'anani momwe zinthu zilili.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani musanayambe?

Mafunso anayi ndi omwe amasankha ngati mukufuna loya komanso mtengo wake.

• Ndi khoti liti lomwe limamvera mlandu wanu: khoti la chigawo chaching'ono (mpaka €25,000, kapena mlandu wa ntchito, wobwereka nyumba kapena wogula) kapena khoti la chigawo?
• Kodi ndi pempho lokhudza nkhani za m'banja lomwe liyenera kusainidwa ndi loya motsatira Article 278 Rv?
• Ndi nthawi yomaliza iti yomwe imagwira ntchito, monga masabata asanu ndi limodzi otsutsa?
• Kodi ndinu oyenerera kulandira thandizo la zamalamulo lothandizidwa ndi ndalama, kapena kodi inshuwalansi yanu ya ndalama za zamalamulo imaphimba mlanduwo?

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani pa milandu ya khothi?

Ntchito yathu yokhudza milandu yafotokozedwa patsamba lathu la loya wa milandu ; motsimikiza:

• Timakuuzani khoti liti lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro komanso ngati kuyimira kuli kofunikira.
• Timalemba ndikupereka chikalata chopempha kapena pempho ku khoti la chigawo.
• Tikukukonzekeretsani kuti mlandu uchitike kukhoti lachigawo ngati muchita nokha mlanduwo.
• Timalemba chitsutso mkati mwa nthawi yomaliza ya milungu isanu ndi umodzi.
• Timafufuza ngati kampani yanu ya inshuwalansi ya ndalama zalamulo idzakubwezerani ndalama zathu.

Chidule

• Pamaso pa khothi lachigawo (zopempha mpaka €25,000, ndi mikangano ya ntchito, lendi, makasitomala ndi mabungwe) mutha kudziteteza nokha.
• Pamaso pa khothi la chigawo, pa apilo komanso pa mlandu, loya nthawi zambiri amakhala wokakamizidwa; wotsutsidwayo mwachidule akhoza kuwonekera pamasom'pamaso.
• Pa milandu yokhudza kayendetsedwe ka boma, loya safunika, koma uphungu umathandiza pamene mayeso a zamalamulo kapena malamulo aku Europe ndi ofunikira.
• Chisudzulo ndi mapempho ena ambiri a m'banja ayenera kuperekedwa ndi loya; mkhalapakati sangawapereke.
• Inshuwalansi yothandizira zamalamulo ndi ndalama zamalamulo zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi ndalama zothandizira zamalamulo zingathandize kuchepetsa ndalamazo.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI