Kuchotsa chiganizo pa mlandu waupandu waku Dutch: malire ndi zoopsa

Simungangobweza mawu omwe mudapereka kwa apolisi ku Netherlands. Akalembedwa, amakhala gawo la fayilo ya mlanduwo ndipo amakhalabe pamenepo: kubweza pambuyo pake sikuchotsa, koma kumawonjezera mawu ena, ndipo khothi limasankha kuti ndi liti mwa awiriwa lomwe likuwona kuti ndi lodalirika. Chosiyana chachikulu ndi kudandaula za mlandu womwe ungazengedwe mlandu pokhapokha ngati wadandaula ( klachtdelict ): mutha kuchotsa kudandaula koteroko mkati mwa masiku asanu ndi atatu, zomwe kwenikweni zimathetsa mlandu.

Kodi kuchotsa chikalata kumatanthauza chiyani pa mlandu waupandu wa ku Netherlands?

Zimatanthauza kuti muuze akuluakulu aboma kuti mukufuna kusintha kapena kubweza zomwe mwanena. Chiganizo chanu choyamba chimakhalabe mufayilo; chiganizo chanu chatsopano chimawonjezedwa.

Kodi kuchotsa ndalama ndi chiyani kwenikweni, ndipo kumaphimba chiyani?

Kuchotsa ndalama ndi chiganizo chatsopano chomwe mumakonza kapena kubweza akaunti yanu yakale. Sichichotsa chiganizo choyamba.

Mfundo yofunika kwambiri ndi yakuti mawu anu oyamba asatayike. Amakhalabe mu fayilo ya mlandu ngati umboni, ndipo otsutsa akhoza kuwagwiritsabe ntchito mutachotsa. Izi zikugwira ntchito pa mawu aliwonse ovomerezeka omwe alembedwa ndi apolisi kapena ndi woweruza milandu ( rechter-commissaris ).

Chikalata chikalembedwa mu lipoti lovomerezeka ( proces-verbaal ), chimakhala umboni wodziyimira pawokha. Malinga ndi Nkhani 344 ya Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure ( Wetboek van Strafvordering , Sv), malipoti ovomerezeka otere angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati umboni. Woimira boma pamilandu amasankha kulemera kwa chikalata chilichonse pomanga mlanduwo, ndipo khoti limasankha pamapeto pake.

Kuchotsa madandaulo ( aangifte ) ndi nkhani yosiyana. Pa milandu yambiri, woimira boma akhoza kutsutsa mosasamala kanthu kuti wozunzidwayo akufuna izi, kotero kuchotsa lipoti lanu sikuthetsa mlanduwo. Pa milandu yomwe ingatsekedwe pa madandaulo, monga kunyoza kapena kuba pakati pa achibale ena apamtima, ndi pomwe mungachotse madandaulowo; motsatira Nkhani 67 ya Dutch Criminal Code, muyenera kutero mkati mwa masiku asanu ndi atatu mutapereka.

Kodi kusiyana pakati pa kusintha ndi kubweza kwathunthu ndi kotani?

Kusintha kumakonza tsatanetsatane ndikusunga akaunti yonse; kuchotsa kwathunthu kumachotsa akaunti yonse. Makhothi amaona kusinthako kukhala kosakayikira kwenikweni.

Kusintha kumatanthauza kuti mukonze tsatanetsatane wa mawu anu pamene mukusunga nkhani yonse mofanana. Mutha kufotokoza nthawi, kukonza kufotokozera kapena kuwonjezera zomwe mudayiwala.

Kubweza zonse kumatanthauza kuti mubweza mawu onse. Mukunena kuti zochitikazo sizinachitike monga momwe mwafotokozera, kapena sizinachitike konse.

Kukana kwathunthu nkhani yanu kumabweretsa kukayikira. Apolisi ndi otsutsa adzakufunsani chifukwa chake mwasinthiratu nkhani yanu, ndipo adzafufuza ngati munakakamizidwa, kuopsezedwa kapena kukhudzidwa ndi munthu wokhudzana ndi wokayikirayo.

Kodi chiganizo chanu choyamba chimagwira ntchito yotani pa fayilo ya mlandu?

Chiganizo chanu choyamba ndi umboni womwe aliyense amene ali pamlanduwu angachione ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Chifukwa chakuti chinaperekedwa pafupi ndi zochitikazo, makhoti nthawi zambiri amachipatsa ulemu waukulu.

Mawu operekedwa nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa zochitikazo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi tanthauzo chifukwa zokumbukira zimakhala zatsopano. Ndicho chifukwa chake mawu oyambirira nthawi zambiri amaonedwa kuti ndi odalirika kuposa mawu obwerezabwereza pambuyo pake, makamaka ngati mawuwo abwera miyezi ingapo kuchokera pamene kuyankhulana koyamba kunayamba. Ngakhale ngati otsutsa asankha kusapitiriza, mawu anu amakhalabe mufayilo ndipo angakhale ofunikira pazochitika zina.

Kodi mumachotsa kapena kusintha bwanji chiganizo?

Palibe njira yapadera yovomerezeka ndi lamulo. Mwachidule, loya wanu amadziwitsa apolisi kapena woimira boma polemba, ndipo pambuyo pake nthawi zambiri mumafunsidwa mafunso kachiwiri ndipo mawu atsopano amalembedwa.

Kodi njira zothandiza ndi ziti?

Lumikizanani ndi loya kaye. Loyayo akhoza kudziwitsa apolisi kapena Public Prosecution Service kuti mukufuna kusintha mawu anu ndikupempha kuyankhulana kwina.

Njira yachizolowezi ndi kalata yochokera kwa loya wanu kupita ku apolisi kapena Public Prosecution Service ( Openbaar Ministerie , OM), yosonyeza tsiku loyambirira la chiganizocho, ndipo ngati chikudziwika, nambala ya mlanduwo, yonena kuti mukufuna kusintha kapena kuchotsa, ndikupempha mwayi wopereka chiganizo chatsopano. Apolisi nthawi zambiri amakuitanani kuti mukachite kuyankhulana kwatsopano, kulemba akaunti yanu yatsopano ndikufunsa chifukwa chake imasiyana ndi yoyamba.

Ngati mlanduwu uli kale kukhothi, oimira mlandu ndi oteteza adzadziwitsidwa kudzera mu fayiloyo. Khothi lingafune kukumverani ngati mboni. Oteteza mlanduwo angapemphenso woweruza milandu kuti akumvereni (Article 182 Sv) kapena kupempha khothi kuti likuyitaneni kuti mukamve mlanduwo.

Pa kuyankhulana kwatsopano muyenera kufotokoza chifukwa chake mawu anu oyamba sanali olondola ndikuyankha mafunso okhudza akaunti yanu yatsopano. Mboni siili ndi ufulu wokhala ndi loya panthawi yoyankhulana ndi apolisi mofanana ndi wokayikira, koma mutha kukonzekera ndi loya wanu ndikufunsa ngati angabwere. Ngati pali chiopsezo chilichonse choti inuyo mudzachitiridwa ngati wokayikira, mwachitsanzo chifukwa cha lipoti labodza, muli ndi ufulu wa wokayikira, kuphatikizapo ufulu wokhala chete komanso kulandira thandizo la zamalamulo.

Kodi pali malire a nthawi, ndipo nthawi yoyenera ndi iti?

Palibe nthawi yokhazikika yosinthira mawu, kupatula kuchotsa madandaulo pa mlandu womwe ungazengedwe mlandu pa madandaulo. Koma mukachita izi mochedwa, kusinthako nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosadalirika.

Otsutsa milandu ndi khoti adzafunsa chifukwa chake mwadikira nthawi yayitali chonchi. Gawo la milandu limakhudzanso zotsatira zenizeni. Kukonza koyambirira kungapangitse kuti Public Prosecution Service ichotse mlanduwo chifukwa chosowa umboni. Kuchotsa mlandu mochedwa sikungalepheretse mlanduwo, makamaka ngati umboni wina ukugwirizana ndi mlanduwo.

Kodi chikalata chofotokozera za kuchotsedwa chiyenera kukhala ndi chiyani?

Iyenera kukhala yoona, yolunjika komanso yogwirizana, ndipo ifotokoze momwe cholakwikacho chinayambira. Mawu opanda pake akuti 'mubweze' zomwe mwanena sikokwanira.

Tchulani mbali zomwe zili mu chiganizo chanu choyambirira zinali zolakwika komanso chifukwa chake. Chiganizo cholembedwa chomwe chakonzedwa ndi loya wanu nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi izi:

• dzina lanu lonse ndi tsatanetsatane wa kulumikizana;
• nambala ya mlandu, ngati ikudziwika, ndi tsiku la chiganizo choyambirira;
• mawu omveka bwino a zomwe mukusintha kapena kuchotsa;
• nkhani yanu yokonzedwa ya zochitika;
• kufotokozera zenizeni za kusiyana kumeneku.

Saina ndi kulemba tsiku pa chikalatacho. Ngati woweruza milandu kapena khoti likumvetserani ngati mboni, nthawi zambiri mudzapemphedwa kulumbira kapena kutsimikizira. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti chikalata chanu chatsopano chikhale cholimba, komanso zikutanthauza kuti mawu abodza mwadala ndi abodza.

Kodi malire a malamulo a kubweza ngongole ndi ati?

Chikalata chanu choyambirira chimakhalabe mufayilo, khoti limasankha mtundu womwe limakhulupirira, ndipo woimira boma amasankha ngati angayimbe mlandu. Kukana kwanu sikumangirira chilichonse mwa izi.

Kodi khoti liyenera kuvomereza kukana kwanu?

Ayi. Khothi limasankha mwaufulu kuti ndi mawu ati omwe likuwona kuti ndi odalirika, kutengera nthawi, kusinthasintha ndi umboni wina. Ngati woteteza akutsutsana ndi zifukwa zoti mawuwo ndi osadalirika, khothi liyenera kufotokoza chifukwa chake likugwiritsabe ntchito (Nkhani 359(2) Sv).

Oweruza milandu amayesa kudalirika poyang'ana nthawi, kugwirizana, ndi umboni wochirikiza. Kukana mlandu komwe kwachitika miyezi ingapo pambuyo pa chiganizo choyamba, makamaka nthawi isanakwane kuti mlandu uyambe, kumabweretsa mafunso. Khothi limayerekeza mitundu yonse iwiri ndi umboni wina. Ngati mboni zina, zithunzi za kamera kapena umboni wa forensic zikugwirizana ndi chiganizo chanu choyambirira, khothi lingakane konse kukana kwanu.

Makhothi aku Netherlands nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi mboni zomwe zimasintha akaunti yawo. Kuphatikiza apo, malinga ndi Nkhani 342(2) Sv, khothi silingapeze kuti mlanduwu watsimikiziridwa ndi mawu a mboni imodzi yokha. Payenera kukhala umboni wochirikiza kuchokera kwina. Ichi ndichifukwa chake umboni wotsalawo umatsimikizira kwambiri momwe kubweza mlandu.

Kodi kubweza kwanu mlandu kungalepheretse mlandu?

Ayi. Woimira boma pa milandu amasankha ngati apitirize, kutengera umboni wonse. Kukana kwanu ndi chinthu chimodzi, osati chisankho.

Wosuma milandu ali ndi ufulu woweruza milandu : iyeyo ndiye amasankha ngati apitirize, mosasamala kanthu za kukana kwanu. Kuchoka kwanu sikumangirira mlandu.

Woimira boma pa milandu (sepot) amasankha kuti asatsutse mlandu ( sepot ) potengera nkhani yonse. Oimira boma pa milandu amasiya milandu ngati umboni suli wokwanira, koma osati chifukwa choti mboni yasintha maganizo ake. Ngati umboni wokwanira ulipo kuti munthu apezeke ndi mlandu, woimira boma amapitiriza.

Kodi zoopsa zochotsa chikalata chovomerezeka ndi ziti?

Mungakumane ndi mlandu ngati chimodzi mwa zomwe mwanena chinali chabodza dala, chikhulupiriro chanu chikuchepa, ndipo nthawi zambiri mlanduwo umapitirirabe. Zoopsa zake zimakhala zazikulu ngati munalumbira kapena munapereka lipoti labodza.

Kodi mungaimbidwe mlandu chifukwa chonena zabodza kapena kunena zabodza?

Pazochitika zinazake zokha: kunama kumafuna mawu olembedwa pansi pa lumbiro, ndipo lipoti labodza limafuna kuti mwanena mwadala za mlandu womwe sunachitike. Chidziwitso cha mboni wamba kwa apolisi sichiperekedwa pansi pa lumbiro.

• Lumbiro labodza (ineed, Nkhani 207 Sr): Izi zikugwira ntchito pa mawu abodza mwadala pansi pa lumbiro, mwachitsanzo pamaso pa woweruza milandu kapena khothi. Chilango chachikulu ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kundende, kapena zaka zisanu ndi zinayi ngati mawu abodza aperekedwa pamlandu waupandu womwe umavulaza wokayikirayo. Apolisi salumbira mboni, kotero mawu ku polisi si abodza.
• Lipoti labodza (vase aangifte, Nkhani 188 Sr): Aliyense amene akunena za mlandu wodziwa kuti sunachitike akhoza kupatsidwa chilango cha kundende kwa chaka chimodzi.
• Mlandu wabodza (lasterlijke aanklacht, Nkhani 268 Sr): Kupereka dala madandaulo abodza kapena lipoti lokhudza munthu winawake, kuti mbiri yake iwonongeke, ndi mlandu wosiyana komanso waukulu kwambiri.

Otsutsa milandu adzayerekeza mawu anu oyamba ndi kuchotsedwa kwanu. Ngati akukhulupirira kuti munanama mwadala m'njira iliyonse, ndipo chimodzi mwa zolakwazi chikugwiranso ntchito, akhoza kukutsutsani padera. Zimenezo zingakupatseni mbiri yaupandu pamene mlandu woyamba ukupitirira.

Chifukwa chanu chochotsera nkhani ndi nkhani. Ngati mukunena kuti munakakamizidwa kuti mupereke chiganizo choyamba, apolisi angafufuze zimenezo. Ngati sakupeza umboni wa kukakamizidwa, angaganize kuti tsopano mukusintha chiganizo chanu kuti muteteze wina.

Kodi kubweza ngongole kumakhudza bwanji kudalirika kwanu?

Khoti likabweza chigamulo, limayang'ana kwambiri zomwe mwanena. Likhoza kugwiritsabe ntchito zomwe mwanena poyamba ngati umboni.

Ngati mlanduwu upita kukhothi, mungaitanidwe ngati mboni ndikufunsidwa mafunso okhudza mawu onse awiri. Khothi, oimira boma ndi oteteza adzakufunsani za kusagwirizana, komwe kungakhale kosasangalatsa ndipo, ngati mwalumbira, kungakhale koopsa mwalamulo.

Kodi zotsatira za mlanduwu ndi zotani?

Kukana mlandu sikumaletsa mlandu wokha. Ngati khoti litsimikiza kuti mboniyo inachita mantha, zimenezo zingaoneke ngati zotsutsana ndi woganiziridwayo.

Ngati wokayikirayo wapezeka wolakwa ngakhale kuti mwasiya mlandu ndipo khoti likupeza kuti iyeyo anakukakamizani, zimenezo zingapangitse kuti mulandire chilango chokulirapo , ndipo kusonkhezera mboni ndi mlandu wina malinga ndi Article 285a Sr, womwe chilango chake ndi kumangidwa kwa zaka zinayi. Kwa inu nokha, zotsatira za milandu zingapitirire kupitirira mlanduwo.

Ngati mukuimbidwa mlandu chifukwa cholumbira zabodza kapena lipoti labodza, mudzakhala ndi mlandu wanu woti muthane nawo. Kupezeka ndi mlandu kungawonekere pa mbiri yanu yaupandu, zomwe zingakhudze, mwachitsanzo, kupeza satifiketi yochitira zinthu ( verklaring omtrent het gedrag , VOG) pantchito.

Monga mboni, simukuyenera kupereka lipoti ku polisi. Udindo ndi wosiyana pamaso pa woweruza milandu ndi khothi: pamenepo muyenera kuonekera ndikuyankha mafunso. Achibale apamtima a woganiziridwayo, monga mwamuna kapena mkazi, mnzanu wolembetsedwa ndi achibale ena, angakane kupereka umboni (Nkhani 217 Sv). Mboni yomwe ikukana kupereka umboni popanda chifukwa chomveka ikhoza kumangidwa kwa nthawi yochepa kuti ipereke umboni ( gijzeling ).

N’chifukwa chiyani anthu amabwereza mawu?

Zifukwa zazikulu ndi kukakamizidwa kapena kuopsezedwa, zolakwa zenizeni ndi chisoni cha zotsatirapo za munthu amene amamudziwa. Ziwiri zoyambirira zokha, kwenikweni, ndizo maziko abwino osinthira mawu.

Bwanji ngati mupereka mawu anu mokakamizidwa kapena moopsezedwa?

Nenani kupolisi mwamsanga momwe mungathere za kukakamizidwa. Kukakamiza ndi kukopa mboni ndi zolakwa zokha, ndipo kupereka malipoti msanga kumapangitsa nkhani yanu kukhala yodalirika.

Ngati mwapereka chikalata mokakamizidwa, kapena mukukakamizidwa kuti musinthe, nenani izi ku apolisi. Kukakamizako ndi mlandu wina womwe akuluakulu akuyenera kufufuza.

Loya wanu angakuthandizeni kulemba ziwopsezozo ndikufotokozera chifukwa chake mawu anu sanaperekedwe mwaulere. Nthawi ndi yofunika: ngati mupereka lipoti la kukakamizidwa mwamsanga pambuyo poti zachitika, zimenezo zikuwoneka zodalirika kuposa kuzitchula patatha miyezi ingapo. Khoti lidzafufuza ngati munali ndi zifukwa zenizeni zoopera chitetezo chanu.

Bwanji ngati mwalakwitsa moona mtima?

Konzani mwamsanga mukangozindikira, ndipo fotokozani momveka bwino chomwe chalakwika. Zolakwika zenizeni ndizofala ndipo nthawi zambiri zimalandiridwa ngati mukazifotokoza bwino.

Ngati mwalakwitsa mfundo inayake yomwe mungathe kukonza ndi mfundo zinazake, chimenecho ndi chifukwa chomveka chosinthira mawu anu. Fotokozani momveka bwino chomwe chinali cholakwika ndi chifukwa chake tsopano mukukumbukira mosiyana.

Kudalirika kwanu kumadalira kufotokozera komveka bwino. Kunena kuti 'sindikukumbukira' kapena kupereka zifukwa zosamveka bwino sikungakhutiritse otsutsa kapena khoti. Fotokozani zomwe zinakusokonezani poyamba komanso zomwe zinakuthandizani kukumbukira mtundu woyenera, mwachitsanzo chikalata, uthenga kapena chithunzi.

Bwanji ngati mwasintha maganizo anu pazifukwa zanu?

Kudandaula ndi zotsatira za munthu amene mumamudziwa si chifukwa chosinthira mawu oona. Mlanduwu ukhoza kupitirira popanda inu kugwirizana.

Kukhulupirika kwa munthu si chifukwa chomveka chosinthira mawu oona. Otsutsa milandu ndi makhothi amamvetsetsa mavuto amenewa, koma sangavomereze kuti mukufuna kuthandiza wina kupewa chilango.

Ngati muchotsa chikalata chifukwa choti mukumva chisoni ndi zotsatira zake, zimenezo zidzawononga kwambiri mbiri yanu. Otsutsa mwina anganene kuti nkhani yanu yoyamba inali yoona ndipo tsopano mukuteteza winawake. Chikalata chanu choyambirira chimakhalabe mufayilo mosasamala kanthu za momwe mukumvera.

Nthawi zina ozunzidwa amafuna kuchoka chifukwa akufuna kusuntha kapena kugwirizana ndi woganiziridwayo. Maganizo anu ndi ofunika, ndipo mutha kuuza wotsutsa boma kuti simukufuna kuti mlanduwo upitirire. Wotsutsa boma adzaganizira malingaliro anu, koma adzasankha payekha, chifukwa milandu imateteza zofuna za anthu onse osati za wozunzidwayo yekha. Nthawi zina, monga nkhanza zapakhomo, milandu nthawi zambiri imapitirira ngakhale wozunzidwayo atachoka.

Ndi ufulu ndi njira ziti zodzitetezera zomwe muli nazo?

Wokayikiridwa ali ndi ufulu wokhala chete komanso kulandira thandizo la zamalamulo. Mboni zomwe zikuopsezedwa zitha kupempha chitetezo, kuphatikizapo kusadziwika pamilandu yayikulu.

Ndi liti pamene muli ndi ufulu kukhala chete?

Wokayikiridwa sakakamizidwa kuyankha mafunso (Nkhani 29 Sv). Mboni siyenera kupereka lipoti ku polisi, koma kwenikweni iyenera kupereka umboni pamaso pa woweruza milandu ndi khothi.

Ngati mukufunsidwa mafunso ngati wokayikira panthawi yofunsidwa mafunso ndi apolisi , muli ndi ufulu wokhala chete. Malinga ndi Nkhani 29 ya Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure, simukukakamizidwa kuyankha, ndipo muyenera kuuzidwa zimenezo musanayambe kuyankhulana. Izi zikugwira ntchito ku polisi, pamaso pa woweruza milandu komanso kukhothi.

Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu umenewu nthawi iliyonse, ngakhale mutapereka chiganizo kale. Kutonthola kwanu si umboni wa mlandu. Komabe, ngati umboni wotsutsana nanu ukufuna kufotokozera ndipo simukupereka kalikonse, khothi lingaganizire zimenezo poyesa umboniwo.

Kodi mumatetezedwa bwanji ku ziwopsezo?

Nenani za ziwopsezo kwa apolisi. Kutengera ndi kuopsa kwake, mutha kutetezedwa ndi chiletso chokhudzana ndi anthu, mwa kuteteza zambiri zanu kapena, pamilandu yayikulu, mwa kuchitira umboni ngati mboni yoopsezedwa.

Njira zomwe zingatheke ndi izi:

• umboni ngati mboni yoopsezedwa (bedreigde getuige, Nkhani 226a Sv), yomwe umunthu wake umabisika, m'milandu yayikulu pomwe mboniyo ili ndi chifukwa choopera moyo wake, thanzi lake kapena chitetezo chake;
• kubisa adilesi yanu ndi zina zanu mufayilo;
• Kuletsa munthu kukhudzana ndi malo kapena dera lake, monga mfundo yoti amasulidwe kundende asanayambe kuzengedwa mlandu, monga lamulo la khalidwe la wozenga mlandu kapena mu chigamulo;
• pazochitika zapadera, pulogalamu yoteteza mboni.

Nenani za ziwopsezo zilizonse kapena zoopsa kwa apolisi nthawi yomweyo. Woyimira milandu akhoza kupempha khothi kuti likutetezeni ngati pali ngozi yeniyeni.

Njira zodzitetezera sizikutanthauza kuti mungathe kuchotsa chikalata popanda zotsatirapo zake. Koma umboni wa kuopseza ukhoza kufotokoza chifukwa chake munafuna kuchotsa chikalata chanu, ndipo ukhoza kusintha momwe khoti limaonera kudalirika kwanu.

Kodi kubweza mlandu kumatanthauza chiyani pa kafukufuku ndi mlandu?

Otsutsa milandu ayenera kuwunikanso ngati umboni wotsalawo ndi wokwanira, ndipo khoti liyenera kusankha mawu omwe limakhulupirira. Kukana nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuti mlanduwo ukhale wautali.

Kodi izi zimakhudza bwanji udindo wopereka umboni ndi njira yopezera umboni?

Wosuma mlandu wa boma ayenera kutsimikizira mlanduwo. Ngati mawu anu anali ofunikira, wosuma mlanduyo angafunike kusiya mlanduwo; ngati pali umboni wina, nthawi zambiri mlanduwo umapitirira.

Udindo wopereka umboni pa mlandu waupandu ku Netherlands uli m'manja mwa woimira boma pa milandu. Malinga ndi Article 338 Sv, khothi likhoza kupeza kuti mlanduwo watsimikizika pokhapokha ngati latsimikiza, potengera umboni wovomerezeka, kuti wokayikirayo wachita mlanduwo.

Mukachotsa mawu anu, wozenga mlandu ayenera kuwonanso ngati umboni wotsalawo ukukwaniritsa muyezo umenewo. Ngati mawu anu oyamba anali ofunika kwambiri, kubweza kwanu mlandu kungafooketse mlanduwo kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa chakuti umboni umodzi wokha sukwanira kuti munthu apezeke ndi mlandu.

Wotsutsa milandu angaganize kuti palibe umboni wokwanira ndipo angasankhe kusatsutsa ( seponeren ).

Ngati pali umboni wina, monga umboni wa zamalamulo, zithunzi za kamera kapena mawu ena a mboni, wozenga mlandu nthawi zambiri amapitiriza. Iye akhoza kupereka mawu anu oyamba ndi osinthidwa kukhothi.

Kodi izi zimakhudza bwanji mlanduwu komanso apilo iliyonse?

Pa mlandu, khotilo limafufuza mitundu yonse iwiri. Pa apilo, khotilo limafufuzanso umboni wonse; pokambirana, Khoti Lalikulu limangoyang'ana ngati lamulolo linagwiritsidwa ntchito molondola ndipo chigamulocho chili ndi zifukwa zomveka.

Pa nthawi ya mlandu, mawu anu ochotsedwa amakhala nkhani yaikulu. Khothi lidzafufuza mosamala mitundu yonse iwiri ndikusankha yomwe ili ndi mphamvu zambiri, kutengera nthawi, kusinthasintha, ndi umboni wochirikiza. Oteteza adzagwiritsa ntchito kukana kwanu kutsutsa mlanduwo ndi kunena kuti umboniwo ndi wosadalirika.

Ngati pali chigamulo ndi apilo, kukana kwanu kumakhala kofunikiranso. Khoti la apilo limayesanso mfundo ndi umboni. Pokambirana, Khoti Lalikulu silimayesanso mfundozo, koma limafufuza ngati khoti laling'ono linagwiritsa ntchito lamulo molondola ndipo linapereka zifukwa zokwanira zogwiritsira ntchito chiganizo chimodzi m'malo mwa china.

Kusintha mawu anu sikutsimikizira kuti apilo yanu ipambana, koma kumapereka mfundo kwa oteteza kuti umboniwo sunali wokwanira kapena wosadalirika. Kudalirika kwa mboni kumafufuzidwa pagawo lililonse.

Kodi muyenera kutsimikizira chiyani ngati mboni kapena wozunzidwa?

• Tsimikizani ngati lipoti lanu likukhudza mlandu womwe ungazengedwe mlandu pokhapokha ngati pali madandaulo; ngati ndi choncho, nthawi ya masiku asanu ndi atatu ya Article 67 Sr ikugwira ntchito.
• Onani ngati mawu anu oyambirira adaperekedwa pansi pa lumbiro pamaso pa woweruza milandu kapena khothi (Nkhani 207 Sr).
• Lembani mwachindunji magawo omwe anali olakwika ndi chomwe chinakupangitsani kukumbukira mosiyana, monga chikalata kapena uthenga.
• Nenani za kukakamizidwa kapena kuopsezedwa kulikonse kwa apolisi nthawi yomweyo (Nkhani 284 ndi 285a Sr).
• Loya wanu atumize kukonzako mwa kulemba ku polisi kapena ku Public Prosecution Service.

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati wokayikira?

• Pemphani fayilo ya mlanduwo ndipo onani ngati mawu ochotsedwawo akuthandizidwa ndi umboni wochokera ku gwero lina (Nkhani 342(2) Sv).
• Pemphani woweruza milandu kuti amve mboni yokhudza mawu onse awiri (Nkhani 182 Sv).
• Pewani kulankhulana ndi mboni pankhani ya zomwe zanenedwazo, chifukwa kukopa mboni ndi mlandu malinga ndi Nkhani 285a Sr.
• Onetsetsani kuti khoti layankha mfundo zomveka bwino zoti mawuwo ndi osadalirika (Nkhani 359(2) Sv).

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi chikalata chochotsedwa?

Maloya athu a milandu amathandiza mboni, ozunzidwa ndi omwe akuganiziridwa kuti ndi olakwa.

• Timayesa chiopsezo chanu chotsutsidwa chifukwa cha lipoti labodza kapena lumbiro lonama musanasinthe chilichonse.
• Timalemba kalata yokonza ndikutumiza ku polisi kapena ku Public Prosecution Service.
• Tikukukonzekeretsani kuyankhulana kwatsopano kapena kufunsidwa mafunso ndi woweruza milandu.
• Timanena za kuopsezedwa ndipo timapempha njira zodzitetezera, monga kuteteza tsatanetsatane wanu.
• Kwa wokayikira, tikupempha kuti mboni imve nkhaniyo ndipo tikambirane kudalirika kwa zomwe zanenedwa pa mlandu.

Chidule

• Chikalata chopita ku polisi sichingachotsedwe; choletsa chimawonjezedwa ku fayiloyo, ndipo khoti limasankha mtundu womwe limakhulupirira.
• Madandaulo okhawo okhudza mlandu womwe ungazengedwe pa madandaulo ndi omwe angachotsedwe, mkati mwa masiku asanu ndi atatu (Nkhani 67 ya Dutch Criminal Code).
• Kulumbira zabodza (Article 207 Sr) kumafuna mawu olembedwa pansi pa lumbiro; lipoti labodza mwadala la mlandu limalangidwa pansi pa Article 188 Sr.
• Chigamulo sichingadalire pa umboni umodzi wokha (Article 342(2) Sv), kotero umboni winawo umatsimikiza kwambiri momwe kukana mlanduwo kungakhudzire.
• Ngati mwakakamizidwa, nenani; kukopa mboni ndi mlandu motsatira Nkhani 285a Sr. Konzani chilichonse kudzera mwa loya, ndi kufotokozera momveka bwino.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI