Ufulu wa ogwira ntchito ochokera kunja ku Netherlands: ntchito, kuchotsedwa ntchito ndi zilolezo

Monga wogwira ntchito kunja kwa dziko ku Netherlands, muli ndi ufulu wofanana ndi wa wogwira ntchito ku Netherlands: Malamulo okhudza ntchito ku Netherlands sasiyanitsa dziko. Kusiyana kwakukulu kumachitika ngati chilolezo chanu chokhala ku Netherlands chimadalira ntchito yanu, chifukwa kutaya ntchitoyo kumakhudzanso ufulu wanu wokhala.

Mwachidule, mumatetezedwa kuti musachotsedwe ntchito popanda chifukwa chomveka, mumalandira ndalama zosachepera 70 peresenti ya malipiro anu mukadwala, ndipo muli ndi ufulu wolandira tchuthi cholipidwa komanso ndalama zolipirira tchuthi. Pansipa tikufotokoza malamulo akuluakulu, komwe anthu ochokera kunja amakumana ndi mavuto komanso zomwe mungachite ngati china chake chalakwika.

Kodi lamulo la ntchito ku Netherlands likugwira ntchito kwa inu?

Ngati nthawi zambiri mumagwira ntchito ku Netherlands, lamulo la ntchito ku Netherlands nthawi zambiri limagwira ntchito, ngakhale pangano lanu litasainidwa kunja kapena litatchula lamulo la dziko lina. Malinga ndi Nkhani 8 ya Rome I Regulation, kusankha lamulo lakunja sikungachotse chitetezo cha malamulo ofunikira aku Netherlands.

Malamulo akuluakulu ali mu Mutu 10 wa Buku 7 la Dutch Civil Code (BW), pa wetten.overheid.nl . Ambiri ndi ofunikira, kotero pangano lokhala ndi mawu osalimbikitsa silikukukakamizani. Musanayambe ntchito muyenera kulembetsa ku boma (gemeente) kuti mulandire nambala yautumiki wa nzika (BSN), yomwe abwana anu amafunikira kuti mulandire malipiro.

Kodi mfundo yabwino yoti olemba ntchito agwire ntchito imatanthauza chiyani kwa inu?

Bwana wanu ayenera kukhala ngati bwana wabwino (goed werkgever) motsatira Article 7:611 BW, pakulemba anthu ntchito, kasamalidwe ka tsiku ndi tsiku komanso nthawi yomwe ntchitoyo yatha. Zimenezo sizilola bwana wanu kusintha malipiro anu kapena maola anu nthawi iliyonse yomwe mukufuna.

Kusintha kwa munthu mmodzi kumafuna gawo lolembedwa losintha ndi chidwi chachikulu cha olemba ntchito chomwe chimaposa chanu (Nkhani 7:613 BW). Popanda gawo lotere, kusintha kumafuna chilolezo chanu, kapena pempho lomveka bwino kotero kuti kukana kungakhale kosamveka.

Kodi mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito pamodzi ukugwira ntchito kwa inu?

Pangano la ogwira ntchito limodzi (cao) limagwira ntchito ngati abwana anu ndi membala wa bungwe la olemba ntchito lomwe lasaina, kapena ngati Nduna ya Zachikhalidwe ndi Ntchito yalengeza kuti ndi lofunika kwambiri pa gawoli. Ma Cao ambiri amapereka tchuthi chochulukirapo, kuwonjezera malipiro a odwala mpaka 100 peresenti chaka choyamba kapena kuphatikiza dongosolo la penshoni; pangano lanu liyenera kunena kuti ndi Cao iti yomwe ikugwira ntchito.

Kodi mgwirizano wanu wa ntchito uyenera kukhala ndi chiyani?

Abwana anu ayenera kukupatsani mawu ofunikira polemba, zinthu zofunika kwambiri mkati mwa sabata imodzi kuchokera tsiku lanu loyamba la ntchito (Nkhani 7:655 BW). Izi zikuphatikizapo malipiro anu ndi tsiku lanu lolipira, maola ogwirira ntchito, kufotokozera ntchito, nthawi yodziwitsa, ufulu wa tchuthi komanso ngati pali pulogalamu ya cao ndi penshoni; ngati zikusowa, khoti lachigawo (kantonrechter) likhoza kulamula abwana anu kuti awapatse.

Kodi mapangano a nthawi yokhazikika angapitirire kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Abwana anu angapereke mapangano osapitirira katatu motsatizana mkati mwa zaka zitatu. Kontrakiti yachinayi, kapena unyolo wautali kuposa miyezi 36, umakhala pangano lokhazikika (Nkhani 7:668a BW); kusiyana kwa miyezi yoposa isanu ndi umodzi kumaswa unyolo, ndipo cao ikhoza kusiyana pa ntchito zina.

Senate idavomereza lamulo lokhudza chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito osinthasintha (Wet meer zekerheid flexwerkers) pa 7 Julayi 2026. Kuyambira 1 Januwale 2028, kusiyana komwe kumafunika kuti munthu adule unyolo kumakhala zaka zitatu ndipo mapangano a maola osakwana ziro amalowedwa m'malo ndi mapangano okhala ndi maola ochepa komanso apamwamba; nthawi yofanana ya ogwira ntchito m'mabungwe imagwira ntchito kuyambira 31 Disembala 2026.

Malinga ndi malamulo omwe alipo pano, bwana amene akukuitanani pa mgwirizano wa maola osapitirira zero kapena osachepera ayenera kupereka chidziwitso cha masiku osachepera anayi (Article 7:628a BW). Pambuyo pa miyezi khumi ndi iwiri, bwanayo ayenera kupereka pangano ndi maola okhazikika kutengera maola apakati omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kodi nthawi yoyesera ingakhale yayitali bwanji?

Nthawi yoyeserera (proeftijd) iyenera kuvomerezedwa mwa kulemba ndipo siloledwa pa mgwirizano wa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena kuchepera (Article 7:652 BW). Nthawi yokwanira ndi mwezi umodzi pa mgwirizano wokhazikika wa nthawi yochepera zaka ziwiri ndi miyezi iwiri pa mgwirizano wautali kapena wokhazikika; nthawi yayitali yoyeserera ndi yopanda ntchito yonse.

Kodi ndi liti pamene gawo losapikisana limakhala lovomerezeka?

Chigamulo chosapikisana (concurrentiebeding) chiyenera kuvomerezedwa polemba (Nkhani 7:653 BW). Mu mgwirizano wa nthawi yokhazikika chimagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati olemba ntchito akufotokoza mwa kulemba zomwe bizinesi yayikulu ikufuna, ndipo khothi likhoza kuchotsa kapena kuchepetsa chigamulo chilichonse chomwe chimakuletsani mopanda chilungamo.

Kodi malipiro anu ndi otani?

Muli ndi ufulu wopeza malipiro ochepa okhazikika pa ola limodzi, omwe amasinthidwa pa 1 Januwale ndi 1 Julayi (ndalama zomwe zilipo pa government.nl ), kuphatikiza ndalama zolipirira tchuthi (vakantiebijslag) zosachepera 8 peresenti ya malipiro anu onse. Palibe ufulu wovomerezeka wolipira nthawi yowonjezera; lamulo la Working Hours Act (Arbeidstijdenwet) limaletsa ntchito kukhala maola 12 pa shift iliyonse ndi maola 60 pa sabata imodzi.

Monga mlendo waluso kwambiri (kennismigrant), malipiro anu ayeneranso kukwaniritsa zofunikira za ndalama za IND, zomwe zimasinthidwa chaka chilichonse. Ngati malipiro anu atsika pansi pake, mwachitsanzo chifukwa chakuti maola anu achepetsedwa, chilolezo chanu chokhala kudziko lina chingakhale pachiwopsezo.

Chigamulo cha 30% chimalola abwana anu kulipira gawo la malipiro anu osakhoma msonkho. Chimayang'aniridwa ndi Belastingdienst, mikhalidwe yake imadalira nthawi yomwe chigamulocho chinayamba, ndipo pa udindo wanu wa msonkho muyenera kufunsa mlangizi wa misonkho.

Kodi mumapeza ndalama zingati pa tchuthi ndi tchuthi?

Muli ndi ufulu wopeza maola ogwira ntchito osachepera kanayi pa sabata pa tchuthi cholipidwa pachaka, masiku 20 pa sabata la masiku asanu (Nkhani 7:634 BW). Masiku ovomerezeka amatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera chaka chomwe mudawamanga, pokhapokha ngati simunathe kuwatenga moyenera (Nkhani 7:640a BW); masiku owonjezera amatha patatha zaka zisanu.

Malinga ndi lamulo la Work and Care Act (Wazo), antchito oyembekezera amalandira tchuthi cha mimba ndi cha amayi osakwana masabata 16, chomwe chimalipidwa ndi UWV pa 100 peresenti mpaka malipiro apamwamba a tsiku ndi tsiku. Mnzawoyo amalandira tchuthi cha kubadwa cha sabata imodzi ndi malipiro athunthu, kenako mpaka masabata asanu a tchuthi chowonjezera cha kubadwa pa 70 peresenti kuchokera ku UWV.

Kholo lililonse lili ndi ufulu wopeza tchuthi cha makolo (ouderschapsverlof) cha maola 26 pa sabata mpaka mwanayo atakwanitsa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu. Masabata asanu ndi anayi mwa masabata amenewo amalipidwa ndi UWV pa 70 peresenti ya malipiro a tsiku ndi tsiku ngati atengedwa m'chaka choyamba cha mwana.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ndi malipiro anu mukadwala?

Abwana anu ayenera kupitiriza kulipira osachepera 70 peresenti ya malipiro anu kwa milungu 104, komanso malipiro ochepa m'masabata 52 oyambirira (Nkhani 7:629 BW). Ma cao ambiri amalipira 100 peresenti m'chaka choyamba.

Mumagwira ntchito ndi dokotala wa kampani (bedrijfsarts) ndi abwana anu pa dongosolo loti mubwerere kuntchito; kukana zoyesayesa zoyenera zobwereranso kuntchito popanda chifukwa chomveka kungayambitse kuyimitsidwa kwa malipiro anu. Pazaka ziwiri zoyambirira za matenda abwana anu sangachotsedwe ntchito chifukwa cha matenda amenewo (Nkhani 7:670 BW).

Kodi mumatetezedwa ku tsankho?

Inde. Lamulo la General Equal Treatment Act (Algemene wet gelijke behandeling) limaletsa kusiyanitsa anthu pazifukwa monga dziko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana ndi kugonana, ndipo zochita zosiyana zimakhudza zaka, chilema, matenda osatha, maola ogwira ntchito ndi mtundu wa mgwirizano. Bungwe la Netherlands Institute for Human Rights (College voor de Rechten van de Mens) lingapereke maganizo pa dandaulo.

Abwana anu ayeneranso kukhala ndi mfundo zokhudzana ndi khalidwe losayenera motsatira lamulo la Working Conditions Act (Arbowet). Lamulo la Whistleblower Protection Act (Wet bescherming klokkenluiders) limakutetezani ku kubwezera ngati mukunena zolakwa.

Kodi bwana wanu angakuchotseni ntchito?

Ayi. Bwana wanu akufunika zifukwa zomveka zomwe zalembedwa mu Article 7:669 BW ndipo, monga lamulo, chilolezo choyambirira kuchokera ku UWV (kuchotsedwa ntchito pazachuma, kulephera kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali) kapena chigamulo cha khothi laling'ono (monga kusagwira ntchito bwino, khalidwe loipa kapena kusokonezeka kwa ubale wantchito).

Bwana ayenera kutsimikizira mfundo zake ndikuwonetsa kuti kusinthidwa ntchito ku ntchito ina yoyenera sikungatheke. Ngati ntchito yake siikuyenda bwino, bwana ayenera kuti anakuuzani nthawi yomweyo zomwe zinali zolakwika ndipo anakupatsani mwayi weniweni woti musinthe; makhothi nthawi zonse amakana zopempha chifukwa fayiloyo ndi yochepa kwambiri.

Kuchotsa mlandu mwachidule (ontslag op staande voet) kumafuna chifukwa chadzidzidzi, monga kuba kapena chinyengo, chomwe chimaperekedwa nthawi yomweyo (Nkhani 7:677 ndi 7:678 BW). Mutha kutsutsa mlanduwo kukhothi mkati mwa miyezi iwiri (Nkhani 7:686a BW).

Kodi ndi nthawi yanji yodziwitsira ndi nthawi yochotsa ntchito yomwe ikugwira ntchito?

Abwana anu ayenera kusunga nthawi yodziwitsa ya mwezi umodzi mpaka inayi kutengera nthawi yomwe mwagwira ntchito (Article 7:672 BW); nthawi zambiri mumapereka mwezi umodzi. Mu njira ya UWV, nthawi yochitira izi ikhoza kuchotsedwa pa nthawi yodziwitsa, bola ngati patsala mwezi umodzi.

Ngati bwana wanu athetsa ntchito kapena sakukonzanso pangano la nthawi yokhazikika, muli ndi ufulu wolandira malipiro osinthira (transitievergoeding) a gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a malipiro a pamwezi pachaka chautumiki (Article 7:673 BW). Mu 2026, malipiro apamwamba ndi €102,000, kapena malipiro amodzi pachaka ngati amenewo ndi okwera. Ngati bwana wanu adachitapo kanthu mwanjira yoopsa, khothi likhoza kupereka chipukuta misozi chowonjezera (billijke vergoeding).

Kodi muyenera kusaina pangano lothetsa mavuto?

Maubwenzi ambiri pantchito amatha ndi mgwirizano wothetsa mavuto (vaststellingsovereeenkomst). Mukasaina muli ndi masiku 14 oti muchotse popanda kupereka zifukwa; ngati mgwirizanowo sunatchule ufulu umenewu, nthawi yake ndi milungu itatu (Article 7:670b BW).

Kuti muteteze phindu lanu losowa ntchito, mgwirizanowu uyenera kunena kuti cholingacho chinachokera kwa olemba ntchito, kuti simuli ndi mlandu ndipo nthawi yodziwitsa ikutsatiridwa. Ngati chilolezo chanu chikugwirizana ndi ntchito yanu, onaninso tsiku lomaliza poyerekeza ndi nthawi yanu yofufuzira.

Kodi muli ndi ufulu wolandira ndalama zothandizira anthu omwe alibe ntchito?

Mutha kulandira thandizo la ulova (WW) kuchokera ku UWV ngati munagwira ntchito osachepera masabata 26 mwa 36 musanayambe ntchito. Phindu lake ndi 75 peresenti ya malipiro anu a tsiku ndi tsiku m'miyezi iwiri yoyambirira ndipo 70 peresenti pambuyo pake, mpaka kufika pamlingo wapamwamba, kwa miyezi itatu mpaka 24 kutengera mbiri yanu ya ntchito; kusiya ntchito popanda chifukwa chodzidzimutsa nthawi zambiri sikutanthauza phindu lililonse.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ndi chilolezo chanu chokhala ngati munthu ngati ntchito yanu yatha?

Monga mlendo waluso kwambiri, nthawi zambiri mumakhala ndi nthawi yofufuza (zoekperiode) ya miyezi itatu kuti mupeze ntchito yatsopano ndi wothandizira wodziwika bwino. Bwana wanu, monga wothandizira wodziwika bwino (erkend referent), ayenera kudziwitsa IND za kutha kwa ntchito yanu mkati mwa milungu inayi.

Anthu a ku EU, EEA ndi Switzerland safunikira chilolezo chokhala kapena kugwira ntchito, koma ayenera kulembetsa ku boma ngati akhala nthawi yoposa miyezi inayi. Anthu omwe si a ku EU nthawi zambiri amafunikira chilolezo chololeza kugwira ntchito, ndipo nthawi zambiri chilolezo chogwira ntchito (tewerkstellingsvergunning) kuchokera ku UWV pokhapokha ngati pali njira ina yosiyana ndi yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito monga dongosolo la anthu osamukira omwe ali ndi luso lapamwamba. Mnzawo wa munthu wosamukira amene ali ndi luso lapamwamba nthawi zambiri angagwire ntchito popanda chilolezo chosiyana chogwira ntchito; onani nkhani yathu yokhudza mnzanu wa munthu wosamukira amene ali ndi luso lapamwamba.

Kodi muyenera kuyang'ana chiyani ngati wantchito wochokera kunja?

Mikangano yambiri ingapewedwe mwa kufufuza mfundo izi msanga komanso polemba.

• Kodi pangano lanu limatchula malipiro anu, maola anu, nthawi yodziwitsira ndi cao yoyenera?
• Kodi malipiro anu akukwaniritsa malire a IND a chilolezo chanu, ngakhale mutasintha maola anu?
• Kodi nthawi yoyeserera kapena gawo losapikisana ndi lovomerezeka malinga ndi Nkhani 7:652 ndi 7:653 BW?
• Kodi mwawerengera ndalama zomwe mwalipira pa kusintha kwa ndalama zanu ndikuwona nthawi yochotsera ndalama ya masiku 14?
• Kodi mukudziwa tsiku lomaliza ntchito yanu komanso nthawi yanu yofufuza ya miyezi itatu?

Kodi muyenera kufufuza chiyani ngati wolemba ntchito anthu ochokera kunja?

Wolemba ntchito wa ogwira ntchito ochokera kumayiko ena ali ndi udindo wolemba ntchito komanso wothandizira.

• Kodi mumapereka mawu olembedwa mkati mwa sabata imodzi kuchokera tsiku loyamba la ntchito (Article 7:655 BW)?
• Kodi malipiro ake amakhalabe pamwamba pa malire a IND panthawi yonse yogwira ntchito?
• Kodi mumauza IND za kutha kwa ntchito mkati mwa milungu inayi?
• Kodi muli ndi fayilo yochotsera ntchito yomwe ikugwirizana ndi mfundo ya Article 7:669 BW?
• Kodi mumalipira malipiro anu pa nthawi yake, kupewa kukwezedwa kwa ndalama zokwana 50 peresenti (Article 7:625 BW)?

Kodi tingakuchitireni chiyani ndi ufulu wanu monga wogwira ntchito kunja kwa dziko lanu?

Maloya athu olembera anthu ntchito amalangiza anthu ochokera kunja kwa dziko komanso olemba anthu ntchito ochokera kumayiko ena mu Chingerezi, pamodzi ndi maloya athu olembera anthu osamukira kudziko lina komwe chilolezo chanu chikukhudzidwa.

• Timawunikanso mgwirizano wanu wantchito kapena mgwirizano wothetsa mavuto mkati mwa masiku 14 ochoka pantchito.
• Timawerengera ndalama zomwe mumalipira posintha ndalama zanu ndikuyesa zomwe mukufuna kuti mulandire chipukuta misozi choyenera.
• Tikulemba pempho la malipiro osalipidwa, kuphatikizapo kukwezedwa kwa ndalama zomwe zakhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo.
• Tikutsutsa chigamulo chomaliza cha khoti lachigawo chaching'ono mkati mwa nthawi yomaliza ya miyezi iwiri.
• Timawona momwe kuchotsedwa ntchito kapena kusintha kwa malamulo kumakhudzira chilolezo chanu chokhala ndi moyo komanso nthawi yofufuzira.

Chidule

• Monga munthu wochokera kunja kwa dziko lanu, muli ndi ufulu wofanana ndi wa ogwira ntchito ku Netherlands, ndipo malamulo ofunikira a ku Netherlands sangachotsedwe ndi mgwirizano wakunja.
• Abwana anu akufunika chifukwa chovomerezeka ndi lamulo komanso chilolezo kuchokera ku UWV kapena khoti kuti akuchotseni ntchito.
• Mukadwala, mumalandira ndalama zosachepera 70 peresenti ya malipiro anu kwa zaka ziwiri ndipo simungachotsedwe ntchito chifukwa cha matenda amenewo.
• Nthawi yomaliza ndi yochepa: miyezi iwiri yotsutsa kuchotsedwa kwa ngongole, miyezi itatu yotsutsana ndi malipiro osinthira.
• Ngati chilolezo chanu chimadalira ntchito yanu, konzani tsiku lomaliza ntchito yanu komanso nthawi yofufuzira ya miyezi itatu mosamala.

MAFUNSO OFUNSIDWA KAWIRIKAWIRI